Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA), branded as Metro, is the state agency that plans, operates, and coordinates funding for most of the transportation system in Los Angeles County, California. The agency directly operates a large transit system that includes bus, light rail, heavy rail (subway), and bus rapid transit services; and provides funding for transit it does not operate, including Metrolink commuter rail, municipal bus operators and paratransit services. Metro also provides funding and directs planning for railroad and highway projects within Los Angeles County. In 2022, the system had a total ridership of 255,250,500 and had a ridership of 820,300 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2022. It is the single largest transit agency within the county as well.
| Metro | |
|---|---|
Four Metro-operated modes of service, clockwise from top left: Metro Bus, Metro Busway (bus rapid transit), Metro Rail subway and Metro Rail light rail | |
| Overview | |
| Locale | Los Angeles County, California |
| Transit type | |
| Number of lines |
|
| Number of stations | Rail: 99 Bus: 13,978[1] |
| Daily ridership | 820,300 (weekdays, Q4 2022)[2] |
| Annual ridership | 255,250,500 (2022)[2] |
| Chief executive | Stephanie Wiggins |
| Headquarters | Metro Headquarters Building One Gateway Plaza Los Angeles, California |
| Website | metro |
| Operation | |
| Began operation | February 1, 1993 |
| Technical | |
| System length | Rail: 105 miles (169 km) Bus: 1,433 miles (2,306 km)[1] |
Background
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority was formed on February 1, 1993, from the merger of two rival agencies: the Southern California Rapid Transit District (SCRTD or more often, RTD) and the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission (LACTC).[3]
The RTD was founded on August 18, 1964, to operate most public transportation in the urbanized Southern California region, including Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, and Riverside counties. RTD replaced the major predecessor public agency, the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority, and took over eleven failing other bus companies and services in the Southern California region.[4] Services outside of Los Angeles County began to be divested in the early 1980s.
The LACTC began operation in 1977 after a state requirement that all counties form local transportation commissions. Its main objective was to be the guardian of all transportation funding, both transit and highway, for Los Angeles County.[5]
The bickering between the two agencies came to a head in the 1980s. At that time, the LACTC was building the Blue Line (now A Line) light rail line between Los Angeles and Long Beach, while the RTD was building the Red Line (now B Line) subway in Downtown Los Angeles. It was revealed that due to disputes between the agencies, the LACTC was planning to end the Blue Line at Pico Station, instead of serving the 7th Street/Metro Center station being built by the RTD six blocks north.
LA Metro has assumed the functions of both agencies and now develops and oversees transportation plans, policies, funding programs, and both short-term and long-range solutions to mobility, accessibility and environmental needs in the county. The agency is also the primary transit provider for the city of Los Angeles, providing the bulk of such services even though the city's Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) operates a smaller system of its own within the MTA service area in the city of Los Angeles.
The agency is based out of the Metro Headquarters Building, a 26-story high-rise office tower located next to Union Station, a major transportation hub and the main train station for the Los Angeles metropolitan area.[6]
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates the third-largest public transportation system in the United States by ridership with a 1,433 mi2 (3,711 km2) operating area and 2,000 peak hour buses on the street any given business day. Metro also operates 105 miles (169 km) of urban rail service.[1] The authority has 9,892 employees, making it one of the region's largest employers.[1]
The authority also partially funds sixteen municipal bus operators and an array of transportation projects including bikeways and pedestrian facilities, local roads and highway improvements, goods movement, Metrolink regional commuter rail, Freeway Service Patrol and freeway call boxes within the County of Los Angeles.
To increase sustainability in transportation services, Metro also provides bike and pedestrian improvements for the over 10.1 million residents of Los Angeles County.[7]
Security and law enforcement services on Metro property (including buses and trains) are currently provided by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department's Transit Services Bureau via contract, in conjunction with Metro Transit Enforcement Department, Los Angeles Police Department (Union Station and all LACMTA rail services within the City of Los Angeles)in the City of Long Beach, the Long Beach Police Department and in the City of Santa Monica, (California)|the Santa Monica Police Department.
Services
Metro Rail
Metro Rail is a rail mass transit system with two subway and five light rail lines. As of October 2022[update], the system runs a total of 113.5 miles (182.7 km), with 99 stations.[1]
- A Line is a light rail line running between Downtown Los Angeles and Downtown Long Beach.
- B Line is a subway line running between Downtown Los Angeles and North Hollywood.
- C Line is a light rail line running between Redondo Beach and Norwalk, largely in the median of the 105 Freeway. It provides indirect access to Los Angeles International Airport via a shuttle bus.
- D Line is a subway line running between Downtown Los Angeles and the Mid-Wilshire district of Los Angeles. Most of its route is shared with the B Line. The line is currently being extended westward.
- E Line is a light rail line running between Downtown Los Angeles and Santa Monica.[8]
- K Line is a light rail line running between South Los Angeles and Inglewood, with a connection to the C Line opening in late 2023 and a connection to the to LAX Automated People Mover opening in 2024.
- L Line is a light rail line running between East Los Angeles and Azusa via Downtown Los Angeles. The L Line will be discontinued in 2023 when the A and E Lines take over the L Line's route after the completion of the Regional Connector.[9]
Metro Bus
Metro is the primary bus operator in the Los Angeles Basin, the San Fernando Valley, and the western San Gabriel Valley. Other transit providers operate more frequent service in the rest of the county. Regions in Los Angeles County that Metro Bus does not serve at all include rural regions, the Pomona Valley, the Santa Clarita Valley, and the Antelope Valley.
In addition to hundreds of traditional routes, Metro also operates a handful of Rapid routes that offer limited-stop services heavily traveled arterial streets and Express routes that travel on the extensive Southern California freeway system.
Metro Busway
Metro Busway is a bus rapid transit system with two lines operating on dedicated or shared-use busways. The system runs a total of 60 miles (97 km), with 29 stations and over 42,000 daily weekday boardings as of May 2016.
The Metro Busway system is meant to mimic the Metro Rail system, both in the vehicle's design and in the operation of the line. Vehicles stop at dedicated stations (except for the portion of the Metro J Line in Downtown Los Angeles), vehicles receive priority at intersections and are painted in a silver livery similar to Metro Rail vehicles.
- G Line is a bus rapid transit line running between North Hollywood and Chatsworth.
- J Line is a bus rapid transit line running between El Monte, Downtown Los Angeles, and Harbor Gateway, with some buses also serving San Pedro.
Busways
The Metro Busway J Line operates over two busways, semi-exclusive roadways built into the Southern California freeway system. These busways are also used by other bus routes to speed up their trips.
- El Monte Busway is a combination busway and high-occupancy toll (HOT) roadway that runs in the median of the San Bernardino Freeway (I-10) and on a separate right-of-way. The busway provides express bus service between Downtown LA and the San Gabriel Valley. Services on the busway are operated by both Metro and Foothill Transit.
- Harbor Transitway is a combination busway and HOT roadway that runs in the median of the Harbor Freeway (I-110). The busway provides express bus service between San Pedro and Downtown LA. Services on the busway are operated by Metro, GTrans, LADOT, OC Bus and Torrance Transit.
Other services
- Metro Bike Share: A bikeshare program in Downtown LA, Central LA, Hollywood, North Hollywood and on the Westside.[10]
- Metro ExpressLanes: High-occupancy toll lanes on the El Monte Busway and Harbor Transitway.
- Metro Freeway Service Patrol: A joint effort between Metro, Caltrans, and the California Highway Patrol offering free quick-fix repairs and towing from freeways.
- Metro Micro: An on-demand transit service, operated using vans in 8 zones around the region.
- Bike paths: 475 miles (764 km) of bike facilities for commuter and recreational purposes.
- HOV (Carpool) Lanes: 219 miles (352 km), 423 miles (681 km) both directions/each lane, of carpool, vanpool, and express bus lanes.
- Metrolink: Partially funded by Metro, it is Southern California's regional commuter rail system.
Fares
All Metro passes are sold on TAP Cards, smart fare cards on which customers can load value or a pass; they are valid on all Metro buses and trains as well as most city buses.
Fare gates are installed at all B, C, D and K Line stations, along with select A, E and L Line stations. Fare gates were added after 2007 to reduce fare evasion.[11] At the time the decision was criticized for its cost and perceived ineffectiveness.[12]
Ridership
The Metro B Line has the highest ridership of all Metro Rail lines and also the lowest operational cost because of its high ridership. The Metro Liner Metro J Line has the lowest ridership of all color-branded lines. Average daily boardings and passenger miles for all of 2018 are as follows:[13]
| Service | Weekdays | Saturdays | Sundays and Holidays | Average Weekday Passenger Miles |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heavy Rail | ||||
| B Line D Line | 137,142 | 81,837 | 70,250 | 648,132 |
| Light Rail | ||||
| A Line | 64,648 | 32,075 | 29,013 | 482,659 |
| C Line | 30,839 | 16,504 | 13,588 | 219,700 |
| E Line | 61,024 | 37,321 | 32,966 | 424,643 |
| L Line | 50,523 | 31,280 | 24,937 | 441,140 |
| Bus and BRT | ||||
| Metro Bus | 878,862 | 550,391 | 423,771 | 3,739,826 |
| G Line | 22,573 | 12,698 | 10,212 | 148,944 |
| J Line | 15,059 | 6,346 | 5,127 | 152,706 |
| Total Bus and Rail | 1,214,893 | 752,462 | 601,200 | 5,824,359 |
Governance
Metro is governed by a board of directors with 14 members, 13 of whom are voting members.[14] The Board is composed of:
- The five Los Angeles County Supervisors
- The mayor of Los Angeles
- Three Los Angeles mayor-appointees (at least one of whom must be an L.A. City Council member)
- Four city council members or mayors from cities other than Los Angeles, who each represent one region: San Gabriel/Pomona Valley, Arroyo/Verdugo, Gateway Cities and Westside Cities
- One non-voting member appointed by the Governor of California (traditionally the Director of Caltrans District 7)
While the Metro board makes decisions on large issues, they rely on Service Councils to advise on smaller decisions, such as on bus stop placement and over bus service changes.[15] To enable this work, the councils call and conduct public hearings, evaluate Metro programs in their area, and meet with management staff. There are five Service Councils, each representing a different region: Gateway Cities, San Fernando Valley, San Gabriel Valley, South Bay, and Westside/Central. Each council is led by a board composed of a political appointees.
Chair[16]
Vice Chair
Jacquelyn Dupont-Walker
Chair Pro Tem
Chief Executive Officer
Stephanie Wiggins
Funding
A complex mix of federal, state, county and city tax dollars as well as bonds and fare box revenue funds Metro.
The Metro budget for 2020 is $7.2 billion. Below is the funding breakdown from Metro's fiscal year 2020 budget:
| Revenues | US$ in Millions 2020[17] |
|---|---|
| Proposition A (0.5% sales tax) | 873 |
| Proposition C (0.5% sales tax) | 873 |
| Measure R (0.5% sales tax) | 873 |
| Measure M (0.5% sales tax) | 873 |
| Transportation Development Act (0.25% sales tax) | 436.5 |
| State Transit Assistance ("Diesel Tax") | 215.8 |
| SB 1 State of Good Repair Funding ("Gas Tax") | 30.1 |
| Metro Passenger Fares | 284.5 |
| Metro ExpressLanes Tolls | 58.4 |
| Advertising | 25.6 |
| Other Revenues | 71.2 |
| Grants Reimbursements | 1,184.8 |
| Bond Proceeds & Prior Year Carryover | 1,408.6 |
| Total Resources (US$ millions) | 7,207.6 |
Jurisdiction
The agency is a public transportation and planning agency that lies under the jurisdiction of the State of California. Although it falls under State regulations, it can also partake in regional and municipal levels of rule during a transportation development project.[18] For example, it can play a role in policies regarding a state's housing policies, since the living situation of one affects the methods of transportation its residents will take.[19]
This transit agency can measure successful projects through key pointers such as low income ridership increase and an increase of favorable environmental and health factors for its public community.[20] Increased low income ridership is a significant factor because that focus group tends to makes up the majority of public transit ridership.[20] Favorable environmental and health factors are also relevant factors because they indicate a positive relationship within the space developed and its residents.[18]
Fleet
Most of Metro's bus fleet is powered by compressed natural gas (CNG), the largest such fleet in the United States.[21] Using CNG reduces emissions of particulates by 90%, carbon monoxide by 80%, and greenhouse gases by 20% compared to diesel powered buses. The agency is also operating a limited number of battery electric buses, notably on the G Line busway, with plans to convert into a fully electric bus system[22] Buses feature on-board visual displays and automatic voice announcement systems that announce the next stop.
The Metro Rail fleet is broken down into two main types: light rail vehicles and rapid transit cars (commonly called subway cars in Los Angeles). Metro's light rail vehicles, used on the A, C, E, K and L Lines, are 87-foot (26.52 m) articulated, high-floor double-ended cars, powered by overhead catenary lines, which typically run in two or three car consists. Metro's subway cars, used on the B and D Lines, are 75-foot (22.86 m) electric multiple unit, married-pair cars, powered by electrified third rail, that typically run in four or six car consists.
Future
NextGen Bus Plan
Metro is currently implementing its "NextGen Bus Plan," a major restructuring of the agencies routes. The plan eliminates most of the Metro Rapid routes, along with low-performing Metro Local lines, to invest in the remaining routes. Metro says the plan will double the number of frequent bus lines (defined as a bus every 10 minute or better) and expand midday, evening and weekend service, while ensuring that 99% of current riders continue to have a less than 1⁄4-mile walk to their bus stop.
Regional Connector
The Regional Connector is a tunnel under Downtown Los Angeles, joining the L Line at Little Tokyo Station (1st Street and Central Avenue) to the A Line and E Line at 7th Street/Metro Center. 2 stations will the introduced in this matter, with those stations being "Grand Av Arts/Bunker Hill" and "Historic Broadway". This will lead to the creation of two lines, one between Long Beach and Azusa, and the other between East Los Angeles and Santa Monica. The project is expected to open in early 2023.[23]
D Line Extension
Phase 1 of the D Line Extension will add three new subway stations to the D Line at Wilshire/La Brea, Wilshire/Fairfax, and Wilshire/La Cienega. Construction on Phase 1 began in 2014 and is expected to be complete in 2024. Phase 2 to Century City is expected to be completed in 2025, followed by Phase 3 to Westwood in 2027.
Foothill Extension
Metro is planning an extension of the L Line (will be part of the A Line upon the Regional Connector’s completion in 2023) into the San Gabriel Valley to Pomona–North station. The first phase of this extension, to Azusa, opened on March 5, 2016. Groundbreaking for the second phase to Pomona occurred on December 2, 2017, with construction starting in July 2020. The project is expected to be complete by early 2025.[24]
Aerial Rapid Transit
Metro, in partnership with LA Aerial Rapid Transit Technologies LLC, is currently proposing to construct an aerial gondola system to connect Dodger Stadium and the stadium's surrounding communities to Union Station in Downtown Los Angeles. When completed, the approximate 5,000 people per hour, per direction aerial gondola is expected to transport visitors from Union Station to Dodger Stadium in approximately seven minutes. Additionally, the proposed project would also include several improvements to the nearby Los Angeles State Historic Park.[25]
Long-range Measure M plans
Measure M, passed in November 2016, extends and increases the Measure R 30-year half-cent sales tax to a permanent one-cent sales tax. This tax is expected to fund $120 billion in highway and transit projects over 40 years.[26] The tax is also expected to support over 778,000 jobs in the Los Angeles area and $79.3 billion in economic output.[27]
Projects to be funded by Measure M, not previously mentioned above, include:[26][28]
- A streetcar in Downtown Los Angeles
- The Los Angeles County portion of the High Desert Corridor: a freeway, rail transit, and bikeway corridor linking cities in the Antelope and Victor Valleys. Caltrans put the freeway on hold in 2019.[29]
- Bus Rapid Transit connecting the G and B Lines in North Hollywood with the L Line in Pasadena
- Conversion of the G Line from Bus Rapid Transit to Light Rail
- Light Rail along Van Nuys Boulevard to San Fernando (East San Fernando Light Rail Transit Project)
- Light Rail along the West Santa Ana Branch from Union Station to Artesia
- Bus Rapid Transit along Vermont Avenue between the B Line at Hollywood Blvd. and the C Line at 120th St.
- Southern extension of the C Line to Torrance Transit Center
- Eastern extension of the C Line to the Norwalk/Santa Fe Springs Metrolink station
- Heavy Rail tunnel underneath or monorail over the Sepulveda Pass linking the G Line in the San Fernando Valley and the D Line at Westwood/UCLA
- Heavy Rail or Monorail extension from the D line at Westwood/UCLA to LAX
- Extension of the L Line from East Los Angeles with a branch to Whittier next to the San Gabriel River
- Bus Rapid Transit from LAX to the E Line at Santa Monica along Lincoln Blvd.
- Bus Rapid Transit in the North San Fernando Valley
See also
- Transportation in Los Angeles
- List of Los Angeles Metro Rail stations
- List of Los Angeles Metro Busway stations
- List of former Metro Express routes
- People
- Hal Bernson, former Authority chairman
References
- ^ a b c d e . Metro. Archived from the original on December 25, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
- ^ a b "Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2022" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
- ^ "California Code, Public Utilities Code – PUC § 130051.10". Findlaw. from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
- ^ metro.net history. Retrieved April 4, 2004. September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Hebert, Ray (December 27, 1976). "New Agencies to Face Task of Unifying Jumbled Transit Plans". Los Angeles Times. p. 16. from the original on January 26, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
- ^ "Help & Contacts October 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine." Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
- ^ "Sustainability". from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ Nelson, Laura J. (February 25, 2016). "Metro Expo Line to begin service to Santa Monica on May 20". Los Angeles Times. from the original on March 2, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
- ^ Scauzillo, Steve (February 26, 2016). "When is the grand opening of the Gold Line Foothill Extension?". San Gabriel Valley Tribune. from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
- ^ "Metro Bike Share: About". January 27, 2015. from the original on October 21, 2018. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
- ^ "Metro Rail Gating Study" (PDF). November 15, 2007. (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Ridership Statistics". www.metro.net. from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
- ^ "California Code, Public Utilities Code – PUC § 130051". Findlaw. from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
- ^ "Metro in Transition". Streetsblog Los Angeles. December 2, 2009. from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
- ^ "Metro Board". Metro Board. from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
- ^ "FY20 Adopted Budget" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 1, 2019. (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
- ^ a b Pegrum, Dudley F. (1961). "The Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority". Land Economics. 37 (3): 247–255. doi:10.2307/3159723. ISSN 0023-7639. JSTOR 3159723. from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
- ^ "Twenty-First Century Urbanism", Street Level: Los Angeles in the Twenty-First Century, Routledge, pp. 97–123, April 1, 2016, doi:10.4324/9781315611051-6, ISBN 978-1-315-61105-1, from the original on March 23, 2023, retrieved July 20, 2021
- ^ a b Mohiuddin, Hossain (February 19, 2021). "Planning for the First and Last Mile: A Review of Practices at Selected Transit Agencies in the United States". Sustainability. 13 (4): 2222. doi:10.3390/su13042222. ISSN 2071-1050.
- ^ "Metro Gets Grant For Purchase of More Clean-Air Buses". Los Angeles County Metro. April 26, 2006. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
- ^ . Archived from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
- ^ "Regional Connector Transit Project". LA Metro. from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
- ^ Hymon, Steve (November 30, 2017). "New video: take an aerial tour of the Gold Line extension to Claremont and Montclair". The Source. from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
- ^ "Aerial Rapid Transit". Los Angeles Metro. from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
- ^ a b "Measure M: Metro's Plan to Transform Transportation in LA". The Plan. from the original on November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
- ^ "Fresh Air". from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
- ^ "Measure M project descriptions". The Source. November 9, 2016. from the original on November 11, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
- ^ "Editorial: It was a terrible idea to build a new freeway in Los Angeles County. Now it's on hold for good". Los Angeles Times. October 6, 2019. from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
External links
- Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority