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List of star extremes

May 06, 2023

A star is a massive luminous spheroid astronomical object made of plasma that is held together by its own gravity. Stars exhibit great diversity in their properties (such as mass, volume, velocity, stage in stellar evolution, and distance from Earth) and some of the outliers are so disproportionate in comparison with the general population that they are considered extreme. This is a list of such stars.

Records that are regarded as authoritative and unlikely to change at any given point are recorded on a white background, while those that could change with new information and/or discoveries are recorded on a grey background.

Age and distance

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Nearest star Sun 3rd century BC 1 AU Our local star's distance was first determined in the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos. Reported for reference
Second-nearest star Proxima Centauri 1915 1.30 pc Also called Alpha Centauri C, it is the outlying star in a trinary star system that includes Alpha Centauri A (Rigil Kentaurus) and Alpha Centauri B (Toliman). This is currently the nearest known neighbouring star to our own Sun. This star was discovered in 1915, and its parallax was determined at the time, when enough observations were established. [NB 1] [1][2] List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs
Most distant individually seen star WHL0137-LS (Earendel) 2022 z=6.2 ± 0.1

12.9 Gly

[3][4] List of the most distant astronomical objects
Most distant star Stars in HD1 2022 z=13.27

13.5 Gly (light travel distance)
33.4 Gly (proper distance)

[5] List of the most distant astronomical objects
Most distant star gravitationally bound to Milky Way galaxy ULAS J0015+01 2014 900,000 light-years Located in the Milky Way's extreme outer halo, far beyond the galactic disc. [6]
Oldest star HD 140283 before 1912 14.5±0.8 billion years Commonly nicknamed Methuselah as a result of its extreme age, this subgiant star demonstrates a slight blueshift, indicating that it is moving in a direction towards the Earth. [7] List of oldest stars
Youngest Stars are being formed constantly in the universe so it is impossible to tell which star is the youngest. For information on the properties of newly formed stars, see Protostar, Young stellar object and Star formation.
Nearest stars by type
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Nearest sun-like star Alpha Centauri
A & B 		1839 1.34 parsecs (4.4 ly) This was the third star whose parallax was determined. Before Alpha Centauri, the record was held by 61 Cygni, the first star whose parallax was determined. [NB 1][NB 2][NB 3]
Nearest normal star Alpha Centauri C
(Proxima Centauri) 		1915 1.30 parsecs (4.2 ly) Before Proxima, the title had been held by Alpha Centauri A & B. [NB 1][NB 3] [8][9]
Nearest red dwarf Before Proxima, the title had been held by Barnard's Star
Nearest degenerate star Sirius B 1852 8.6 light-years (2.6 pc) This is also the nearest white dwarf. [NB 4]
Nearest borderline subgiant Procyon 11.5 light-years (3.5 pc) All stars closer to the Sun are either main sequence or dwarf stars.
Nearest undisputed subgiant Delta Pavonis 19.9 light-years (6.1 pc) A subgiant, but only slightly brighter than the Sun.
Nearest "true" giant star Pollux 33.8 light-years (10.4 pc)
Nearest red giant Arcturus 36.7 light-years (11.3 pc)
Nearest supergiant Antares 550 light-years (170 pc)
Nearest Wolf–Rayet star Gamma Velorum 1,080 light-years (330 pc)
Nearest spectral type A or hotter Sirius 8.6 light-years (2.6 pc)
Nearest neutron star RX J1856.35-3754 2000 400 light-years (120 pc) [10][11][12]
Nearest white dwarf Sirius B 1852 8.6 light-years (2.6 pc) Sirius B is also the second white dwarf discovered, after 40 Eridani B. [8][13][14]
Nearest flare star Proxima Centauri
(Alpha Centauri C) 		1.30 parsecs (4.2 ly) α Cen C is also the nearest neighbouring star. [15]
Nearest brown dwarf Luhman 16 2013 6.5 light-years (2.0 pc) This is a pair of brown dwarfs in a binary system, with no other stars. [16]

Brightness and power

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Brightest star from the Earth: Apparent magnitude Sun prehistoric m=−26.74 Reported for reference
[NB 5][NB 6]
Brightest star other than the Sun Sirius
(Alpha Canis Majoris) 		prehistoric m=−1.46
See also: Historical brightest stars
 [NB 5][NB 6][NB 7][NB 1] List of brightest stars
Brightest star in a transient event Progenitor of SN 1006 1006 m=−7.5 This was a supernova, and its remnant (SNR) is catalogued as PKS 1459-41 [NB 5][NB 6][NB 1] [17]
Dimmest star from the Earth UDF 2457 [NB 5][NB 6]
Most luminous star R136a1 2010 V=−8.09 [NB 8] [18] List of most luminous stars
Most luminous star in a transient event Progenitor of GRB 080916C 2008 V=−40 The star exploded in a gamma-ray burst with the total energy equal to 9,000 supernovae [NB 8] List of gamma-ray bursts
Least luminous normal star 2MASS J0523−1403 2013 V=20.6 [NB 3][NB 8] [19]
Most energetic star R136a1 2010 B=-12.5 [NB 9] [18] List of most luminous stars
Most energetic star in a transient event Progenitor of GRB 080916C 2008 [NB 9]
Least energetic normal star 2MASS J0523−1403 2013 L=0.000126LSun [NB 3][NB 9] [19]
Hottest normal star WR 102 T=210000 K [20] List of hottest stars
Coolest normal star S Cassiopeiae T=1800 K [21] List of coolest stars
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Hottest degenerate star CSPN of NGC 4361 2019 270,000 K [22]
Hottest neutron star PSR B0943+10 3,100,000K [23]
Coolest neutron star PSR B1257+12 28,856 K
Hottest white dwarf KPD 0005+5106 2008 200,000 K [24]
Hottest PG 1159 star/GW Vir star RX J2117+3412 1999 170,000 K [25]
Coolest brown dwarf WISE 1828+2650 250–400 K WISE 0855−0714 may be cooler at 225–260 K, but its status as a rogue planet or sub-brown dwarf is not well known as its mass is between 3 and 10 MJ.

Size and mass

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Largest apparent size star Sun prehistoric
(3rd century BC) 		31.6′ – 32.7′ The apparent size of the Sun was first measured by Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC,[26] who was the second person to measure the distance to the Sun. However, Thales of Miletus provided a measurement for the real size of the Sun in the 6th century BC, as 1⁄720 the great circle of the Sun (the orbit of the Earth)[27] Reported for reference
[NB 6]
Largest extrasolar apparent size star R Doradus 1997 0.057" This replaced Betelgeuse as the largest, Betelgeuse having been the first star other than the Sun to have its apparent size measured. [NB 6][NB 1] [28]
Smallest apparent size star Thousands of neutron stars located on the other side of the galaxy, likely impossible to resolve. [NB 6]
Largest star (disputed) Stephenson 2 DFK 1 2012 r=2,150 R☉ This exceeds significantly the upper limit for red supergiants of roughly 1,500 R☉ based on the four largest stars measured in a survey, which is consistent with the current stellar evolutionary theory.[29] [30] List of largest known stars
Smallest star EBLM J0555-57Ab 2017 0.084 R☉ [NB 3] [31][32][33] List of smallest stars
Most massive star BAT99-98 2014 226 M☉ This exceeds the predicted limit of 150 M☉, previously believed to be the limit of stellar mass, according to the leading star formation theories. [NB 10] [34] List of most massive stars
Least massive normal star SCR 1845–6357 A 0.07 M☉ [NB 3] [35] List of least massive stars
Most massive stars by type
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Most massive brown dwarf SDSS J010448.46+153501.8 2017 90 MJupiter This is at the limit between brown dwarfs and red dwarfs.[36][37] [38]
Most massive degenerate star The most massive type of degenerate star is the neutron star. See Most massive neutron star for this recordholder. [NB 4]
Most massive neutron star PSR J0740+6620 2019 2.14 MSun Several candidates exist which have a higher mass, however their mass has been measured by less precise methods and as such their mass value is regarded as less certain. [39] List of most massive neutron stars
Most massive neutron star (disputed) PSR J1748-2021B 2015 2.548 MSun [40]
Most massive white dwarf RE J0317-853/ZTF J1901+1458 1998/2020 1.35 MSun [41][42]
Least massive stars by type
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Least massive normal star SCR 1845–6357 A 0.07 M☉ [NB 3] [43] List of least massive stars
Least massive white dwarf SDSS J091709.55+463821.8
(WD J0917+4638) 		2007 0.17 MSun [44][45][46][47]
Least massive brown dwarf WISE 0855−0714 0.007 MSun Also considered a free floating, or rogue, planet, so its status as a star is a matter of perspective. Sub-brown dwarf

Motion

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Highest proper motion Barnard's Star 10.3 "/yr This is also the fourth closest star to the Solar System. [48][49]
Lowest proper motion N/A N/A ~0 "/yr Billions of stars on the other end of the galaxy
Highest radial velocity
Lowest radial velocity EY Aquarii 2013 -870 km/s Mira variable [NB 11]
Highest peculiar motion
Lowest peculiar motion
Highest rotational speed of a normal star VFTS 102 2013 600 km/s [NB 3] [50]
Lowest rotational speed
Fastest velocity of a star S5-HVS1 2019 1,755 km/s [51][52][53][54]

Star systems

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Least stars in a star system There are many single star systems.
Most stars in a star system Septuple star system Both are called 7-star systems in the 1997 MSC,[55] and appear in the 2008 MSC.[56] [NB 12] [55][56]
Most stars in a star system (unconfirmed) Gamma Cassiopeiae Octuple star system Unconfirmed
Stars in the closest orbit around one another There are many stars that are in contact binary systems (where two or more stars are in physical contact with each other).
Stars in the most distant orbit around one another Fomalhaut A/B/C ~0.77 parsecs

(2.5 ly)

Nearest multiple star system Alpha Centauri 1839 1.30 parsecs (4.2 ly) This was one of the first three stars to have its distance measured.[57][58] [8][59]
Nearest binary star system Luhman 16 2013 1.998 parsecs (6.52 ly) Brown dwarf binary system. The nearest non-brown dwarf binary is Sirius, and the nearest composed entirely of main-sequence stars is Luyten 726-8.
Nearest trinary star system Alpha Centauri 1839 1.38 parsecs (4.5 ly) Also nearest multiple star system, and nearest star system of any type
Nearest quaternary star system Gliese 570 5.88 parsecs (19.2 ly) K4 star orbited by a pair of M stars, all orbited by a T7 brown dwarf.
Nearest quintenary star system V1054 Ophiuchi 6.46 parsecs (21.1 ly) M3 star orbited by a pair of pair of M4 stars, together orbited by an M3.5 star, all orbited by an M7 star.
Nearest sextenary star system Castor 1718 15.6 parsecs (51 ly) A1 star orbited by a red dwarf, both orbited by another A star orbited by a red dwarf, all orbited by two red dwarfs orbiting each other.
Nearest septenary star system Nu Scorpii 150 parsecs (490 ly) A B3V star orbited by an unknown-type star, both orbited by another unknown star, together orbited by another unknown star, all orbited by a B9III star orbiting a pair of stars which are a B9III and unknown star.
Star systems by type
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Shortest period black hole binary system MAXI J1659-152 2013 2.4 hours This exceeds the preceding recordholder by about one hour (Swift J1753.5-0127 with a 3.2 hour period) [60]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Other than the Sun
  2. ^ An "average" star is a normal star which is larger than a red dwarf, but smaller than a giant star. Depending on the definition, this can also be called "Sun-like star".
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h A normal star is a star that is past its protostar period, in its main fusion period, before becoming a degenerate star, black hole, or post-stellar nebula, and is not a failed star (brown dwarf).
  4. ^ a b Not including stellar-mass black holes or exotic stars
  5. ^ a b c d By visual magnitude (m)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g This is the appearance in the sky from Earth.
  7. ^ This does not include brightest stars due to outbursts
  8. ^ a b c Luminosity here represents how bright a star is if all stars were equally far away, in visible light.
  9. ^ a b c Energetic here is the total electromagnetic energy emitted by a star in all wavelengths.
  10. ^ Not including stellar black holes
  11. ^ Stars with particularly high radial velocities are usually erroneously recorded, so all large values should be taken with a grain of salt.
  12. ^ The allowable distance between components of a star system is debated.

References

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External links

  • 25 Brightest Stars, as Seen from the Earth
  • The Brightest Stars at An Atlas of the Universe
  • The Magnitude system
  • About stellar magnitudes

May 06, 2023
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A star is a massive luminous spheroid astronomical object made of plasma that is held together by its own gravity Stars exhibit great diversity in their properties such as mass volume velocity stage in stellar evolution and distance from Earth and some of the outliers are so disproportionate in comparison with the general population that they are considered extreme This is a list of such stars Records that are regarded as authoritative and unlikely to change at any given point are recorded on a white background while those that could change with new information and or discoveries are recorded on a grey background Contents 1 Age and distance 2 Brightness and power 3 Size and mass 4 Motion 5 Star systems 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksAge and distance EditTitle Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See moreNearest star Sun 3rd century BC 1 AU Our local star s distance was first determined in the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos Reported for referenceSecond nearest star Proxima Centauri 1915 1 30 pc Also called Alpha Centauri C it is the outlying star in a trinary star system that includes Alpha Centauri A Rigil Kentaurus and Alpha Centauri B Toliman This is currently the nearest known neighbouring star to our own Sun This star was discovered in 1915 and its parallax was determined at the time when enough observations were established NB 1 1 2 List of nearest stars and brown dwarfsMost distant individually seen star WHL0137 LS Earendel 2022 z 6 2 0 1 12 9 Gly 3 4 List of the most distant astronomical objectsMost distant star Stars in HD1 2022 z 13 27 13 5 Gly light travel distance 33 4 Gly proper distance 5 List of the most distant astronomical objectsMost distant star gravitationally bound to Milky Way galaxy ULAS J0015 01 2014 900 000 light years Located in the Milky Way s extreme outer halo far beyond the galactic disc 6 Oldest star HD 140283 before 1912 14 5 0 8 billion years Commonly nicknamed Methuselah as a result of its extreme age this subgiant star demonstrates a slight blueshift indicating that it is moving in a direction towards the Earth 7 List of oldest starsYoungest Stars are being formed constantly in the universe so it is impossible to tell which star is the youngest For information on the properties of newly formed stars see Protostar Young stellar object and Star formation Nearest stars by type Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See moreNearest sun like star Alpha Centauri A amp B 1839 1 34 parsecs 4 4 ly This was the third star whose parallax was determined Before Alpha Centauri the record was held by 61 Cygni the first star whose parallax was determined NB 1 NB 2 NB 3 Nearest normal star Alpha Centauri C Proxima Centauri 1915 1 30 parsecs 4 2 ly Before Proxima the title had been held by Alpha Centauri A amp B NB 1 NB 3 8 9 Nearest red dwarf Before Proxima the title had been held by Barnard s StarNearest degenerate star Sirius B 1852 8 6 light years 2 6 pc This is also the nearest white dwarf NB 4 Nearest borderline subgiant Procyon 11 5 light years 3 5 pc All stars closer to the Sun are either main sequence or dwarf stars Nearest undisputed subgiant Delta Pavonis 19 9 light years 6 1 pc A subgiant but only slightly brighter than the Sun Nearest true giant star Pollux 33 8 light years 10 4 pc Nearest red giant Arcturus 36 7 light years 11 3 pc Nearest supergiant Antares 550 light years 170 pc Nearest Wolf Rayet star Gamma Velorum 1 080 light years 330 pc Nearest spectral type A or hotter Sirius 8 6 light years 2 6 pc Nearest neutron star RX J1856 35 3754 2000 400 light years 120 pc 10 11 12 Nearest white dwarf Sirius B 1852 8 6 light years 2 6 pc Sirius B is also the second white dwarf discovered after 40 Eridani B 8 13 14 Nearest flare star Proxima Centauri Alpha Centauri C 1 30 parsecs 4 2 ly a Cen C is also the nearest neighbouring star 15 Nearest brown dwarf Luhman 16 2013 6 5 light years 2 0 pc This is a pair of brown dwarfs in a binary system with no other stars 16 Brightness and power EditTitle Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See moreBrightest star from the Earth Apparent magnitude Sun prehistoric m 26 74 Reported for reference NB 5 NB 6 Brightest star other than the Sun Sirius Alpha Canis Majoris prehistoric m 1 46 See also Historical brightest stars NB 5 NB 6 NB 7 NB 1 List of brightest starsBrightest star in a transient event Progenitor of SN 1006 1006 m 7 5 This was a supernova and its remnant SNR is catalogued as PKS 1459 41 NB 5 NB 6 NB 1 17 Dimmest star from the Earth UDF 2457 NB 5 NB 6 Most luminous star R136a1 2010 V 8 09 NB 8 18 List of most luminous starsMost luminous star in a transient event Progenitor of GRB 080916C 2008 V 40 The star exploded in a gamma ray burst with the total energy equal to 9 000 supernovae NB 8 List of gamma ray burstsLeast luminous normal star 2MASS J0523 1403 2013 V 20 6 NB 3 NB 8 19 Most energetic star R136a1 2010 B 12 5 NB 9 18 List of most luminous starsMost energetic star in a transient event Progenitor of GRB 080916C 2008 NB 9 Least energetic normal star 2MASS J0523 1403 2013 L 0 000126LSun NB 3 NB 9 19 Hottest normal star WR 102 T 210000 K 20 List of hottest starsCoolest normal star S Cassiopeiae T 1800 K 21 List of coolest starsTitle Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See moreHottest degenerate star CSPN of NGC 4361 2019 270 000 K 22 Hottest neutron star PSR B0943 10 3 100 000K 23 Coolest neutron star PSR B1257 12 28 856 KHottest white dwarf KPD 0005 5106 2008 200 000 K 24 Hottest PG 1159 star GW Vir star RX J2117 3412 1999 170 000 K 25 Coolest brown dwarf WISE 1828 2650 250 400 K WISE 0855 0714 may be cooler at 225 260 K but its status as a rogue planet or sub brown dwarf is not well known as its mass is between 3 and 10 MJ Size and mass EditTitle Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See moreLargest apparent size star Sun prehistoric 3rd century BC 31 6 32 7 The apparent size of the Sun was first measured by Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC 26 who was the second person to measure the distance to the Sun However Thales of Miletus provided a measurement for the real size of the Sun in the 6th century BC as 1 720 the great circle of the Sun the orbit of the Earth 27 Reported for reference NB 6 Largest extrasolar apparent size star R Doradus 1997 0 057 This replaced Betelgeuse as the largest Betelgeuse having been the first star other than the Sun to have its apparent size measured NB 6 NB 1 28 Smallest apparent size star Thousands of neutron stars located on the other side of the galaxy likely impossible to resolve NB 6 Largest star disputed Stephenson 2 DFK 1 2012 r 2 150 R This exceeds significantly the upper limit for red supergiants of roughly 1 500 R based on the four largest stars measured in a survey which is consistent with the current stellar evolutionary theory 29 30 List of largest known starsSmallest star EBLM J0555 57Ab 2017 0 084 R NB 3 31 32 33 List of smallest starsMost massive star BAT99 98 2014 226 M This exceeds the predicted limit of 150 M previously believed to be the limit of stellar mass according to the leading star formation theories NB 10 34 List of most massive starsLeast massive normal star SCR 1845 6357 A 0 07 M NB 3 35 List of least massive starsMost massive stars by type Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See moreMost massive brown dwarf SDSS J010448 46 153501 8 2017 90 MJupiter This is at the limit between brown dwarfs and red dwarfs 36 37 38 Most massive degenerate star The most massive type of degenerate star is the neutron star See Most massive neutron star for this recordholder NB 4 Most massive neutron star PSR J0740 6620 2019 2 14 MSun Several candidates exist which have a higher mass however their mass has been measured by less precise methods and as such their mass value is regarded as less certain 39 List of most massive neutron starsMost massive neutron star disputed PSR J1748 2021B 2015 2 548 MSun 40 Most massive white dwarf RE J0317 853 ZTF J1901 1458 1998 2020 1 35 MSun 41 42 Least massive stars by type Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See moreLeast massive normal star SCR 1845 6357 A 0 07 M NB 3 43 List of least massive starsLeast massive white dwarf SDSS J091709 55 463821 8 WD J0917 4638 2007 0 17 MSun 44 45 46 47 Least massive brown dwarf WISE 0855 0714 0 007 MSun Also considered a free floating or rogue planet so its status as a star is a matter of perspective Sub brown dwarfMotion EditTitle Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See moreHighest proper motion Barnard s Star 10 3 yr This is also the fourth closest star to the Solar System 48 49 Lowest proper motion N A N A 0 yr Billions of stars on the other end of the galaxyHighest radial velocityLowest radial velocity EY Aquarii 2013 870 km s Mira variable NB 11 Highest peculiar motionLowest peculiar motionHighest rotational speed of a normal star VFTS 102 2013 600 km s NB 3 50 Lowest rotational speedFastest velocity of a star S5 HVS1 2019 1 755 km s 51 52 53 54 Star systems EditTitle Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See moreLeast stars in a star system There are many single star systems Most stars in a star system Nu Scorpii AR Cassiopeiae Septuple star system Both are called 7 star systems in the 1997 MSC 55 and appear in the 2008 MSC 56 NB 12 55 56 Most stars in a star system unconfirmed Gamma Cassiopeiae Octuple star system UnconfirmedStars in the closest orbit around one another There are many stars that are in contact binary systems where two or more stars are in physical contact with each other Stars in the most distant orbit around one another Fomalhaut A B C 0 77 parsecs 2 5 ly Nearest multiple star system Alpha Centauri 1839 1 30 parsecs 4 2 ly This was one of the first three stars to have its distance measured 57 58 8 59 Nearest binary star system Luhman 16 2013 1 998 parsecs 6 52 ly Brown dwarf binary system The nearest non brown dwarf binary is Sirius and the nearest composed entirely of main sequence stars is Luyten 726 8 Nearest trinary star system Alpha Centauri 1839 1 38 parsecs 4 5 ly Also nearest multiple star system and nearest star system of any typeNearest quaternary star system Gliese 570 5 88 parsecs 19 2 ly K4 star orbited by a pair of M stars all orbited by a T7 brown dwarf Nearest quintenary star system V1054 Ophiuchi 6 46 parsecs 21 1 ly M3 star orbited by a pair of pair of M4 stars together orbited by an M3 5 star all orbited by an M7 star Nearest sextenary star system Castor 1718 15 6 parsecs 51 ly A1 star orbited by a red dwarf both orbited by another A star orbited by a red dwarf all orbited by two red dwarfs orbiting each other Nearest septenary star system Nu Scorpii 150 parsecs 490 ly A B3V star orbited by an unknown type star both orbited by another unknown star together orbited by another unknown star all orbited by a B9III star orbiting a pair of stars which are a B9III and unknown star Star systems by type Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See moreShortest period black hole binary system MAXI J1659 152 2013 2 4 hours This exceeds the preceding recordholder by about one hour Swift J1753 5 0127 with a 3 2 hour period 60 See also EditAngular diameter Compact star Historical brightest stars List of brightest stars Lists of constellations IAU designated constellations by area List of exoplanet extremes List of extremes in the sky List of largest known stars List of most luminous stars List of nearest bright stars List of nearest galaxies List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs Lists of stars Lists of stars by constellation Peculiar velocity Proper motion Radial velocity Rotational frequency Star Star system Stars and planetary systems in fictionNotes Edit a b c d e f Other than the Sun An average star is a normal star which is larger than a red dwarf but smaller than a giant star Depending on the definition this can also be called Sun like star a b c d e f g h A normal star is a star that is past its protostar period in its main fusion period before becoming a degenerate star black hole or post stellar nebula and is not a failed star brown dwarf a b Not including stellar mass black holes or exotic stars a b c d By visual magnitude m a b c d e f g This is the appearance in the sky from Earth This does not include brightest stars due to outbursts a b c Luminosity here represents how bright a star is if all stars were equally far away in visible light a b c Energetic here is the total electromagnetic energy emitted by a star in all wavelengths Not including stellar black holes Stars with particularly high radial velocities are usually erroneously recorded so all large values should be taken with a grain of salt The allowable distance between components of a star system is debated References Edit in German Innes Sterne bei a Centauri Astronomische Nachrichten volume 206 1918 Bibcode 1918AN 206 97H Harold L Aden Alpha and Proxima Centauri Astronomical Journal vol 39 issue 913 1918 Bibcode 1928AJ 39 20A Welch Brian et al 30 March 2022 A highly magnified star at redshift 6 2 Nature 603 7903 815 818 arXiv 2209 14866 Bibcode 2022Natur 603 815W doi 10 1038 s41586 022 04449 y PMID 35354998 S2CID 247842625 Retrieved 30 March 2022 Gianopoulos Andrea 30 March 2022 Record Broken Hubble Spots Farthest Star Ever Seen NASA Retrieved 30 March 2022 Crane Leah 7 April 2022 Astronomers have found what may be the most distant galaxy ever seen A galaxy called HD1 appears to be about 33 4 billion light years away making it the most distant object ever seen and its extreme brightness is puzzling researchers New Scientist Retrieved 8 April 2022 Team discovers two stars most distant ever observed in the Milky Way phys org Retrieved 2016 01 14 ScienceDaily Hubble Finds Birth Certificate of Oldest Known Star 7 March 2013 a b c Richard Powell 30 July 2006 The Universe within 12 5 Light Years The Nearest Stars Atlas of the Universe accessed 2010 11 01 Fraser Cain 13 November 2009 How Far is the Nearest Star Universe Today accessed 2010 11 02 NASA Images Hubble Sees Bare Neutron 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