List of medieval composers

Medieval music generally refers the music of Western Europe during the Middle Ages, from approximately the 6th to 15th centuries.^[1] The first and longest major era of Western classical music, medieval music includes composers of a variety of styles, often centered around a particular nationality or composition school. The lives of most medieval composers are generally little known, and some are so obscure that the only information available is what can be inferred from the contents and circumstances of their surviving music.^{[2][n 1]}

Composers of the Early Middle Ages (500–1000) almost exclusively concerned themselves with sacred music, writing in forms such as antiphons, hymns, masses, offices, sequences and tropes. Most composers were anonymous and the few whose names are known were monks or clergy. Of the known composers, the most significant are those from the Abbey of Saint Gall school, particularly Notker the Stammerer (Notker Balbulus); the Saint Martial school and its most prominent member, Adémar de Chabannes; and Wipo of Burgundy, to whom the well-known sequence "Victimae paschali laudes" is usually attributed.

In the High Middle Ages (1000–1250) sequences reached their peak with Adam of Saint Victor. By the late 11th century, the poet-composer troubadours of southern France became the first proponents of secular music to use musical notation;^{[n 2]} equivalent movements arose in the mid-12th century, with the Minnesang in Germany, trovadorismo in Galicia and Portugal, and the trouvères in northern France.^{[n 3]} Principal exponents of these traditions include troubadours Arnaut Daniel, Bertran de Born, Bernart de Ventadorn, William IX, Duke of Aquitaine; Minnesänger Gottfried von Strassburg, Hartmann von Aue, Reinmar von Hagenau and Walther von der Vogelweide; and trouvère Adam de la Halle, Blondel de Nesle and Chrétien de Troyes. Simultaneous with the spur of secular activity, Léonin and Pérotin of the religious Notre-Dame school (part of the broader Ars antiqua) developed polyphony in forms such as the clausula, conductus and organum. The nun Hildegard of Bingen was also a prolific sacred composer of this time.

During the Late Middle Ages (1250–1500) the age of secular national schools gradually faded away, in part due to the Albigensian Crusade. In France, the troubadours, trouvère and ars antiqua music was succeeded by the ars nova led by Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut. The music of the Trecento in Italy led by Francesco Landini is sometimes considered part of the ars nova style, but by the mid-14th century the movements had become too independent to warrant such a grouping. Part of this divergence was from the death of Machaut, where—after a brief continuance of the Ars nova style through the post-Machaut generation of F. Andrieu, Grimace, Jehan Vaillant and P. des Molins—there was a new rhythmically-complex style now known as ars subtilior. The major figures of ars subtilior included both composers from France and Italy; particularly Johannes Ciconia and Solage.

Medieval composers

For Byzantine composers of the same period, see List of Byzantine composers.

See also: List of medieval music theorists

Medieval composers

Name	Lifetime	Nationality	Musical school	Surviving works	Ref(s)
The Western Roman Empire falls in 476, ushering in the Middle Ages
(5th century) Early Middle Ages					High ↓
Notker the Stammerer (Notker Balbulus)	c. 840 – 912	Frankish?	Abbey of Saint Gall	Three liturgical sequences, attribution not firm	^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Tuotilo	c. 850 – 915	Frankish	Abbey of Saint Gall	Five works	^[9]^[10]
Stephen of Liège	c. 850 – 920	Belgian	–	Three works	^[11]
Hucbald	c. 850 – 930	Frankish	–	Five works, none survive	^[12]^[13]
Odo of Cluny	c. 878 – 942	French	–	15 works 3 hymns and 12 antiphons (?)	^[14]^[15]
Heriger of Lobbes (Herigerus)	c. 925 – 1007	Belgian	–	Four works, none survive	^[16]
Odo of Arezzo (Abbot Oddo)	10th century – 11th century	Italian	–	4 works antiphons from a tonary	^[17]
Fulbert of Chartres	c. 960 – 1028	French	–	Three chants	^[18]
William of Volpiano (William of Dijon, William of Saint Benignus)	962 – 1031	Italian	–	One work? Office of St Benignus	^[19]
Notker Physicus (Notker II)	d. 975	Frankish	Abbey of Saint Gall	Three works	^[20]
Adémar de Chabannes	c. 988/9 – 1034	French	Saint Martial school	Two works (?) One office and mass	^[21]
Wulfstan the Cantor (Wulfstan of Winchester)	fl. 992–6	English	–	Seven works; All uncertain attributions	^[22]
Wipo of Burgundy	c. 995 – c. 1050	Frankish? (Arles/ Burgundy)	–	Victimae paschali laudes, attribution uncertain	^[23]
(1000) High Middle Ages				Early ↑	Late ↓
Arnold of Saint Emmeram	c. 1000 – 1050	Benedictine	Saint Emmeram's Abbey	60 works; over 40 antiphons and 20 responsories	^[24]
Otloh of Sankt Emmeram	c. 1010–1070	Benedictine	Saint Emmeram's Abbey	Exultemus in ista fratres, Kyrie O pater immense and chants	^[25]
Hermann of Reichenau Hermannus Contractus	1013–1054	German	–	Two works	^[26]
Berno of Reichenau	before 1014 – 1048	German?	–	Two works, attribution uncertain	^[27]
The East–West Schism in 1054 separates the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
Godric	c. 1069 – 1170	English	–	Three songs	^[28]^[29]
Adam of Saint Victor	c. 1068 – 1146	French	–	Four works	^[30]^[31]
William IX, Duke of Aquitaine (Guilhem de Peitieus; Guillaume d'Aquitaine)	1071–1126	Occitan	Troubadour	One work; 11 poems total	^[32]
Peter Abelard	1079–1142	French	–	Various chants, a hymn, three sequences and seven laments^[33]	^[34]
Udalscalcus of Maisach	died in 1149 or 1151	German	–	Offices for St Ulrich and for St Conrad	^[35]^[36]
Hildegard of Bingen	1098–1179	German	–	72 works	^[37]^[38]
Jerusalem falls in 1099, during the First Crusade
Jaufre Rudel	fl. 1120–47	Occitan	Troubadour	Four works; six poems total	^[39]
Marcabru	fl. c. 1129–c1150	Occitan	Troubadour	Four works; 42 poems total	^[40]
Archpoet (Archipoeta)	c. 1130 – c. 1165	Western European probably French or German	Goliard	10 medieval Latin poems	^[41]
Bernart de Ventadorn	c. 1130–1140 – c. 1190–1200	Occitan	Troubadour	19 (1 fragmentary) works; 45 poems total	^[42]
Giraut de Bornelh	c. 1140 – c. 1200	Occitan	Troubadour	Four works; 77 poems total	^[43]
Heinrich von Veldeke	1140–1150 – c. 1190	German	Minnesänger	No surviving works; 61 poems total	^[44]
"Vidame de Chartres" (probably Guillaume de Ferrières)	c. 1145–1155 – 1204	French	Trouvère	Six (nine?) works	^[45]
Albertus Parisiensis	fl. 1146–1177	French	–	Congaudeant catholici	^[46]
Peire d'Alvernha	fl. 1149–70	Occitan	Troubadour	Two works; 24 poems total	^[47]
Dietmar von Aist	fl. 2nd half of the 12th century	German	Minnesänger	No surviving music	^[48]
Friedrich von Hûsen (Friedrich von Hausen)	c. 1150 – 1190	German	Minnesänger	No music survives; 53 strophes	^[49]
Rudolf von Neuenburg [de]	c. 1150 – 30 August 1196	Swiss	Minnesänger		^[50]
Léonin	fl. 1150s – c. 1201	French	Notre-Dame school (Ars antiqua)		^[51]
Bertran de Born	1150 – before 1215	Occitan	Troubadour	1 work; 40 poems total	^[52]
Gaucelm Faidit	c. 1150 – c. 1220	Occitan	Troubadour	14 works; 68 poems total	^[53]
Arnaut Daniel	c. 1150–60 – c. 1200	Occitan	Troubadour	Two works; 18 poems total	^[54]
Raimbaut de Vaqueiras	c. 1150–60 – 1207	Occitan	Troubadour	Seven works; 35 poems total	^[55]
Folquet de Marselha (Folquet de Marseille)	c. 1150–60 – 1231	Occitan	Troubadour	13 works; 29 poems total	^[56]
Chrétien de Troyes	fl. c. 1160 – 1191	French	Trouvère		^[57]
Conon de Béthune	c. 1160 – 1219 /20	French	Trouvère	Seven works; eight poems total	^[58]
Der von Kürenberg	fl. 1160	German	Minnesänger		^[59]
Hartmann von Aue	c. 1160–1165 – after 1210	German	Minnesänger		^[60]
Gace Brule	c. 1160 – after 1213	French	Trouvère		^[61]
Peirol	c. 1160 – after 1221	Occitan	Troubadour	17 works; 34 poems total	^[62]
Philippe le Chancelier	c. 1160 – 1236	French	Notre-Dame school (Ars antiqua)		^[63]
Raimbaut d'Aurenga	fl. 1162–73	Occitan	Troubadour		^[64]
Chastelain de Couci	c. 1165 – 1203	French	Trouvère	–	^[65]
Gautier de Dargies	c. 1165 – after 1236	French	Trouvère		^[66]
Arnaut de Mareuil	fl. c. 1170–1200	Occitan	Troubadour		^[67]
Walther von der Vogelweide	c. 1170 – c. 1230	German	Minnesänger		^[68]
Aimeric de Peguilhan	c. 1175 – c. 1230	Occitan	Troubadour	Six works; 50 poems total	^[69]
Gautier de Coincy	1177/8 – 1236	French	Trouvère	Eight surviving poems with music	^[70]
Blondel de Nesle	fl. 1180–1200	French	Trouvère		^[71]
Peire Cardenal	1180–1278	Occitan	Troubadour	Three works; 90 poems total	^[72]
Peire Vidal	fl. c. 1183 – c. 1205	Occitan	Troubadour	12 works; 50 poems total	^[73]
Raimon de Miraval	fl. 1185–1229	Occitan	Troubadour	22 works; 48 poems total	^[74]
Reinmar von Hagenau (Reinmar der Alte)	fl. 1185–1205 – c. 1205	German	Minnesänger		^[75]
Audefroi le Bastart	fl. 1190–1230	French	Trouvère		^[76]
Comtessa de Dia (Beatriz de Dia)	fl. late 12th/early 13th century	Occitan	Trobairitz		^[77]
Neidhart von Reuental	c. 1190 – after 1236	German	Minnesänger		^[78]
Guillaume le Vinier	c. 1190 – 1245	French	Trouvère		^[79]
Pérotin (Perotinus)	fl. c. 1200	French	Notre-Dame school (Ars antiqua)		^[80]
Albrecht von Johansdorf	c. 1180 – c. 1209	German	Minnesänger		^[81]
Colin Muset	fl. 1200–50	French	Trouvère	12 works; seven with surviving music	^[82]
Jehan Erart	1200–10 – 1258/9	French	Trouvère		^[83]
Reinmar von Zweter	c. 1200 – c. 1260	German	Minnesänger	–	^[84]
Wincenty of Kielcza	c. 1200 – after 1262	Polish	–		^[85]
Castelloza	fl. early 13th century	Occitan	Trobairitz	No surviving music; three poems	^[86]
Jehan Bretel	c. 1210 – 1272	French	Trouvère		^[87]
Raoul de Soissons	1210–1215 – 1270	French	Trouvère		^[88]
Moniot d'Arras	fl. 1213–39	French	Trouvère		^[89]
Guiot de Dijon	fl. 1215–25	French	Trouvère	Four works; 17 poems total	^[90]
Gontier de Soignies	fl. before 1220	French	Trouvère		^[91]
Heinrich von Morungen	d. 1222	German	Minnesänger	33 Minnelieder survive, only one with melody.	^[92]
Sordello	c. 1200 — before 1269	Italian	Troubadour		^[93]
Gautier d'Épinal	before 1220 – before 1272	French	Trouvère		^[94]
Konrad von Würzburg	c. 1230 – 1287	German	Minnesänger	23 songs	^[95]
Guiraut Riquier	c. 1230 – c. 1300	Occitan	Troubadour	48 works; 49 poems total	^[96]
Martin Codax	fl. c. 1240–70	Spanish (Galician)	Galician-Portuguese lyric	Six songs; one know to be lost	^[97]
Adam de la Halle	1245–50 – 1285–8/after 1306	French	Trouvère	78 works	^[98]
(1250) Late Middle Ages					High ↑
Tannhäuser	fl. mid 13th-century	German	Minnesänger		^[99]
Cerverí de Girona	fl. 1259–1285	Catalan	Troubadour	No music survives; 114 lyric poems	^[100]
Heinrich Frauenlob	c. 1260 – 29 November 1318	German	Minnesänger		^[101]
Der wilde Alexander (Meister Alexander)	fl. mid to late 13th-century	German	Minnesänger	27 works; 24 Spruch strophes, two Minnelieder and one Leich	^[102]
Petrus de Cruce	fl. c. 1290	French	Ars antiqua		^[103]
W. de Wycombe	fl. late 13th century	English	–		^[104]
Philippe de Vitry	1291–1361	French	Ars nova	13 works at least	^[105]
Casella	died before 1300	Italian	–	No surviving works	^[106]
Jehan de Lescurel	fl. early 14th century	French	Ars nova	34 works; all monophonic except one	^[107]
Guillaume de Machaut	c. 1300 – 1377	French	Ars nova	143 works	^[108]
Marchetto da Padova	fl. 1305–19	Italian	Trecento	–	^[109]
Gherardello da Firenze	c. 1320–1325 – 1362/1363	Italian	Trecento	18 works	^[110]
Francesco Landini	c. 1325 – 1397	Italian	Trecento		^[111]
Lorenzo da Firenze	c. 1325 – 1372/1373	Italian	Trecento	21 works	^[112]
The Hundred Years' War conflict between England and France begins in 1337
Johannes Alanus	fl. late 14th century or early 15th	English	English ars nova	Sub Arturo plebs, and maybe four others	^[113]
Maestro Piero	fl. 1340–1350	Italian	Trecento	Eight works	^[114]
Giovanni da Cascia	fl. 1340–1350	Italian	Trecento	19 works	^[115]
Jacopo da Bologna	fl. 1340–1386	Italian	Trecento	34 works	^[116]
Vincenzo da Rimini	fl. 1350 fl. mid-14th century	Italian	Trecento	Four madrigals and two Cacce	^[117]
Bartolino da Padova	fl. c. 1365 – after 1405	Italian	Trecento		^[118]
Matheus de Sancto Johanne (Mayshuet de Joan)	died 1391	French	Ars subtilior		^[119]
Donato da Cascia	fl. 2nd half of the fourteenth century	Italian	Trecento		^[120]
Magister Franciscus^[n 4]	fl. 1370–80	French	Ars nova?	Two works; both three part ballades	^[121]
Philippus de Caserta	fl. c. 1370	Italian?	Ars subtilior	6 ballades	^[122]
Mönch von Salzburg (Monk of Salzburg)	fl. Late 14th century	German	–		^[123]
F. Andrieu^[n 4]	fl. c. 1377 – c. 1400	French	Ars nova	One work; a ballade for Machaut's death	^[124]
Johannes Symonis Hasprois	fl. 1378–1428	French	Ars subtilior		^[125]
Petrus de Goscalch	fl. c. 1385–1395	French?	Ars subtilior		^[126]
P. des Molins	fl. mid 14th century	French	Ars nova	Two works; among the most popular pieces of their time	^[127]
Niccolò da Perugia	2nd half of the 14th century	Italian	Trecento		^[128]
Jehan Suzay	fl. c. 1380	French	Ars subtilior		^[129]
Trebor	fl. c. 1380 – c. 1400	French	Ars subtilior		^[130]
Jan of Jenštejn	1348 – 1400	Bohemian	–	40 works	^[131]
Antonio Zacara da Teramo	c. 1350–1360 — after 1413	Italian	Trecento	Very prolific in a variety of genres	^[132]
Andrea da Firenze	fl. c. 1375 – c. 1415	Italian	Trecento	–	^[133]
Paolo da Firenze	c. 1355 – 1436	Italian	Trecento	Possibly up to 61 works	^[134]
Hugo von Montfort	1357 – 1423	German	Minnesänger		^[135]
Grazioso da Padova	fl. 2nd half of the 14th century	Italian	Trecento	Mass movements, ballata	^[136]
Jehan Vaillant	fl. 1360–1390	French	Ars nova	Five (six?) works	^[137]
Giovanni Mazzuoli	c. 1360 – 1426	Italian	Trecento	Ballata	^[138]
Solage	fl. late 14th century	French	Ars subtilior		^[139]
Jacob Senleches	fl. 1382–1383	French	Ars subtilior		^[140]
Borlet^[n 5]	fl. c. 1397? – after 1409	French	Ars subtilior	One work; a four-voice virelai	^[141]
Johannes Ciconia	c. 1370 – 1412	Franco-Flemish	Trecento Ars subtilior		^[142]
Leonel Power	c. 1370–1385 – 1445	English	Old Hall Manuscript	Mass movements and other Latin settings	^[143]
Johannes Tapissier	c. 1370 – before 1410	French	Burgundian School	Mass movements, motet	^[144]
Johannes Cuvelier	fl. c. 1372 – after 1387	French	Ars subtilior	Four works	^[145]
Grimace	fl. mid-to-late 14th century	French	Ars nova	Five (Seven?) Works	^[146]
Antonello da Caserta	fl. Late 14th century	Italian	Trecento	Ballades, Rondeaux, Virelai, Ballatas	^[147]
Nicolas Grenon	c. 1375 – 1456	French	Burgundian School		^[148]
Oswald von Wolkenstein	c. 1376 – 1445	German		Lieder	^[149]
Pierre Fontaine	c. 1380–1450	French		Ballades, Rondeaux	^[150]
John Dunstaple (John Dunstable)	c. 1390 – 1453	English	Contenance angloise	Mass movements and isorhythmic motets	^[151]
Martinus Fabri	died in 1400	North Netherlandish			^[152]
Aleyn	fl. c. 1400	English	Old Hall Manuscript	Mass movements	^[153]
Egardus	fl. 1400	Flemish	Ars subtilior	3 works	^[154]
Queldryk	fl. c. 1400	English	Old Hall Manuscript	Mass movements	^[155]
Andrea Stefani	fl. c. 1400	Italian	Trecento	Ballate	^[156]
Thomas Fabri	fl. 1400–1415	Franco-Flemish			^[157]
Matteo da Perugia	fl. 1400–1416	Italian	Trecento		^[158]
Baude Cordier	fl. early 15th century	French	Ars subtilior		^[159]
Nicolaus Ricci de Nucella Campli	fl. 1401–1436	Italian	Trecento	Ballata	^[160]
Bartolomeo da Bologna	fl. c. 1405–1427	Italian	Trecento	Mass movements, ballate	^[161]
Jacobus Vide	fl. 1405–1433?	Franco-Flemish			^[162]
Johannes Cesaris	fl. 1406–1417	French		Motet, ballades, rondeaux	^[163]
Conradus de Pistoria	fl. Early 15th century	Italian	Ars subtilior	Ballades	^[164]
Roy Henry	fl. c. 1410	English	Old Hall Manuscript	Mass movements	^[165]
Pycard	fl. 1410	English	Old Hall Manuscript	Mass movements	^[166]
Byttering	fl. c. 1410–1420	English	Old Hall Manuscript	Mass movements	^[167]
Antonio da Cividale	fl. 1410–1421	Italian	Trecento	Mass movements, motets, ballades, rondeaux, virelais	^[168]
Richard Loqueville	died 1418	French		Mass movements, ballades, rondeaux	^[169]
Estienne Grossin	fl. 1418–1421	French		Numerous mass movements	^[170]
Hugo de Lantins	fl. 1420–1430	Flemish		Mass movements, motets, rondeaux	^[171]
Arnold de Lantins	died before 1432	Flemish		Mass movements, ballades, rondeaux	^[172]
Jefimija	1349 – 1405	Serbian		Composed tuzhbalice (laments)
For later composers see the List of Renaissance composers

References

Notes

1. Adémar de Chabannes and Guillaume de Machaut are among the few medieval composers whose lives are substantially documented.^[2]
2. For a complete list see List of troubadours and trobairitz. As to not overwhelm this list with Troubadours, only those that Grove Music Online designates as the "principal troubadours" are included: Aimeric de Peguilhan, Arnaut Daniel, Arnaut de Mareuil, Bernart de Ventadorn, Bertran de Born, Cerveri de Girona, Folquet de Marselha, Gaucelm Faidit, Giraut de Bornelh, Guiraut Riquier, Jaufre Rudel, Marcabru, Peire d'Alvernhe, Peire Cardenal, Peire Vidal, Peirol, Raimbaut d'Aurenga, Raimbaut de Vaqeiras, Raimon de Miraval, Sordello and William IX, Duke of Aquitaine. In addition, for Trobaritzs, only what Grove identifies as "the most celebrated figures", are listed: Comtessa de Dia and Castelloza.^[3]
3. For a complete list see Trouvère#List of trouvères. As to not overwhelm this list with Trouvère, only those that Grove Music Online designates as "important trouvères" are listed.^[4]
4. F. Andrieu and Magister Franciscus may be the same person; scholars identify them as the person with varying degrees of certainty:
   • Reaney 2001a: Their works being from the same manuscript "suggest that the two composers may be the same person".
   • Abraham & Hughes 1960, p. 27: "Franciscus is doubtless the same man as the F. Andrieu..."
   • Reaney 1954, p. 67: "It would not be impossible for Magister Franciscus and F. Andrieu to be one and the same person"
   • Günther 2001a: "[Magister Franciscus] may be the F. Andrieu..."
   • Strohm 2005, p. 53: "[F. Andrieu] may be the same man as Magister Franciscus"
   • Magnan 1993, p. 49: "[On the identification between Andrieu and Franciscus] this tenuous identification leads nowhere."
5. He may be the same person as Trebor

Citations

1. Wolinski & Borders 2020, § "Introduction".
2. Grier 2006, p. 1.
3. Stevens 2001a
4. Stevens 2001b
5. Hiley, David (2001). "Notker". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20128. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
6. Yudkin 1989, p. 221.
7. Hoppin 1978, p. 155.
8. Reese 1940, pp. 129, 187–188.
9. Planchart, Alejandro Enrique (2001). "Tuotilo". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28589. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
10. Reese 1940, p. 185.
11. Huglo, Michel (2001). "Stephen of Liège". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26706. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
12. Chartier, Yves (2001). "Hucbald of St Amand". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13475. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
13. Reese 1940, pp. 125–126.
14. Brockett, Clyde; Huglo, Michel (2001). "Odo of Cluny". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20255. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
15. Reese 1940, p. 126.
16. Huglo, Michel (2001). "Herigerus". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12853. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
17. Brockett, Clyde; Huglo, Michel (2001). "Odo of Arezzo". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20255. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
18. Fassler, Margot E. (2001). "Fulbert of Chartres". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10366. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 29 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
19. Huglo, Michel (2001). "Guillaume de Dijon". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11982. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 19 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
20. Kühne, Udo [in German] (2010). "Notker der Arzt" [Notker the doctor]. Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
21. Grier, James (2001). "Adémar de Chabannes". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52477. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
22. Teviotdale, Elizabeth C. (2001). "Wulfstan [Wulstan, Wolstan] of Winchester". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30612. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
23. Crocker, Richard L. (2001). "Wipo". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30429. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 29 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
24. "Arnold of St Emmeram". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52832. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
25. Hiley, David (2001). "Otloh of St Emmeram". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52834. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 20 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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27. Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Berno of Reichenau". Grove Music Online. Revised by Dolores Pesce. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02878. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
28. Hoppin 1978, pp. 322–323.
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30. Fassler, Margot E. (2001). "Adam of St Victor". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00166. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
31. Reese 1940, p. 189.
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33. Fassler 2014, p. 123.
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35. Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Udalscalcus [Udalschalk, Uodalscalc] of Maisach". Grove Music Online. Revised by David Hiley. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28695. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 September 2022. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
36. Vogt, Wilhelm (2001). "Udalschalk (Uodalscalcus)". Deutsche Biographie. Munich: Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
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38. Reese 1940, p. 129.
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40. Haynes, Stephen (2001). "Marcabru". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17709. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
41. Anderson, Gordon A. (2001). "Archipoeta". Grove Music Online. Revised by Thomas B. Payne. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01178. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
42. Falck, Robert (2001). "Bernart de Ventadorn". Grove Music Online. Revised by John Haines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02862. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
43. Falck, Robert (2001). "Giraut [Girautz, Guiraut] de Bornelh". Grove Music Online. Revised by John Haines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11208. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
44. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Hendrik [Heinrich, Heynrijck] van Veldeke". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12786. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
45. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Vidame de Chartres". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29310. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
46. Fuller, Sarah (2001). "Albertus Parisiensis". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00457. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
47. Aubrey, Elizabeth (2001). "Peire d'Alvernhe". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43519. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
48. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Dietmar von Aist". Grove Music Online. Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.07768. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
49. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Friedrich von [Fridrich] Hûsen". Grove Music Online. Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10274. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
50. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Rudolf [Ruodolf] von Fenis-Neuenburg". Grove Music Online. Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24086. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 25 August 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
51. Roesner, Edward H. (2001). "Léonin". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40466. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
52. Falck, Robert (2001). "Bertran de Born". Grove Music Online. Revised by John Haines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02940. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
53. Falck, Robert (2001). "Faidit, Gaucelm". Grove Music Online. Revised by John Haines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09234. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
54. Haines, John (2001). "Daniel [d'Aniels], Arnaut". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.07168. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
55. Falck, Robert (2001). "Raimbaut de Vaqeiras". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50117. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
56. Falck, Robert (2001). "Folquet de Marseille family". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09936. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
57. Falck, Robert (2001). "Chrétien [Crétien] de Troyes". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05698. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
58. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Conon [Quennon, Quenes] de Béthune". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06298. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
59. "Der Kürenberger | Austrian minnesinger | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 31 May 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
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61. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Gace Brulé". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10463. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
62. Falck, Robert (2001). "Peirol". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21203. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
63. Payne, Thomas B. (2001). "Philip the Chancellor". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21561. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
64. Aubrey, Elizabeth (2001). "Raimbaut d'Aurenga". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43520. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
65. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Chastelain de Couci". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05482. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
66. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Gautier de Dargies". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10763. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
67. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Arnaut de Mareuil". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01281. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
68. Klaper, Michael (2001). "Walther von der Vogelweide". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29880. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
69. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Aimeric de Peguilhan". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00349. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
70. Falck, Robert (2001). "Gautier de Coincy". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10762. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
71. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Blondel de Nesle". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03303. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
72. Falck, Robert (2001). "Peire Cardenal". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21202. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
73. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Vidal, Peire". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29306. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
74. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Raimon de Miraval". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50119. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
75. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Reinmar [Reimar] (der Alte) von Hagenau". Grove Music Online. Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23154. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
76. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Audefroi le Bastart". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01497. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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78. Shields, Michael (2001). "Neidhart [Nîthart] 'von Reuental'". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19697. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
79. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Le Vinier, Guillaume". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11985. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
80. Roesner, Edward H. (2001). "Pérotin". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40465. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
81. Stammler, Wolfgang (1953), "Albrecht von Johansdorf", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 178; (full text online)
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83. Karp, Theodore (2001). "Erart [Erars], Jehan". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08905. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
84. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Reinmar von Zweter". Grove Music Online. Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23155. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 30 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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103. Sanders, Ernest H. (2001). "Petrus de Cruce". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21491. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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111. von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Landini, Francesco". Grove Music Online. Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.15942. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 19 February 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
112. von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Lorenzo da Firenze". Grove Music Online. Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16998. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 31 October 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
113. Fallows, David (2001). "Alanus, Johannes". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00402. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
114. Fischer, Kurt von (2001). "Piero". Grove Music Online. Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21713. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 31 October 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
115. von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Giovanni da Cascia". Grove Music Online. Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11183. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 19 February 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
116. von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Jacopo da Bologna". In d’Agostino, Gianluca (ed.). Grove Music Online. Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14068. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 31 October 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
117. Fischer, Kurt von (2001). "Vincenzo da Rimini". Grove Music Online. Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29421. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 8 May 2022. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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119. Wathey, Andrew (2001). "Matheus de Sancto Johanne". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18061. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 31 October 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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121. Günther, Ursula (2001a). "Franciscus, Magister". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10117. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
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123. Spechtler, Franz Viktor (2001). "Lorenzo da Firenze". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18966. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 31 October 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
124. Reaney, Gilbert (2001a). "Andrieu, F.". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00904. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
125. Günther, Ursula (2001). "Hasprois [Asproys, de Haspre, de Haspra, de Aspre, Haprose], Johannes Symonis". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12511. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
126. Günther, Ursula (2001). "Goscalch". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11496. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
127. Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Molins, P(ierre) des". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18887. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 10 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
128. von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Niccolò da Perugia". Grove Music Online. Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19860. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 November 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
129. Günther, Ursula (2001). "Susay [Suzoy], Jo(hannes)". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27147. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 November 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
130. Plumley, Yolanda (2001). "Trebor". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28294. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 November 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
131. Vlhová-Wörner, Hana (2018). "Jan z Jenštejna". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/omo/9781561592630.013.3000000143. ISBN 9781561592630. Retrieved 1 November 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
132. Fallows, David (2012) [2001]. "Zacara da Teramo, Antonio". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30762. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 11 May 2022. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
133. von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Andreas de Florentia". Grove Music Online. Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00884. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 November 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
134. Fallows, David (2001). "Paolo [di Marco] da Firenze". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20842. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 11 May 2022. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
135. Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Hugo [Haug, Hugg] von Montfort". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13523. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 20 May 2022. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
136. von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Grazioso da Padova". Grove Music Online. Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11680. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
137. Günther, Ursula (2001). "Vaillant, Jehan". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28894. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 10 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
138. D'Accone, Frank (2001). "Mazzuoli, Giovanni [Giovanni degli Organi]". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40516. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
139. Plumley, Yolanda (2009) [2001]. "Solage". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26126. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 28 July 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
140. Günther, Ursula (2001). "Senleches, Jaquemin de". Grove Music Online. Revised by Maricarmen Gómez [es]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14040. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
141. Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Borlet". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03608. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 14 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
142. Bent, Margaret; Fallows, David; Giuliano Di Bacco; Nádas, John (2009) [2001]. "Ciconia, Johannes". In Nádas, John; Bent, Margaret; Fallows, David (eds.). Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40689. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
143. Bent, Margaret (2001). "Power, Leonel". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22217. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
144. Wright, Craig (2001). "Tapissier, Johannes". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27495. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
145. Günther, Ursula (2001). "Cuvelier, Jo(hannes)". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06990. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 14 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
146. Günther, Ursula (2001). "Grimace". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11784. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 10 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
147. Günther, Ursula (2001). "Antonello [Anthonello, Anthonellus, (An)tonelus] da Caserta". Grove Music Online. Revised by Anne Stone. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43672. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
148. Wright, Craig (2001). "Grenon, Nicolas". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11744. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
149. Welker, Lorenz (2001). "Oswald von Wolkenstein". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20555. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
150. Wright, Craig (2001). "Fontaine, Pierre". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09944. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
151. Bent, Margaret (2001). "Dunstaple [Dunstable, Dunstapell, Dumstable, Donstaple, etc.], John". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08331. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 8 May 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
152. Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Fabri, Martinus". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09181. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
153. Bent, Margaret (2001). "Aleyn". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00546. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
154. Nosow, Robert (2001). "Egardus". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08599. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
155. Bent, Margaret (2001). "Queldryk". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22679. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
156. von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Stefani, Andrea". Grove Music Online. Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26598. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
157. Wright, Craig (2001). "Fabri, Thomas". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09185. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
158. Günther, Ursula; Stone, Anne (2001). "Matteo da Perugia". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18089. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
159. Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Cordier, Baude". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06474. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 8 May 2022. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
160. Giuliano Di Bacco; Nádas, John (2001). "Nucella". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20163. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
161. Schoop, Hans (2001). "Bartolomeo da Bologna". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02170. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
162. Wright, Craig (2001). "Vide, Jacobus". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29312. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
163. Ward, Tom R. (2001). "Cesaris, Johannes". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05327. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
164. Günther, Ursula (2001). "Conradus de Pistoria". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06304. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
165. Bent, Margaret (2001). "Roy Henry". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24019. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
166. Bent, Margaret (2001). "(1) Pycard [Picart]". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21660. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
167. Bent, Margaret (2001). "Byttering". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04493. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
168. Schoop, Hans (2014) [2001]. "Antonius de Civitate Austrie". Grove Music Online. Revised by Robert Nosow. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01061. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
169. Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Loqueville, Richard". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16976. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 3 December 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
170. Wright, Craig (2001). "Grossin [Grossim], Estienn". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11829. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
171. Schoop, Hans (2009) [2001]. "(5) Hugo [Hugho, Ugho, Ugo] de Lantins [Lantinis, Latinis]". Grove Music Online. Revised by J. Michael Allsen. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16002. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
172. Schoop, Hans (2009) [2001]. "(4) Arnold [Arnoldo, Arnoldus] de Lantins [Lantinis, Latinis]". Grove Music Online. Revised by J. Michael Allsen. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16002. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)

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