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Pollux (star)

May 06, 2023

Pollux is the brightest star in the constellation of Gemini. It has the Bayer designation β Geminorum, which is Latinised to Beta Geminorum and abbreviated Beta Gem or β Gem. This is an orange-hued, evolved giant star located at a distance of 34 light-years, making it the closest giant to the Sun. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.[15] In 2006 an extrasolar planet (designated Pollux b or β Geminorum b, later named Thestias) was confirmed to be orbiting it.[10]

Pollux
Location of Pollux (circled)
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0
Constellation Gemini
Pronunciation /ˈpɒləks/[1]
Right ascension 07h 45m 18.94987s[2]
Declination +28° 01′ 34.3160″[2]
Apparent magnitude (V) 1.14[3]
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage Giant star
Spectral type K0 III[4]
U−B color index +0.86[3]
B−V color index +1.00[3]
V−R color index +0.75[3]
R−I color index +0.50[3]
Variable type Suspected[5]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)+3.23[6] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: −626.55 mas/yr[2]
Dec.: −45.80 mas/yr[2]
Parallax (π)96.54 ± 0.27 mas[2]
Distance33.78 ± 0.09 ly
(10.36 ± 0.03 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)+1.08±0.02[7]
Details
Mass1.91±0.09[8] M☉
Radius9.06±0.03[9] R☉
Luminosity32.7±1.6[9] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)2.685±0.09[10] cgs
Temperature4,586±57[9] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]–0.07 to +0.19[10] dex
Rotation558 days[11]
Rotational velocity (v sin i)2.8[12] km/s
Age724[13] Myr
Other designations
β Geminorum, 78 Geminorum, BD+28°1463, GJ 286, HD 62509, HIP 37826, HR 2990, SAO 79666, LFT 548, LHS 1945, LTT 12065[14]
Database references
SIMBADdata
ARICNSdata

Nomenclature

 
Pollux is one of the two brightest stars in the constellation of Gemini (lower left).

β Geminorum (Latinised to Beta Geminorum) is the star's Bayer designation.

The traditional name Pollux refers to the twins Castor and Pollux in Greek and Roman mythology.[16] In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[17] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included Pollux for this star.[18]

 
The Sun viewed from Pollux (in red circle) in the constellation Sagittarius. Made with Celestia.

Castor and Pollux are the two "heavenly twin" stars giving the constellation Gemini (Latin, 'the twins') its name. The stars, however, are quite different in detail. Castor is a complex sextuple system of hot, bluish-white type A stars and dim red dwarfs, while Pollux is a single, cooler yellow-orange giant. In Percy Shelley's 1818 poem Homer's Hymn to Castor and Pollux, the star is referred to as "... mild Pollux, void of blame."[19]

Originally the planet was designated Pollux b. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars.[20] The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names.[21] In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning name was Thestias for this planet.[22] The winning name was based on that originally submitted by theSkyNet of Australia; namely Leda, Pollux's mother. At the request of the IAU, 'Thestias' (the patronym of Leda, a daughter of Thestius) was substituted. This was because 'Leda' was already attributed to an asteroid and to one of Jupiter's satellites.[23][24]

In the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of al Achsasi al Mouakket, this star was designated Muekher al Dzira, which was translated into Latin as Posterior Brachii, meaning the end in the paw.[25]

In Chinese, 北河 (Běi Hé), meaning North River, refers to an asterism consisting of Pollux, ρ Geminorum, and Castor.[26] Consequently, Pollux itself is known as 北河三 (Běi Hé sān, English: the Third Star of North River.)[27]

Physical characteristics

 
Size comparison of Pollux (left) and the Sun (right)

At an apparent visual magnitude of 1.14,[28] Pollux is the brightest star in its constellation, even brighter than its neighbor Castor (α Geminorum). Pollux is 6.7 degrees north of the ecliptic, presently too far north to be occulted by the Moon. The last lunar occultation visible from Earth was on 30 September 116 BCE from high southern latitudes.[29]

Parallax measurements by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite[30][31] place Pollux at a distance of about 33.78 light-years (10.36 parsecs) from the Sun.[2]

The star is larger than the Sun, with about two[8] times its mass and almost nine times its radius.[10] Once an A-type main-sequence star,[32] Pollux has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved into a giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III.[4] The effective temperature of this star's outer envelope is about 4,666 K,[10] which lies in the range that produces the characteristic orange hue of K-type stars.[33] Pollux has a projected rotational velocity of 2.8 km·s−1.[12] The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the star's metallicity, is uncertain, with estimates ranging from 85% to 155% of the Sun's abundance.[10][34]

Evidence for a low level of magnetic activity came from the detection of weak X-ray emission using the ROSAT orbiting telescope. The X-ray emission from this star is about 1027 erg s−1, which is roughly the same as the X-ray emission from the Sun. A magnetic field with a strength below 1 gauss has since been confirmed on the surface of Pollux; one of the weakest fields ever detected on a star. The presence of this field suggests that Pollux was once an Ap star with a much stronger magnetic field.[32] The star displays small amplitude radial velocity variations, but is not photometrically variable.[35]

Planetary system

Since 1993 scientists have suspected an extrasolar planet orbiting Pollux,[36] from measured radial velocity oscillations. The existence of the planet, Pollux b, was confirmed and announced on June 16, 2006. Pollux b is calculated to have a mass at least 2.3 times that of Jupiter. The planet is orbiting Pollux with a period of about 590 days.[10]

The Pollux planetary system[10]
Companion
(in order from star) 		Mass Semimajor axis
(AU) 		Orbital period
(days) 		Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b (Thestias) > 2.30±0.45 MJ 1.64±0.27 589.64±0.81 0.02±0.03 — —

References

  1. ^ Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006), A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub, ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
  2. ^ a b c d e van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007), "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 474 (2): 653–664, arXiv:0708.1752, Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357, S2CID 18759600
  3. ^ a b c d e Ducati, J. R. (2002), "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system", CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues, 2237: 0, Bibcode:2002yCat.2237....0D, doi:10.26093/cds/vizier, VizieR Cat. II/237/colors.
  4. ^ a b Morgan, W. W.; Keenan, P. C. (1973), "Spectral Classification", Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 11: 29–50, Bibcode:1973ARA&A..11...29M, doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333
  5. ^ Petit, M. (October 1990), "Catalogue des étoiles variables ou suspectes dans le voisinage du Soleil", Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement (in French), 85 (2): 971, Bibcode:1990A&AS...85..971P.
  6. ^ Famaey, B.; et al. (January 2005), "Local kinematics of K and M giants from CORAVEL/Hipparcos/Tycho-2 data. Revisiting the concept of superclusters", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 430 (1): 165–186, arXiv:astro-ph/0409579, Bibcode:2005A&A...430..165F, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041272, S2CID 17804304
  7. ^ Carney, Bruce W.; et al. (March 2008), "Rotation and Macroturbulence in Metal-Poor Field Red Giant and Red Horizontal Branch Stars", The Astronomical Journal, 135 (3): 892–906, arXiv:0711.4984, Bibcode:2008AJ....135..892C, doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/3/892, S2CID 2756572
  8. ^ a b Hatzes, A. P.; et al. (July 2012), "The mass of the planet-hosting giant star β Geminorum determined from its p-mode oscillation spectrum", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 543: 9, arXiv:1205.5889, Bibcode:2012A&A...543A..98H, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219332, S2CID 53685387, A98.
  9. ^ a b c Baines, Ellyn K.; Armstrong, J. Thomas; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Zavala, R. T.; Benson, James A.; Hutter, Donald J.; Tycner, Christopher; van Belle, Gerard T. (2017). "Fundamental parameters of 87 stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer". The Astronomical Journal. 155 (1): 16. arXiv:1712.08109. Bibcode:2018AJ....155...30B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b. S2CID 119427037.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Hatzes, A. P.; et al. (2006), "Confirmation of the planet hypothesis for the long-period radial velocity variations of β Geminorum", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 457 (1): 335–341, arXiv:astro-ph/0606517, Bibcode:2006A&A...457..335H, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065445, S2CID 14319327
  11. ^ Koncewicz, R.; Jordan, C. (January 2007), "OI line emission in cool stars: calculations using partial redistribution", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 374 (1): 220–231, Bibcode:2007MNRAS.374..220K, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11130.x
  12. ^ a b Massarotti, Alessandro; et al. (January 2008), "Rotational and Radial Velocities for a Sample of 761 HIPPARCOS Giants and the Role of Binarity", The Astronomical Journal, 135 (1): 209–231, Bibcode:2008AJ....135..209M, doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/209, S2CID 121883397
  13. ^ Takeda, Yoichi; Sato, Bun'ei; Murata, Daisuke (August 2008), "Stellar parameters and elemental abundances of late-G giants", Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 60 (4): 781–802, arXiv:0805.2434, Bibcode:2008PASJ...60..781T, doi:10.1093/pasj/60.4.781, S2CID 16258166
  14. ^ "POLLUX -- Variable Star", SIMBAD, Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg, retrieved 2012-01-14
  15. ^ Garrison, R. F. (December 1993), , Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 25: 1319, Bibcode:1993AAS...183.1710G, archived from the original on 2019-06-25, retrieved 2012-02-04
  16. ^ "Pollux", STARS, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign Campus, 2008, retrieved 2009-05-29.
  17. ^ IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN), retrieved 22 May 2016.
  18. ^ Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names, No. 1 (PDF), retrieved 28 July 2016.
  19. ^ "Homer's Hymn To Castor And Pollux by Percy Bysshe Shelley", allpoetry.com, retrieved 13 April 2018.
  20. ^ "An IAU Worldwide Contest to Name Exoplanets and their Host Stars", NameExoWorlds, IAU, 9 July 2014, retrieved 2020-01-14.
  21. ^ , nameexoworlds.iau.org, archived from the original on 15 August 2015, retrieved 13 April 2018.
  22. ^ "Final Results of NameExoWorlds Public Vote Released", NameExoworlds, International Astronomical Union, 15 December 2015, retrieved 2020-01-14.
  23. ^ , nameexoworlds.iau.org, archived from the original on 1 February 2018, retrieved 13 April 2018.
  24. ^ "YOU helped name an exoplanet!", TheSkyNet, 2015-12-17, retrieved 2020-01-14.
  25. ^ Knobel, E. B. (June 1895), "Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 55 (8): 429–438, Bibcode:1895MNRAS..55..429K, doi:10.1093/mnras/55.8.429.
  26. ^ (in Chinese) 中國星座神話, written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, ISBN 978-986-7332-25-7.
  27. ^ (in Chinese) 香港太空館 - 研究資源 - 亮星中英對照表 2011-01-30 at the Wayback Machine, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010.
  28. ^ Lee, T. A. (October 1970), "Photometry of high-luminosity M-type stars", Astrophysical Journal, 162: 217, Bibcode:1970ApJ...162..217L, doi:10.1086/150648
  29. ^ Meeus, Jean (1997), Mathematical Astronomy Morsels (1st ed.), Richmond, Virginia: Willmann-Bell, ISBN 978-0-943396-51-4.
  30. ^ Perryman, M. A. C.; Lindegren, L.; Kovalevsky, J.; et al. (July 1997), "The Hipparcos Catalogue", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 323: L49–L52, Bibcode:1997A&A...323L..49P
  31. ^ Perryman, Michael (2010), "The Making of History's Greatest Star Map", Astronomers' Universe, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, Bibcode:2010mhgs.book.....P, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11602-5, ISBN 978-3-642-11601-8
  32. ^ a b Aurière, M.; et al. (September 2009), "Discovery of a weak magnetic field in the photosphere of the single giant Pollux", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 504 (1): 231–237, arXiv:0907.1423, Bibcode:2009A&A...504..231A, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912050, S2CID 14295272
  33. ^ , Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, December 21, 2004, archived from the original on March 18, 2012, retrieved 2012-01-16
  34. ^ The abundance is determined by taking the value of [Fe/H] in the table to the power of 10. Hence, 10−0.07 = 0.85 while 10+0.19 = 1.55.
  35. ^ Henry, Gregory W.; et al. (September 2000), "Photometric Variability in a Sample of 187 G and K Giants", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 130 (1): 201–225, Bibcode:2000ApJS..130..201H, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.40.8526, doi:10.1086/317346, S2CID 17160805.
  36. ^ A. P. Hatzes; et al. (1993), "Long-period radial velocity variations in three K giants", The Astrophysical Journal, 413: 339–348, Bibcode:1993ApJ...413..339H, doi:10.1086/173002.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pollux (star).
  • "Notes for star HD 62509". The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
  • "Pollux". SolStation. Retrieved 2005-11-21.
  • Sabine Reffert; et al. (2006-07-07). "Precise Radial Velocities of Giant Stars II. Pollux and its Planetary Companion". Astrophys. J. 652 (1): 661–665. arXiv:astro-ph/0607136. Bibcode:2006ApJ...652..661R. doi:10.1086/507516. S2CID 18252884.


May 06, 2023
pollux, star, pollux, brightest, star, constellation, gemini, bayer, designation, geminorum, which, latinised, beta, geminorum, abbreviated, beta, this, orange, hued, evolved, giant, star, located, distance, light, years, making, closest, giant, since, 1943, s. Pollux is the brightest star in the constellation of Gemini It has the Bayer designation b Geminorum which is Latinised to Beta Geminorum and abbreviated Beta Gem or b Gem This is an orange hued evolved giant star located at a distance of 34 light years making it the closest giant to the Sun Since 1943 the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified 15 In 2006 an extrasolar planet designated Pollux b or b Geminorum b later named Thestias was confirmed to be orbiting it 10 PolluxLocation of Pollux circled Observation dataEpoch J2000 0 Equinox J2000 0Constellation GeminiPronunciation ˈ p ɒ l e k s 1 Right ascension 07h 45m 18 94987s 2 Declination 28 01 34 3160 2 Apparent magnitude V 1 14 3 CharacteristicsEvolutionary stage Giant starSpectral type K0 III 4 U B color index 0 86 3 B V color index 1 00 3 V R color index 0 75 3 R I color index 0 50 3 Variable type Suspected 5 AstrometryRadial velocity Rv 3 23 6 km sProper motion m RA 626 55 mas yr 2 Dec 45 80 mas yr 2 Parallax p 96 54 0 27 mas 2 Distance33 78 0 09 ly 10 36 0 03 pc Absolute magnitude MV 1 08 0 02 7 DetailsMass1 91 0 09 8 M Radius9 06 0 03 9 R Luminosity32 7 1 6 9 L Surface gravity log g 2 685 0 09 10 cgsTemperature4 586 57 9 KMetallicity Fe H 0 07 to 0 19 10 dexRotation558 days 11 Rotational velocity v sin i 2 8 12 km sAge724 13 MyrOther designationsb Geminorum 78 Geminorum BD 28 1463 GJ 286 HD 62509 HIP 37826 HR 2990 SAO 79666 LFT 548 LHS 1945 LTT 12065 14 Database referencesSIMBADdataARICNSdata Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Physical characteristics 3 Planetary system 4 References 5 External linksNomenclature Edit Pollux is one of the two brightest stars in the constellation of Gemini lower left b Geminorum Latinised to Beta Geminorum is the star s Bayer designation The traditional name Pollux refers to the twins Castor and Pollux in Greek and Roman mythology 16 In 2016 the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names WGSN 17 to catalog and standardize proper names for stars The WGSN s first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN which included Pollux for this star 18 The Sun viewed from Pollux in red circle in the constellation Sagittarius Made with Celestia Castor and Pollux are the two heavenly twin stars giving the constellation Gemini Latin the twins its name The stars however are quite different in detail Castor is a complex sextuple system of hot bluish white type A stars and dim red dwarfs while Pollux is a single cooler yellow orange giant In Percy Shelley s 1818 poem Homer s Hymn to Castor and Pollux the star is referred to as mild Pollux void of blame 19 Originally the planet was designated Pollux b In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars 20 The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names 21 In December 2015 the IAU announced the winning name was Thestias for this planet 22 The winning name was based on that originally submitted by theSkyNet of Australia namely Leda Pollux s mother At the request of the IAU Thestias the patronym of Leda a daughter of Thestius was substituted This was because Leda was already attributed to an asteroid and to one of Jupiter s satellites 23 24 In the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of al Achsasi al Mouakket this star was designated Muekher al Dzira which was translated into Latin as Posterior Brachii meaning the end in the paw 25 In Chinese 北河 Bei He meaning North River refers to an asterism consisting of Pollux r Geminorum and Castor 26 Consequently Pollux itself is known as 北河三 Bei He san English the Third Star of North River 27 Physical characteristics Edit Size comparison of Pollux left and the Sun right At an apparent visual magnitude of 1 14 28 Pollux is the brightest star in its constellation even brighter than its neighbor Castor a Geminorum Pollux is 6 7 degrees north of the ecliptic presently too far north to be occulted by the Moon The last lunar occultation visible from Earth was on 30 September 116 BCE from high southern latitudes 29 Parallax measurements by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite 30 31 place Pollux at a distance of about 33 78 light years 10 36 parsecs from the Sun 2 The star is larger than the Sun with about two 8 times its mass and almost nine times its radius 10 Once an A type main sequence star 32 Pollux has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved into a giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III 4 The effective temperature of this star s outer envelope is about 4 666 K 10 which lies in the range that produces the characteristic orange hue of K type stars 33 Pollux has a projected rotational velocity of 2 8 km s 1 12 The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium what astronomers term the star s metallicity is uncertain with estimates ranging from 85 to 155 of the Sun s abundance 10 34 Evidence for a low level of magnetic activity came from the detection of weak X ray emission using the ROSAT orbiting telescope The X ray emission from this star is about 1027 erg s 1 which is roughly the same as the X ray emission from the Sun A magnetic field with a strength below 1 gauss has since been confirmed on the surface of Pollux one of the weakest fields ever detected on a star The presence of this field suggests that Pollux was once an Ap star with a much stronger magnetic field 32 The star displays small amplitude radial velocity variations but is not photometrically variable 35 Planetary system EditSince 1993 scientists have suspected an extrasolar planet orbiting Pollux 36 from measured radial velocity oscillations The existence of the planet Pollux b was confirmed and announced on June 16 2006 Pollux b is calculated to have a mass at least 2 3 times that of Jupiter The planet is orbiting Pollux with a period of about 590 days 10 The Pollux planetary system 10 Companion in order from star Mass Semimajor axis AU Orbital period days Eccentricity Inclination Radiusb Thestias gt 2 30 0 45 MJ 1 64 0 27 589 64 0 81 0 02 0 03 References Edit Kunitzsch Paul Smart Tim 2006 A Dictionary of Modern star Names A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations 2nd rev ed Cambridge Massachusetts Sky Pub ISBN 978 1 931559 44 7 a b c d e van Leeuwen F November 2007 Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction Astronomy and Astrophysics 474 2 653 664 arXiv 0708 1752 Bibcode 2007A amp A 474 653V doi 10 1051 0004 6361 20078357 S2CID 18759600 a b c d e Ducati J R 2002 VizieR Online Data Catalog Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson s 11 color system CDS ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues 2237 0 Bibcode 2002yCat 2237 0D doi 10 26093 cds vizier VizieR Cat II 237 colors a b Morgan W W Keenan P C 1973 Spectral Classification Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 11 29 50 Bibcode 1973ARA amp A 11 29M doi 10 1146 annurev aa 11 090173 000333 Petit M October 1990 Catalogue des etoiles variables ou suspectes dans le voisinage du Soleil Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement in French 85 2 971 Bibcode 1990A amp AS 85 971P Famaey B et al January 2005 Local kinematics of K and M giants from CORAVEL Hipparcos Tycho 2 data Revisiting the concept of superclusters Astronomy and Astrophysics 430 1 165 186 arXiv astro ph 0409579 Bibcode 2005A amp A 430 165F doi 10 1051 0004 6361 20041272 S2CID 17804304 Carney Bruce W et al March 2008 Rotation and Macroturbulence in Metal Poor Field Red Giant and Red Horizontal Branch Stars The Astronomical Journal 135 3 892 906 arXiv 0711 4984 Bibcode 2008AJ 135 892C doi 10 1088 0004 6256 135 3 892 S2CID 2756572 a b Hatzes A P et al July 2012 The mass of the planet hosting giant star b Geminorum determined from its p mode oscillation spectrum Astronomy amp Astrophysics 543 9 arXiv 1205 5889 Bibcode 2012A amp A 543A 98H doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201219332 S2CID 53685387 A98 a b c Baines Ellyn K Armstrong J Thomas Schmitt Henrique R Zavala R T Benson James A Hutter Donald J Tycner Christopher van Belle Gerard T 2017 Fundamental parameters of 87 stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer The Astronomical Journal 155 1 16 arXiv 1712 08109 Bibcode 2018AJ 155 30B doi 10 3847 1538 3881 aa9d8b S2CID 119427037 a b c d e f g h Hatzes A P et al 2006 Confirmation of the planet hypothesis for the long period radial velocity variations of b Geminorum Astronomy and Astrophysics 457 1 335 341 arXiv astro ph 0606517 Bibcode 2006A amp A 457 335H doi 10 1051 0004 6361 20065445 S2CID 14319327 Koncewicz R Jordan C January 2007 OI line emission in cool stars calculations using partial redistribution Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 374 1 220 231 Bibcode 2007MNRAS 374 220K doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2006 11130 x a b Massarotti Alessandro et al January 2008 Rotational and Radial Velocities for a Sample of 761 HIPPARCOS Giants and the Role of Binarity The Astronomical Journal 135 1 209 231 Bibcode 2008AJ 135 209M doi 10 1088 0004 6256 135 1 209 S2CID 121883397 Takeda Yoichi Sato Bun ei Murata Daisuke August 2008 Stellar parameters and elemental abundances of late G giants Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 60 4 781 802 arXiv 0805 2434 Bibcode 2008PASJ 60 781T doi 10 1093 pasj 60 4 781 S2CID 16258166 POLLUX Variable Star SIMBAD Centre de Donnees astronomiques de Strasbourg retrieved 2012 01 14 Garrison R F December 1993 Anchor Points for the MK System of Spectral Classification Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 25 1319 Bibcode 1993AAS 183 1710G archived from the original on 2019 06 25 retrieved 2012 02 04 Pollux STARS University of Illinois Urbana Champaign Campus 2008 retrieved 2009 05 29 IAU Working Group on Star Names WGSN retrieved 22 May 2016 Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names No 1 PDF retrieved 28 July 2016 Homer s Hymn To Castor And Pollux by Percy Bysshe Shelley allpoetry com retrieved 13 April 2018 An IAU Worldwide Contest to Name Exoplanets and their Host Stars NameExoWorlds IAU 9 July 2014 retrieved 2020 01 14 NameExoWorlds nameexoworlds iau org archived from the original on 15 August 2015 retrieved 13 April 2018 Final Results of NameExoWorlds Public Vote Released NameExoworlds International Astronomical Union 15 December 2015 retrieved 2020 01 14 NameExoWorlds nameexoworlds iau org archived from the original on 1 February 2018 retrieved 13 April 2018 YOU helped name an exoplanet TheSkyNet 2015 12 17 retrieved 2020 01 14 Knobel E B June 1895 Al Achsasi Al Mouakket on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 55 8 429 438 Bibcode 1895MNRAS 55 429K doi 10 1093 mnras 55 8 429 in Chinese 中國星座神話 written by 陳久金 Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司 2005 ISBN 978 986 7332 25 7 in Chinese 香港太空館 研究資源 亮星中英對照表 Archived 2011 01 30 at the Wayback Machine Hong Kong Space Museum Accessed on line November 23 2010 Lee T A October 1970 Photometry of high luminosity M type stars Astrophysical Journal 162 217 Bibcode 1970ApJ 162 217L doi 10 1086 150648 Meeus Jean 1997 Mathematical Astronomy Morsels 1st ed Richmond Virginia Willmann Bell ISBN 978 0 943396 51 4 Perryman M A C Lindegren L Kovalevsky J et al July 1997 The Hipparcos Catalogue Astronomy and Astrophysics 323 L49 L52 Bibcode 1997A amp A 323L 49P Perryman Michael 2010 The Making of History s Greatest Star Map Astronomers Universe Heidelberg Springer Verlag Bibcode 2010mhgs book P doi 10 1007 978 3 642 11602 5 ISBN 978 3 642 11601 8 a b Auriere M et al September 2009 Discovery of a weak magnetic field in the photosphere of the single giant Pollux Astronomy and Astrophysics 504 1 231 237 arXiv 0907 1423 Bibcode 2009A amp A 504 231A doi 10 1051 0004 6361 200912050 S2CID 14295272 The Colour of Stars Australia Telescope Outreach and Education Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation December 21 2004 archived from the original on March 18 2012 retrieved 2012 01 16 The abundance is determined by taking the value of Fe H in the table to the power of 10 Hence 10 0 07 0 85 while 10 0 19 1 55 Henry Gregory W et al September 2000 Photometric Variability in a Sample of 187 G and K Giants The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 130 1 201 225 Bibcode 2000ApJS 130 201H CiteSeerX 10 1 1 40 8526 doi 10 1086 317346 S2CID 17160805 A P Hatzes et al 1993 Long period radial velocity variations in three K giants The Astrophysical Journal 413 339 348 Bibcode 1993ApJ 413 339H doi 10 1086 173002 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pollux star Notes for star HD 62509 The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia Retrieved 2008 06 24 Pollux SolStation Retrieved 2005 11 21 Sabine Reffert et al 2006 07 07 Precise Radial Velocities of Giant Stars II Pollux and its Planetary Companion Astrophys J 652 1 661 665 arXiv astro ph 0607136 Bibcode 2006ApJ 652 661R doi 10 1086 507516 S2CID 18252884 Portals Astronomy Stars Outer space Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pollux star amp oldid 1144882880, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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