Malaiyamān Thirumudi Kāri
Malaiyamān Thirumudi Kāri was a Tamil king of a royal house clan of the Malaiyamān dynasty.[1][2] He is one of Kadai ezhu vallal, literally the last seven patrons of art and literature. The Malaiyamān chiefs ruled over the Thirukovilur area also known as Kovalur. it was ruled by kovalar kings.It was a strategically important region located on southern the banks of the Pennar river and en route from west coast to the east coast via Arikamedu in ancient Tamilakkam.[3] Thirumudi Kari rose to become a powerful emperor in Tamilakkam before he was killed by the early Chola king Killivalavan.
Battles edit
Defeat against Athiyaman
In 118 CE, he waged war on Thagadoor against the famous Athiyamān Nedumān Añci. It was an attempt fuelled by his longtime desire to become an emperor equivalent in power to the Cholas. After a fierce battle, Kāri would lose Kovalur to Athiyamān and would only regain it much later after Peruncheral Irumporai sacks Tagadur.[4]
Victory against Ōri
In 120 CE, the Chera king Paalai paadiya Perum Cheral Irumporrai sought his strategic help in the conquest of Kollimalai. Kaari agreed to conquer Kollimalai for the Chera and it was agreed that the Chera should on his behalf invade Thagadoor in order to avenge his earlier defeat. This strange pact was due to the strategically important easy access points favouring the Chera and Kaari in the case of Thagadoor and Kollimalai respectively. Kāri defeated and killed Ōri, another king and took Kolli Hills.[5] In turn the Chera undertook the march of Thagadoor, which is memorialized in the Thagadoor Yaaththirai of Sangam literature.
Turn of events edit
Thus with the help of the Chera, Kaari was climbing on the ladder to become an emperor. He began to overshadow the Chola King Killi Valavan. This prompted the Chola king to check Kaari's growth with an invasion on Thirukkoiloor. The battles were fierce, but Kaari was determined to win or die. As a result, the Cholas lost 10,000 soldiers in the first five days of the war. But on the sixth day the Malaiyamaan princes, Kaari's three-year-old twin sons, were caught by the intruding Chola spies, giving the Cholas an edge. Killi Valavan began dictating terms and Kaari was forced to venture into the enemy campsite, where he was caught and killed immediately.
The Chola king planned to crush the two princes by walking an elephant over them, but by the timely intervention of poet Kōvūr Kizhār, he changed his mind.
- excerpt from Purananuru song 46 by Kōvūr Kizhār:
You were born into the line of him who relieved the pain of a dove..
..They are children, still wearing their hair unoiled,
and when they see the elephant they forget their tears.
Then confused, they look around the field and feel terror, they never imagined.[6]
The boys were raised with the patronage of the emperor and served as generals of the Chola army under Killi and his son Rasasuyam Vaetta Peru Nal Killi. After the death of Vēl Pāri, another king, poet Kapilar takes the daughters of the former and leaves them in the care of Brahmins. Later poet Auvaiyar takes them and marries them to Deiveegan of the Malaiyaman family.[7]
Kadai ezhu vallal edit
Malayamaan Thirumudi Kaari is considered one of the seven greatest "bestowers" of the last Sangam era – the Kadai Ezhu Vallalgal . The people of his time considered him the most modest of kings. Nobody left empty-handed after paying a visit to him and the visitor who came on barefoot would usually return mounted on a horse or an elephant of his choice. He called himself not a king but a "rightful servant of his beloved people".
- excerpt from Purananuru, song 123 by Kapilar:
Anyone, if he drinks toddy in the morning
and gets happily drunk by the time he holds court,
can give away chariots.
But Malaiyan whose good fame never lessens,
gives without getting drunk more tall ornamented chariots
than there are drops in the clouds
that form over the rich Mullūr mountain[8]
Modesty
During peacetime, the king of Mulloor and Thirukkoiloor would usually start his daily routine in the paddy (nel), saamai and thinai fields working with his plough and sickle. He was strong and said to be so kind-hearted that he would rather plough his fields by hand than to trouble bulls to work for him.
In one story about Kaari, the Tamil poet and saint Avvaiyaar II happened to pass by his field on course a long journey. Kaari quickly recognized the tired "mother" and without introducing himself requested that she look after his field for a few minutes and help herself to his rations in the meantime, so that he could go to a nearby pond to fetch some water. The king was away for long during which time the saint ate well and fell asleep. When sun rose the next day, Kaari returned to the field to find old mother angry. Kaari revealed his identity and explained that since she was a great friend of Athiyamaan of Thagadoor, who was his archrival, he feared she would not agree if he asked her to rest in his land. So he had to make her stay a while and bestow his land with her saintly presence. Avvaiyaar, flattered, blessed his country with perennial prosperity.
From inscriptions and literature edit
There are a lot of inscriptions available about various chiefs from the Malaiyaman family. They mostly suffixed the title Chēdirāyan to the name of the reigning Chola king whom they served. For example, we have Vikramasola Chēdirāyan and his son Vikramasola Kovalarayan, Kulottungasola Chēdirāyan etc.[9] They were rulers of Miladu and also bore titles such as Milad-udaiyan meaning lord of Miladu, Maladu-mannar or king of the inhabitants of hills, Malaiya-manattarkukku arasar or the king of inhabitants of the great country of hills or Malayarayar. Miladu or Maladu is a very pure Tamil form of Malainadu or the hill country. Meyporunayanar, a Chēdi king from Tirukovalur is mentioned in the Periyapuranam.[10][11][12] Another important person from the same line was Pillai Perumāl Chēdirāyan, a contemporary of poet Kambar.[13]
We have a lot of chiefs of the Malaiyaman family making donations to temples in and around Tirukoyilur. For example, we find that Kulothunga Chola II gifted some lands for the puja at the local Vishnu temple at the request of Kulottungasola Chēdirāyan(ARE 124 of 1900). We have another chief called Rajendra Chola Chēdirāyan making donations to the temple(ARE 388 of 1909) in Tirukkoyilur. Yet another chief, Malaiyan Chēdirāyan endowed one vēli of land to the temple at Somasikiranur.[14][15]
Notes edit
- ^ Topics in South Indian history:from early times up to 1565 A.D., page 54
- ^ Social and cultural history of Tamilnad, Volume 1, page 230
- ^ Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300, page 138
- ^ History of Tamilnad:to A.D. 1565, page 66
- ^ Studies in Tamil Literature and History, page 56
- ^ The four hundred songs of war and wisdom: an anthology of poems from classical Tamil : the Puranānūru, page 36
- ^ The culture and history of the Tamils
- ^ Poets of the Tamil Anthologies, page 170
- ^ The role of feudatories in later Chōḷa history, page 172
- ^ Nālandā and its epigraphic material, page 94
- ^ Epigraphia Indica, Volume 7, page 115
- ^ WhatsInIndia: [1]
- ^ A topographical list of the inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, collected till 1915: with notes and references, Volume 1, page 136
- ^ Vishveshvaranand Indological journal, Volume 17, page 136
- ^ Vishveshvaranand Indological journal, Volume 17, page 138
References edit
- Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300 By Radha Champakalakshmi
- Topics in South Indian history: from early times up to 1565 A.D. By A. Krishnaswami
- Social and cultural history of Tamilnad, Volume 1 By N. Subrahmanian
- Studies in Tamil Literature and History By Ramachandra Dikshitar
- History of Tamilnad: to A.D. 1565 By N. Subrahmanian
- The culture and history of the Tamils By Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri
- The four hundred songs of war and wisdom: an anthology of poems from classical Tamil : the Puranānūru, Translations from the Asian classics, By George L. Hart, Hank Heifetz
- Poets of the Tamil Anthologies By George L. Hart III
- The role of feudatories in later Chōḷa history By M. S. Govindasamy
- Nālandā and its epigraphic material By Hiranand Sastri
- Epigraphia Indica, Volume 7 By Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarkar, Archaeological Survey of India, India. Dept. of Archaeology, India. Archaeological Survey
- A topographical list of the inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, collected till 1915: with notes and references, Volume 1 By Vijayaraghava Rangacharya
- http://www.whatisindia.com