The Lothair Crystal (also known as the Lothar Crystal or the Susanna Crystal) is an engraved gem from Lotharingia in northwest Europe, showing scenes of the biblical story of Susanna, dating from 855–869.[1] The Lothair Crystal is an object in the collection of the British Museum.
The original element of the work is a circular disc of clear quartz ("rock crystal"), measuring 11.5 centimetres (4.5 in) in diameter. This is engraved in intaglio with eight scenes depicting the story of Susanna and the Elders, related in the Book of Daniel (but regarded as part of the Apocrypha by Protestants).[2] Susanna is first shown being falsely accused and condemned for adultery by the elders. Daniel intervenes to question the elders, uncovers their false witness and engineers their execution by stoning. In the final scene, Susanna is declared to be innocent. The scenes are accompanied by brief inscriptions in Latin drawn from the Vulgate Bible.[1][3]
The engravings on the crystal are executed in the energetic and distinctive early mediæval Rheims style which originated in manuscript drawings such as those in the Utrecht Psalter.[1] The crystal is surrounded by a 15th-century gilt-copper mount with a foliage border,[3] which was once attributed to Saint Eligius (c. 588 – 660), the patron saint of goldsmiths.[4]
Dating
The crystal is inscribed LOTHARIVS REX FRANCORVM IVSSIT ("Lothair, King of the Franks, caused [this to be made]"[5]), apparently Lothair II, or "Lothar" in German.[1] The elder Lothair styled himself imperator (emperor), whereas the younger man only called himself rex (king), as does the owner of the crystal; it is therefore probable that it was created in Lothair II's time, probably around the middle of the 9th century, making it a late example of Carolingian art.[3]
History
Nothing is known of the history of the Lothair Crystal prior to the 10th century. Around this time, it was pawned between a count and a canon of Rheims in exchange for a horse. The canon then denied possession of the crystal.[6] It was later discovered to be in his possession when the canon was smoked out of the cathedral when it was set alight. In penance, he founded Waulsort Abbey (in modern Belgium), where the crystal was held until the 18th century. During part of this period, it was utilised by the abbots to fasten their copes during mass.
In 1793, revolutionary French forces sacked Waulsort and threw the crystal into the Meuse river, reputedly cracking it in the process.[1] In the 19th century it was stolen and stripped of its jewels.[6] It reappeared in the hands of a Belgian dealer, who claimed it had been retrieved from the river bed and sold it to a French collector for twelve francs. It passed to the British Liberal politician Ralph Bernal, who paid £10 for it.[7] In 1855 it was acquired by Augustus Wollaston Franks on behalf of the British Museum in an auction of Bernal's collection at Christie's for £267.[3][8][6]
The crystal is one of a small number of Carolingian engraved gems created for the circles around the court, although its form does not closely resemble any of the others. A gem with Lothair's portrait that was probably his personal seal was set a hundred years after his death into the processional Cross of Lothair in Aachen Cathedral.[9] A number of interpretations have been advanced for the crystal's function as well as its meaning and significance to the Lotharingian court; its meaning is unclear and it has been the subject of ongoing controversy among scholars.[10]
The subject matter of the crystal suggests that it was meant to be shown at court as a symbol of the king's role in the dispensation of justice.[1] Its design may be an allusion to the breastplate of justice worn by the Kohen Gadol (the Jewish High Priest).[4] Under this interpretation, the crystal may have been an attempt to show visually the ruler's responsibility to provide justice, using a biblical parallel to exhort him to uphold the ideal of wise rule exemplified by the just kings of the Old Testament. Alternatively, the subject of the crystal symbolises an idealised relationship between Church and state, with Susanna representing the Church being protected from her enemies by the just decisions of the ruler.[10]
Valerie Flint has argued that the crystal is related to the acrimonious divorce of Lothair and his wife Theutberga, whom he accused of committing incest and practicing abortion. It depicts the vindication of a wife falsely accused of a sexual crime, and the type of rock crystal from which it is made was used by the Franks as an amulet. Flint suggests that the crystal was designed in 865, when Lothar had a temporary reconciliation with his wife, to serve both as a reproach to the king for his conduct and as a charm to protect the royal couple against evil.[11]
^Banham, Joanna; Harris, Jennifer (1984). William Morris and the Middle Ages: a collection of essays, together with a catalogue of works exhibited at the Whitworth Art Gallery, 28 September-8 December 1984. Manchester University Press ND. pp. 65–66. ISBN978-0-7190-1721-6.
^Lasko, Peter, Ars Sacra, 800-1200, Yale University Press, 1995 (2nd edn.) ISBN978-0300060485; Image
^ abNees, Lawrence (2002). Early medieval art. Oxford University Press. pp. 239–41. ISBN978-0-19-284243-5.
^Rider, Caroline (2006). Magic and impotence in the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN978-0-19-928222-7.
Further reading
Caygill, Marjorie (2001), The British Museum A-Z companion, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, ISBN978-1-57958-303-3
Flint, Valerie I. J. "Susanna and the Lothar Crystal: A Liturgical Perspective". Early Medieval Europe 4:1 (1995), 61–86.
Kornbluth, Genevra Alisoun (1995), Engraved gems of the Carolingian empire, Pennsylvania State University Press, ISBN978-0-271-01426-5
External links
British Museum page on the Lothair Crystal
"A History of the World - Object: Crystal engraved with images from the Biblical story of Susanna, made for the Medieval King Lothair". BBC and British Museum. 22 September 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
This article is about an item held in the British Museum. The object reference is M&ME 1855,1201.5.
lothair, crystal, also, known, lothar, crystal, susanna, crystal, engraved, from, lotharingia, northwest, europe, showing, scenes, biblical, story, susanna, dating, from, object, collection, british, museum, susanna, crystalmaterialquartzgilt, copper, frame, s. The Lothair Crystal also known as the Lothar Crystal or the Susanna Crystal is an engraved gem from Lotharingia in northwest Europe showing scenes of the biblical story of Susanna dating from 855 869 1 The Lothair Crystal is an object in the collection of the British Museum Lothair Crystal or Susanna CrystalMaterialQuartzGilt copper frame SizeWeight 650 grams incl frame Diameter 115 mm 4 5 in crystal Diameter 183 mm 7 2 in incl frame Thickness 13 mm 0 51 in WritingLatinCreated15th century frame 855 869 crystal Period cultureCarolingian crystal Medieval frame PlaceMeuse RiverPresent locationRoom 41 British MuseumIdentificationBL 1295 1855 1201 5 Contents 1 Description 2 Dating 3 History 4 Interpretation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksDescription EditThe original element of the work is a circular disc of clear quartz rock crystal measuring 11 5 centimetres 4 5 in in diameter This is engraved in intaglio with eight scenes depicting the story of Susanna and the Elders related in the Book of Daniel but regarded as part of the Apocrypha by Protestants 2 Susanna is first shown being falsely accused and condemned for adultery by the elders Daniel intervenes to question the elders uncovers their false witness and engineers their execution by stoning In the final scene Susanna is declared to be innocent The scenes are accompanied by brief inscriptions in Latin drawn from the Vulgate Bible 1 3 The engravings on the crystal are executed in the energetic and distinctive early mediaeval Rheims style which originated in manuscript drawings such as those in the Utrecht Psalter 1 The crystal is surrounded by a 15th century gilt copper mount with a foliage border 3 which was once attributed to Saint Eligius c 588 660 the patron saint of goldsmiths 4 Dating EditThe crystal is inscribed LOTHARIVS REX FRANCORVM IVSSIT Lothair King of the Franks caused this to be made 5 apparently Lothair II or Lothar in German 1 The elder Lothair styled himself imperator emperor whereas the younger man only called himself rex king as does the owner of the crystal it is therefore probable that it was created in Lothair II s time probably around the middle of the 9th century making it a late example of Carolingian art 3 History EditNothing is known of the history of the Lothair Crystal prior to the 10th century Around this time it was pawned between a count and a canon of Rheims in exchange for a horse The canon then denied possession of the crystal 6 It was later discovered to be in his possession when the canon was smoked out of the cathedral when it was set alight In penance he founded Waulsort Abbey in modern Belgium where the crystal was held until the 18th century During part of this period it was utilised by the abbots to fasten their copes during mass In 1793 revolutionary French forces sacked Waulsort and threw the crystal into the Meuse river reputedly cracking it in the process 1 In the 19th century it was stolen and stripped of its jewels 6 It reappeared in the hands of a Belgian dealer who claimed it had been retrieved from the river bed and sold it to a French collector for twelve francs It passed to the British Liberal politician Ralph Bernal who paid 10 for it 7 In 1855 it was acquired by Augustus Wollaston Franks on behalf of the British Museum in an auction of Bernal s collection at Christie s for 267 3 8 6 The Lothair Crystal was Object 53 in the 2010 BBC Radio 4 programme A History of the World in 100 Objects chosen and presented by the Director of the British Museum Neil MacGregor Interpretation Edit Enhanced image of the engraving The crystal is one of a small number of Carolingian engraved gems created for the circles around the court although its form does not closely resemble any of the others A gem with Lothair s portrait that was probably his personal seal was set a hundred years after his death into the processional Cross of Lothair in Aachen Cathedral 9 A number of interpretations have been advanced for the crystal s function as well as its meaning and significance to the Lotharingian court its meaning is unclear and it has been the subject of ongoing controversy among scholars 10 The subject matter of the crystal suggests that it was meant to be shown at court as a symbol of the king s role in the dispensation of justice 1 Its design may be an allusion to the breastplate of justice worn by the Kohen Gadol the Jewish High Priest 4 Under this interpretation the crystal may have been an attempt to show visually the ruler s responsibility to provide justice using a biblical parallel to exhort him to uphold the ideal of wise rule exemplified by the just kings of the Old Testament Alternatively the subject of the crystal symbolises an idealised relationship between Church and state with Susanna representing the Church being protected from her enemies by the just decisions of the ruler 10 Valerie Flint has argued that the crystal is related to the acrimonious divorce of Lothair and his wife Theutberga whom he accused of committing incest and practicing abortion It depicts the vindication of a wife falsely accused of a sexual crime and the type of rock crystal from which it is made was used by the Franks as an amulet Flint suggests that the crystal was designed in 865 when Lothar had a temporary reconciliation with his wife to serve both as a reproach to the king for his conduct and as a charm to protect the royal couple against evil 11 See also EditCross of Lothair Saint Denis CrystalReferences Edit a b c d e f British Museum Lothair Crystal A History of the World in 100 Objects Archived from the original on 20 January 2010 Retrieved 4 June 2010 Brown Louise Fargo Carson George Barr 1971 Men and Centuries of European Civilization Ayer Publishing p 127b ISBN 978 0 8369 2100 7 a b c d British Museum The Lothair Crystal British Museum catalogue Retrieved 4 June 2010 a b Kemp Martin ed 2000 The Oxford history of Western art Oxford University Press US p 94 ISBN 978 0 19 860012 1 Lothair Crystal A History of the World BBC Retrieved 16 June 2010 a b c Francis Sir Frank ed 1971 Treasures of the British Museum London Thames amp Hudson ISBN 0 500 20119 6 Banham Joanna Harris Jennifer 1984 William Morris and the Middle Ages a collection of essays together with a catalogue of works exhibited at the Whitworth Art Gallery 28 September 8 December 1984 Manchester University Press ND pp 65 66 ISBN 978 0 7190 1721 6 Franks Augustus Wollaston Grove Art Online Oxford Art Online 4 June 2010 lt http www oxfordartonline com subscriber article grove art T029737 gt Lasko Peter Ars Sacra 800 1200 Yale University Press 1995 2nd edn ISBN 978 0300060485 Image a b Nees Lawrence 2002 Early medieval art Oxford University Press pp 239 41 ISBN 978 0 19 284243 5 Rider Caroline 2006 Magic and impotence in the Middle Ages Oxford University Press p 35 ISBN 978 0 19 928222 7 Further reading EditCaygill Marjorie 2001 The British Museum A Z companion Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers ISBN 978 1 57958 303 3 Flint Valerie I J Susanna and the Lothar Crystal A Liturgical Perspective Early Medieval Europe 4 1 1995 61 86 Kornbluth Genevra Alisoun 1995 Engraved gems of the Carolingian empire Pennsylvania State University Press ISBN 978 0 271 01426 5External links EditBritish Museum page on the Lothair Crystal A History of the World Object Crystal engraved with images from the Biblical story of Susanna made for the Medieval King Lothair BBC and British Museum 22 September 2008 Retrieved 17 June 2010 This article is about an item held in the British Museum The object reference is M amp ME 1855 1201 5 Preceded by52 Harem wall painting fragments A History of the World in 100 ObjectsObject 53 Succeeded by54 Statue of Tara Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lothair Crystal amp oldid 995057183, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
