Lord High Steward
The Lord High Steward is the first of the Great Officers of State in England, nominally ranking above the Lord Chancellor.
| Lord High Steward of England | |
|---|---|
Sir Gordon Messenger acted as Lord High Steward of England at the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla. | |
| Type | Great Officer of State |
| Appointer | The Monarch |
| Term length | At His Majesty's Pleasure |
| Formation | 1154 |
| First holder | The 2nd Earl of Leicester |
| Final holder | General Sir Gordon Messenger |
The office has generally remained vacant since 1421, and is now an ad hoc office that is primarily ceremonial and is filled only for a coronation.
At coronations of the British monarch, the Lord High Steward bears St Edward's Crown. The Lord High Steward has the sole legal power to preside over impeachment trials of peers (which last happened in 1806). The trial of peers by their peers (a law which applied for felonies) was abolished in 1948. In general, but not invariably, the Lord Chancellor was deputised (to act as Lord High Steward) in the felony trials. There was a "Court of the Lord High Steward" which served this purpose when Parliament was not in session.[1]
Initially the position was largely an honorary one. It grew in importance until its holder became one of the most powerful men of the kingdom. From the late 12th century, the office was considered to be bound with the Earldom of Leicester. When the House of Lancaster ascended the throne in 1399, Henry IV made his second son, Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence, Lord High Steward. He held the post until his death in 1421.[citation needed]
The equivalent offices in Scotland and Ireland respectively are the Great Steward of Scotland (always held by the heir to the throne, known in Scotland as the Duke of Rothesay) and the Lord High Steward of Ireland (held by the Earls of Shrewsbury, who are also Earls of Waterford in the Peerage of Ireland).[citation needed]
Lord High Stewards of England, 1154–1421
- 1154–1168: Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester
- 1168–1190: Robert de Beaumont "Blanchemains", 3rd Earl of Leicester
- 1190–1204: Robert de Beaumont "FitzPernel", 4th Earl of Leicester
- 1206–1218: Simon IV de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester (son of the sister of the previous)
- 1218–1239: uncertain, probably vacant
- 1239–1265: Simon V de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (de facto ruler from c. 1259)
- 1265–1267: uncertain, probably vacant
- 1267–1274: Edward I of England (first son of Henry III)
- 1274–1296: Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Leicester and of Lancaster (second son of Henry III & brother to Edward I)
- 1296–1322: Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster and of Leicester (Edmund's eldest son; nephew of Edward I)
- 1322–1324: uncertain, probably vacant
- 1324–1345: Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and of Leicester (Thomas' younger brother; first-cousin to Edward II)
- 1345–1361: Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 4th Earl of Leicester (3rd Earl's son; second cousin to Edward III)
- 1362–1399: John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 6th Earl of Leicester jure uxoris (third son of Edward III and son-in-law of the previous)
- 1399: Henry Bolingbroke, 2nd Duke of Lancaster, 7th Earl of Leicester (elder son of John; first cousin to Richard II, whose throne he usurped)
- 1399–1421: Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence (second son of Henry IV (Bolingbroke))
Lord High Stewards of England, 1422–present
Incomplete before 1660.
Coronations
Trials of peers
References
- ^ William Blackstone (1769). Commentaries on the Laws of England vol. 4, chapter 19
- ^ Nicolas, Nicholas Harris (1835), Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, Vol. 4 (8 H. VI to 14 H. VI), ed. by Sir Harris Nicholas, 1835, pp. 3-4; (here linked as pdf)
- ^ Hipshon, David (26 August 2011), Richard III and the Death of Chivalry, by David Hipshon, 2011, ISBN 9780752469157
- ^ Baumgaertner, Wm. E. (2010), Squires, Knights, Barons, Kings: War and Politics in Fifteenth Century England; by Wm. E. Baumgaertner, 2010, ISBN 9781426907692
- ^ Stafford was ward of Henry VIII's grandmother, Margaret Beaufort
- ^ Brandon's wife, Mary Tudor, was Henry VIII's sister
- ^ Russell was one of the 16 executors of the will of Henry VIII
- ^ Stanley was a ward of King Henry VIII
- ^ "The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth". History Today. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ Howard was Lord High Admiral, and a cousin to the late Thomas, 4th Duke of Norfolk
- ^ Villiers was Lord High Admiral, and a favourite of King Charles I father, King James I
- ^ Butler was a leading figure in the exile court of King Charles II
- ^ "No. 27489". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 October 1902. p. 6865.
- ^ "No. 28535". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 September 1911. p. 7084.
- ^ "No. 34453". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 November 1937. p. 7051.
- ^ "No. 40020". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 November 1953. p. 6238.
- ^ "Roles to be performed at the Coronation Service at Westminster Abbey". The Royal Family. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
- ^ Patrick Cracroft-Brennan, Winchester, Marquess of (E, 1551). Accessed 19 July 2014.
- ^ "No. 28536". The London Gazette. 29 September 1911. p. 7121.
External links
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lord High Steward". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Harcourt, Lewis Vernon (1907). His Grace the Steward and trial of peers. London: Longmans, Green & Co.