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Wikipedia

Macro-Jê languages

April 14, 2024

Macro-Jê (also spelled Macro-Gê) is a medium-sized language family in South America, mostly in Brazil but also in the Chiquitanía region in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, as well as (formerly) in small parts of Argentina and Paraguay. It is centered on the Jê language family, with most other branches currently being single languages due to recent extinctions.

Macro-Jê
Macro-Gê
Geographic
distribution
Linguistic classificationJe–Tupi–Carib?
  • Macro-Jê
Subdivisions
Glottolognucl1710  (Nuclear–Macro–Je)
The Macro-Jê families of Kaufman's conception

Families edit

The Macro-Jê family was first proposed in 1926, and has undergone moderate modifications since then. Kaufman (1990) finds the proposal "probable".[1]

Eduardo Ribeiro of the University of Chicago finds no evidence to classify Fulniô (Yatê) and Guató as Macro-Jê, pace Kaufman, nor Otí, pace Greenberg. Ribeiro does include Chiquitano, pace Rodrigues.[2]: 263–4 

These languages share irregular morphology with the Tupi and Carib families, and Rodrigues (2000) and Ribeiro connect them all as a Je–Tupi–Carib family.

Pache (2018) suggests a distant genetic relationship between Macro-Jê and Chibchan.[3]

Glottolog accepts Jean, Krenak (Aimore), Karaja, Maxakalian, Ofaie, Rikbaktsa, and Yabutian (Jabuti). Lexical parallels with Kamakanan and Purian have yet to be corroborated with reconstructions; the similarities with Purian disappear once Coropo is reclassified as Maxakalian. It notes suggestive grammatical similarities with Bororoan, Kariri, and Chiquitano, of the kind also shared with Tupian and Cariban, but little lexical evidence.

Jolkesky (2016) edit

Jolkesky (2016) proposes the following internal classification of Macro-Jê:[4]: 794–795 

Nikulin (2020) edit

Nikulin (2020) proposes the following internal classification of Macro-Jê:[5]

Nikulin (2020) does not accept the following languages and language families as part of Macro-Jê.

However, Nikulin (2020) considers Chiquitano to be a sister of Macro-Jê.[5]

Proto-language edit

Proto-Macro-Jê
Reconstruction ofMacro-Jê languages
Lower-order reconstructions

Proto-Macro-Jê is notable for having relatively few consonants and a large vocalic inventory. There are also complex onsets with rhotics, as well as contrastive nasalization for vowels.

Phonological inventory of Proto-Macro-Jê as reconstructed by Nikulin (2020):[5]

  • Consonants: */p, m, w, t, n, r, c, ñ, j, k, ŋ/
    • Complex onsets: */pr, mr, kr, ŋr/
  • Vowels: */a, â, ə, ə̂, y, o, ô, u, e, ê, i, ə̃, ỹ, ũ, ẽ, ĩ/
  • Maximal syllable structure:
  • /CrVC°/, where /°/ = echo vowel

For a list of Proto-Macro-Jê reconstructions by Nikulin (2020), see the corresponding Portuguese article.

Language contact edit

Many Macro-Jê languages have been in contact with various languages of the Tupí-Guaraní family, which resulted in lexical borrowings. For instance, Ribeiro (2012) finds a number of Apyãwa loanwords in Karajá (such as bèhyra 'carrying basket', kòmỹdawyra 'andu beans', hãrara 'macaw (sp.)', tarawè 'parakeet (sp.)', txakohi 'Txakohi ceremonial mask', hyty 'garbage (Javaé dialect)') as well as several Karajá loans in Apyãwa (tãtã 'banana', tori 'White man', marara 'turtle stew', irãwore 'Irabure ceremonial mask'), Parakanã, and Asuriní of Trocará (sata 'banana', toria 'White man').[2]: 10–12  Loans from one of the Língua Geral varieties (Língua Geral Paulista or Língua Geral Amazônica) have been found in Karajá (jykyra 'salt', mỹkawa 'firearm', brùrè 'hoe', kòmỹta 'beans', mabèra 'paper (Xambioá dialect)', ĩtajuwa 'money (dated)'), Maxakalí (ãmãnex 'priest', tãyũmak 'money', kãmãnok 'horse', tapayõg 'Black man'), Ritual Maxakalí (kõnõmĩy 'boy', kõyãg 'woman', petup 'tobacco', pakõm 'banana', tapuux 'foreigner', xetukxeka 'potato'), and Krenak (tuŋ 'flea', krai 'non-Indigenous person, foreigner').[6] Chiquitano has borrowed extensively from an unidentified Tupí-Guaraní variety; one example is Chiquitano takones [takoˈnɛs] 'sugarcane', borrowed from a form close to Paraguayan Guaraní takuare'ẽ 'sugarcane'.[7]: 8 

Some Macro-Jê languages from different branches have secondarily contacted with each other, also resulting in lexical loans. Ribeiro (2012), for instance, identifies several Karajá loans in Mẽbêngôkre, especially in the dialect spoken by the Xikrin group. These loans are thought to have entered Mẽbêngôkre from the variety spoken by the Xambioá group of the Karajá people. Examples include warikoko (Kayapó dialect) or watkoko (Xikrin dialect) 'tobacco pipe', rara 'kind of basket', wiwi 'song, chant', bikwa 'relative, friend', bero 'puba flour', borrowed from Karajá werikòkò, lala, wii, bikòwa, bèrò.[2]: 13 

Loanwords from Brazilian Portuguese are found in many, if not all, Macro-Jê languages spoken in Brazil. Examples from Maxakalí include kapex 'coffee', komenok 'blanket', kapitõg 'captain', pẽyõg 'beans', mug 'bank', tenemiyam 'TV' (borrowed from Portuguese café, cobertor, capitão, feijão, banco, televisão);[6] in Karajá, Ribeiro (2012) documents the Portuguese loans nieru 'money' and maritò 'suit, jacket' (from dinheiro, paletó), among others.[2]: 18 

There is a significant number of loanwords from Chiquitano or from an extinct variety close to Chiquitano in Camba Spanish, including bi 'genipa', masi 'squirrel', peni 'lizard', peta 'turtle, tortoise', jachi 'chicha leftover', jichi 'worm; jichi spirit', among many others.[7]

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with Arawakan languages due to contact.[4]

See also edit

 
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Macro-Jê reconstructions

References edit

  1. ^ Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  2. ^ a b c d Ribeiro, Eduardo Rivail (2012). A grammar of Karajá (Ph.D. dissertation). Chicago: University of Chicago.
  3. ^ Pache, Matthias J. 2018. Contributions to Chibchan Historical Linguistics. Doctoral dissertation, Universiteit Leiden.
  4. ^ a b Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
  5. ^ a b c Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
  6. ^ a b Nikulin, Andrey; Silva, Mário André Coelho da (2020). "As línguas Maxakalí e Krenák dentro do tronco Macro-Jê". Cadernos de Etnolingüística. 8 (1): 1–64.
  7. ^ a b Nikulin, Andrey (2020). "Contacto de lenguas en la Chiquitanía". Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas. 2 (2): 5–30. doi:10.18468/rbli.2019v2n2.p05-30.

Further reading edit

  • Antunes, M. A. D. (1999). Pequeno dicionário indígena Maxakali-Português / Português Maxakali. Juiz de Fora.
  • Arikapú, M.; Arikapú, N.; Van Der Voort, H.; Alves, A. C. F. (2010). Vocabulário Arikapú-Português. (Cadernos de Etnolingüística. Série Monografias, 1).
  • Davis, Irvine. "Some Macro-Jê Relationships". In: South American Indian Languages: Retrospect and Prospect. Edited by Harriet E. Manelis Klein and Louisa R. Stark. University of Texas Press, 1985. pp. 286–303. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7560/775923.9.
  • de Queiroz, J. M. C. (2008). Aspectos da fonologia Dzubukuá. Recife: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. (Masters dissertation).
  • de Queiroz, J. M. C. (2012). Um estudo gramatical da língua Dzubukuá, família Karirí. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Emmerich, Ch.; Monserrat. R. M. F. (1973). Vocabulário Botocudo. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional. (Manuscript).
  • Fortune, D. L. (1973). Gramática karajá: um estudo preliminar em forma transformacional. Série linguística, 1:101–161. Brasília: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Hall, Joan And Macleod, Ruth Alice And Mitchell, Valerie. (2004). Pequeno dicionário xavánte-português, português-xavánte. Brasília: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Jolkesky, M. P. V. (2010). Reconstrução fonológica e lexical do Proto-Jê Meridional. Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
  • Krieger, W. B.; Krieger, G. C. (1994). Dicionário escolar Xerente-Português, Porturguês-Xerente. Rio de Janeiro: Junta das Missões Nacionais da Convenção Batista Brasileira.
  • Lachnitt, G. (1987). Romnhitsi'ubumro: a'uwê mreme = waradzu mreme: Dicionário xavante-português. Campo Grande: Missão Salesiana de Mato Grosso.
  • Martins, A. M. S. (2007). Revisão da família lingüística Kamakã proposta por Chestmir Loukotka. Brasília: University de Brasília. (Masters dissertation).
  • Martins, Andérbio Márcio Silva; Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral; Maxwel Gomes Miranda; Lucivaldo Silva da Costa; e Lidiane Szerwinsk Camargos (2016). "O TRONCO MACRO-JÊ: HIPÓTESES E CONTRIBUIÇÕES DE ARYON DALL'IGNA RODRIGUES". In: Fragmentum, nº 46 (agosto): 101-35. https://doi.org/10.5902/fragmentum.v0i46.23392.
  • Monteiro, C. (1948). Vocabulário Português-Botocudo. Boletim do Museu Paulista, Documentação Lingüística, 2:1–62.
  • Nonato, R.; Suyá, J.; Suyá, K. (2012). Dicionário Kĩsêdjê-Português. Rio de Janeiro: Museu do Indio.
  • Oliveira, C.; Whan, Ch. (coords.) (2013). Dicionário Enciclopédico Inyrybè/Karajá – Português Brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Museo do índio.
  • Oliveira. M. D. (2006). Ofayé, a língua do povo do mel: Fonologia e Gramática. Maceió: Universidade Federal de Alagoas. (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Popovich, A. H.; Popovich, F. B. (2005). Dicionário Maxakalí-Português; Glossário Português-Maxakalí. Brasil: SIL.
  • Ribeiro, E. R. (2012). A grammar of Karajá. Chicago: University of Chicago. (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Ribeiro, M. A. (2008). Dicionário Djeoromitxi-Português: registro da língua do povo Jabuti. Guajará-Mirim: Universidade Federal de Rondônia. (Masters dissertation).
  • Ribeiro, R. M. L. (2008). Dicionário Arikapu/Português – Registro de uma língua indígena amazônica. Guajará-Mirim: Universidade Federal de Rondônia. (Masters dissertation).
  • Rudolph, B. (1909). Wörterbuch der Botokudensprache. Hamburg: Fr. W. Thaden.
  • Sá, A. C. (2000). Dicionário Iatê-Português. Recife: Garcia.
  • Silva, L. de J. (2011). Morphosyntaxe du Rikbaktsa. Paris: Université Denis Diderot – Paris 7. (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Sekelj, T. (n.d.). Aruá, Makurap, Žabotí, Arikapó, Tuparí. (Manuscript).

External links edit

  • Bibliografia Macro-Jê Online
  • The Jê-cyclopedia: Macro-Jê languages and cultures, from past to present

April 14, 2024
macro, languages, macro, also, spelled, macro, medium, sized, language, family, south, america, mostly, brazil, also, chiquitanía, region, santa, cruz, bolivia, well, formerly, small, parts, argentina, paraguay, centered, language, family, with, most, other, b. Macro Je also spelled Macro Ge is a medium sized language family in South America mostly in Brazil but also in the Chiquitania region in Santa Cruz Bolivia as well as formerly in small parts of Argentina and Paraguay It is centered on the Je language family with most other branches currently being single languages due to recent extinctions Macro JeMacro GeGeographicdistributionNon coastal parts of Brazil except in Amazonas Roraima Amapa Acre and Rio de Janeiro Misiones Argentina parts of Paraguay and BoliviaLinguistic classificationJe Tupi Carib Macro JeSubdivisionsJe Maxakalian Krenak Aimore Jabutian Rikbaktsa Karaja Ofaye Bororo Kamaka Purian KaririGlottolognucl1710 Nuclear Macro Je The Macro Je families of Kaufman s conception Contents 1 Families 1 1 Jolkesky 2016 1 2 Nikulin 2020 2 Proto language 3 Language contact 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksFamilies editThe Macro Je family was first proposed in 1926 and has undergone moderate modifications since then Kaufman 1990 finds the proposal probable 1 Macro Je Je 45 000 speakers Jeiko Krenak Botocudo Krenak 10 speakers Bororoan Bororo Bororo 1 400 speakers Umotina Otuke Kamaka Karaja 2 700 speakers Kariri Maxakalian 2 000 speakers Ofaye 2 speakers Purian Rikbaktsa 40 speakers Yabutian moribund Eduardo Ribeiro of the University of Chicago finds no evidence to classify Fulnio Yate and Guato as Macro Je pace Kaufman nor Oti pace Greenberg Ribeiro does include Chiquitano pace Rodrigues 2 263 4 These languages share irregular morphology with the Tupi and Carib families and Rodrigues 2000 and Ribeiro connect them all as a Je Tupi Carib family Pache 2018 suggests a distant genetic relationship between Macro Je and Chibchan 3 Glottolog accepts Jean Krenak Aimore Karaja Maxakalian Ofaie Rikbaktsa and Yabutian Jabuti Lexical parallels with Kamakanan and Purian have yet to be corroborated with reconstructions the similarities with Purian disappear once Coropo is reclassified as Maxakalian It notes suggestive grammatical similarities with Bororoan Kariri and Chiquitano of the kind also shared with Tupian and Cariban but little lexical evidence Jolkesky 2016 edit Jolkesky 2016 proposes the following internal classification of Macro Je 4 794 795 Macro Je Borum Ofaye Rikbaktsa Yate Bororo Bororo Otuke Umutina Maxakali Malali Maxakali Pataxo Maxakali Pataxo Kamaka Masakara Kamaka Menien Kamaka Menien Kariri Dzubukua Kipea Xoko Macro Je Nuclear Besiro Chiquitano Jeoromitxi Arikapu Yabutian Arikapu Jeoromitxi Karaja Javae Karaja Xambioa Je Je Central Akroa Xakriaba Xavante Xerente Jeiko Je Southern Ingain Ingain Kimda Kaingang Xokleng Kaingang Kaingang Kaingang Paulista Xokleng Je Northern Apinaje Kayapo Mẽbengokre Xikrin Panara Suya Tapayuna Suya Tapayuna Timbira Apaniekra Kraho Krẽje Krĩkati Parkateje Pykobje Ramkokamekra Nikulin 2020 edit Nikulin 2020 proposes the following internal classification of Macro Je 5 Macro Je Karaja Western Mato Grosso Ofaye Rikbaktsa Jabuti Arikapu Djeoromitxi Eastern Jaiko Je see Akuwẽ Northern Je Panara Ingain Southern Je Trans Sao Francisco Borum Krenak Maxakali Malali Nuclear Maxakali Maxakali Ritual Maxakali Makoni Pataxo Pataxo Hahahae Koropo Kamaka possibly part of Trans Sao Francisco Masakara Southern Kamaka Menien Kamaka Kotoxo Mongoyo Nikulin 2020 does not accept the following languages and language families as part of Macro Je Bororo Yaathe Fulnio Puri Guato Kariri OtiHowever Nikulin 2020 considers Chiquitano to be a sister of Macro Je 5 Proto language editProto Macro JeReconstruction ofMacro Je languagesLower order reconstructionsProto Jabuti Proto Je Proto Trans Sao FranciscoProto Macro Je is notable for having relatively few consonants and a large vocalic inventory There are also complex onsets with rhotics as well as contrastive nasalization for vowels Phonological inventory of Proto Macro Je as reconstructed by Nikulin 2020 5 Consonants p m w t n r c n j k ŋ Complex onsets pr mr kr ŋr Vowels a a e e y o o u e e i e ỹ ũ ẽ ĩ Maximal syllable structure CrVC where echo vowelFor a list of Proto Macro Je reconstructions by Nikulin 2020 see the corresponding Portuguese article Language contact editMany Macro Je languages have been in contact with various languages of the Tupi Guarani family which resulted in lexical borrowings For instance Ribeiro 2012 finds a number of Apyawa loanwords in Karaja such as behyra carrying basket komỹdawyra andu beans harara macaw sp tarawe parakeet sp txakohi Txakohi ceremonial mask hyty garbage Javae dialect as well as several Karaja loans in Apyawa tata banana tori White man marara turtle stew irawore Irabure ceremonial mask Parakana and Asurini of Trocara sata banana toria White man 2 10 12 Loans from one of the Lingua Geral varieties Lingua Geral Paulista or Lingua Geral Amazonica have been found in Karaja jykyra salt mỹkawa firearm brure hoe komỹta beans mabera paper Xambioa dialect ĩtajuwa money dated Maxakali amanex priest tayũmak money kamanok horse tapayog Black man Ritual Maxakali konomĩy boy koyag woman petup tobacco pakom banana tapuux foreigner xetukxeka potato and Krenak tuŋ flea krai non Indigenous person foreigner 6 Chiquitano has borrowed extensively from an unidentified Tupi Guarani variety one example is Chiquitano takones takoˈnɛs sugarcane borrowed from a form close to Paraguayan Guarani takuare ẽ sugarcane 7 8 Some Macro Je languages from different branches have secondarily contacted with each other also resulting in lexical loans Ribeiro 2012 for instance identifies several Karaja loans in Mẽbengokre especially in the dialect spoken by the Xikrin group These loans are thought to have entered Mẽbengokre from the variety spoken by the Xambioa group of the Karaja people Examples include warikoko Kayapo dialect or watkoko Xikrin dialect tobacco pipe rara kind of basket wiwi song chant bikwa relative friend bero puba flour borrowed from Karaja werikoko lala wii bikowa bero 2 13 Loanwords from Brazilian Portuguese are found in many if not all Macro Je languages spoken in Brazil Examples from Maxakali include kapex coffee komenok blanket kapitog captain pẽyog beans mug bank tenemiyam TV borrowed from Portuguese cafe cobertor capitao feijao banco televisao 6 in Karaja Ribeiro 2012 documents the Portuguese loans nieru money and marito suit jacket from dinheiro paleto among others 2 18 There is a significant number of loanwords from Chiquitano or from an extinct variety close to Chiquitano in Camba Spanish including bi genipa masi squirrel peni lizard peta turtle tortoise jachi chicha leftover jichi worm jichi spirit among many others 7 Jolkesky 2016 notes that there are lexical similarities with Arawakan languages due to contact 4 See also edit nbsp Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix Proto Macro Je reconstructions Je Tupi Carib languages Trans Sao Francisco languagesReferences edit Kaufman Terrence 1990 Language history in South America What we know and how to know more In D L Payne Ed Amazonian linguistics Studies in lowland South American languages pp 13 67 Austin University of Texas Press ISBN 0 292 70414 3 a b c d Ribeiro Eduardo Rivail 2012 A grammar of Karaja Ph D dissertation Chicago University of Chicago Pache Matthias J 2018 Contributions to Chibchan Historical Linguistics Doctoral dissertation Universiteit Leiden a b Jolkesky Marcelo Pinho de Valhery 2016 Estudo arqueo ecolinguistico das terras tropicais sul americanas Ph D dissertation 2 ed Brasilia Universidade de Brasilia a b c Nikulin Andrey 2020 Proto Macro Je um estudo reconstrutivo PDF Ph D dissertation Brasilia Universidade de Brasilia a b Nikulin Andrey Silva Mario Andre Coelho da 2020 As linguas Maxakali e Krenak dentro do tronco Macro Je Cadernos de Etnolinguistica 8 1 1 64 a b Nikulin Andrey 2020 Contacto de lenguas en la Chiquitania Revista Brasileira de Linguas Indigenas 2 2 5 30 doi 10 18468 rbli 2019v2n2 p05 30 Further reading editAntunes M A D 1999 Pequeno dicionario indigena Maxakali Portugues Portugues Maxakali Juiz de Fora Arikapu M Arikapu N Van Der Voort H Alves A C F 2010 Vocabulario Arikapu Portugues Cadernos de Etnolinguistica Serie Monografias 1 Davis Irvine Some Macro Je Relationships In South American Indian Languages Retrospect and Prospect Edited by Harriet E Manelis Klein and Louisa R Stark University of Texas Press 1985 pp 286 303 http www jstor org stable 10 7560 775923 9 de Queiroz J M C 2008 Aspectos da fonologia Dzubukua Recife Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Masters dissertation de Queiroz J M C 2012 Um estudo gramatical da lingua Dzubukua familia Kariri Universidade Federal da Paraiba Doctoral dissertation Emmerich Ch Monserrat R M F 1973 Vocabulario Botocudo Rio de Janeiro Museu Nacional Manuscript Fortune D L 1973 Gramatica karaja um estudo preliminar em forma transformacional Serie linguistica 1 101 161 Brasilia Summer Institute of Linguistics Hall Joan And Macleod Ruth Alice And Mitchell Valerie 2004 Pequeno dicionario xavante portugues portugues xavante Brasilia Summer Institute of Linguistics Jolkesky M P V 2010 Reconstrucao fonologica e lexical do Proto Je Meridional Universidade Estadual de Campinas Krieger W B Krieger G C 1994 Dicionario escolar Xerente Portugues Porturgues Xerente Rio de Janeiro Junta das Missoes Nacionais da Convencao Batista Brasileira Lachnitt G 1987 Romnhitsi ubumro a uwe mreme waradzu mreme Dicionario xavante portugues Campo Grande Missao Salesiana de Mato Grosso Martins A M S 2007 Revisao da familia linguistica Kamaka proposta por Chestmir Loukotka Brasilia University de Brasilia Masters dissertation Martins Anderbio Marcio Silva Ana Suelly Arruda Camara Cabral Maxwel Gomes Miranda Lucivaldo Silva da Costa e Lidiane Szerwinsk Camargos 2016 O TRONCO MACRO JE HIPoTESES E CONTRIBUICOES DE ARYON DALL IGNA RODRIGUES In Fragmentum nº 46 agosto 101 35 https doi org 10 5902 fragmentum v0i46 23392 Monteiro C 1948 Vocabulario Portugues Botocudo Boletim do Museu Paulista Documentacao Linguistica 2 1 62 Nonato R Suya J Suya K 2012 Dicionario Kĩsedje Portugues Rio de Janeiro Museu do Indio Oliveira C Whan Ch coords 2013 Dicionario Enciclopedico Inyrybe Karaja Portugues Brasileiro Rio de Janeiro Museo do indio Oliveira M D 2006 Ofaye a lingua do povo do mel Fonologia e Gramatica Maceio Universidade Federal de Alagoas Doctoral dissertation Popovich A H Popovich F B 2005 Dicionario Maxakali Portugues Glossario Portugues Maxakali Brasil SIL Ribeiro E R 2012 A grammar of Karaja Chicago University of Chicago Doctoral dissertation Ribeiro M A 2008 Dicionario Djeoromitxi Portugues registro da lingua do povo Jabuti Guajara Mirim Universidade Federal de Rondonia Masters dissertation Ribeiro R M L 2008 Dicionario Arikapu Portugues Registro de uma lingua indigena amazonica Guajara Mirim Universidade Federal de Rondonia Masters dissertation Rudolph B 1909 Worterbuch der Botokudensprache Hamburg Fr W Thaden Sa A C 2000 Dicionario Iate Portugues Recife Garcia Silva L de J 2011 Morphosyntaxe du Rikbaktsa Paris Universite Denis Diderot Paris 7 Doctoral dissertation Sekelj T n d Arua Makurap Zaboti Arikapo Tupari Manuscript External links editBibliografia Macro Je Online The Je cyclopedia Macro Je languages and cultures from past to present Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Macro Je languages amp oldid 1193791521, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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