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Hucbald

January 23, 2024

Hucbald (c. 840 or 850 – 20 June 930; also Hucbaldus or Hubaldus) was a Benedictine monk active as a music theorist, poet, composer, teacher, and hagiographer.[1] He was long associated with Saint-Amand Abbey, so is often known as Hucbald of St Amand.[2] Deeply influenced by Boethius' De Institutione Musica, Hucbald's (De) Musica, formerly known as De harmonica institutione, aims to reconcile ancient Greek music theory and the contemporary practice of Gregorian chant with the use of many notated examples. Among the leading music theorists of the Carolingian era, he was likely a near contemporary of Aurelian of Réôme, the unknown author of the Musica enchiriadis, and the anonymous authors of other music theory texts Commemoratio brevis, Alia musica, and De modis.[1]

Hucald's Musica, page 125 in the Codex 169(468) from the Abbey library of Saint Gall

Life edit

Born in northern France, about 840[3][4][5] or 850,[1] Hucbald studied at Elnone Abbey (later named Saint-Amand Abbey, after its 7th-century founder) where his uncle Milo was chief master of studies (scholasticus), in the diocese of Doornik.[6] He made rapid progress in the sciences of the quadrivium, including that of practical music, and, according to a laudatory 11th-century biographical account, at an early age composed a hymn in honour of St Andrew, which met with such success as to excite the jealousy of his uncle.[citation needed] It is said that Hucbald in consequence was compelled to leave Saint-Amand[7] and to seek protection from the bishop of Nevers.

He was also a companion of studies of such future masters as Remigius of Auxerre and Heiric of Auxerre, perhaps as a disciple of the court philosopher Johannes Scottus Eriugena. In 872 he was back again at Saint-Amand as the successor in the headmastership of the monastery school of his uncle, to whom he would have been presumably reconciled. Between 883 and 900 Hucbald went on several missions to reform and reconstruct schools of music damaged or destroyed by the Norman, including those of St. Bertin and Rheims. In 900, however, he returned to Saint-Amand, where he remained until his death on 20 June 930.[7]

Works edit

Music theory edit

 
A 19th century piano depicting Hucbald (far left) among other Christian and musical figures.

The only theoretical work which can positively be ascribed to Hucbald is his Musica (formerly known as De harmonica institutione), probably written about 880.[8][9] The work shows considerable influence from the writings of Boethius, and by extension Ptolemy.[8]

The Musica enchiriadis, published with other writings of minor importance in Gerbert's Scriptores de Musica, and containing a complete system of musical science as well as instructions regarding notation, has now been proved to have originated elsewhere about the same time and to have been the work of unknown writers belonging to the same intellectual milieu. This work is celebrated chiefly for an essay on a new form of notation described today as Daseian notation[7] and its readable transmission of the first record of Western polyphonic music.[citation needed]

Compositions edit

A few sacred compositions can be somewhat securely attributed to Hucbald,[10] some are found in the Winchester Troper and Sarum antiphoner.[11] Literary sources suggest that he wrote many other now lost works.[11]

Other works edit

In addition to his musical works, Hucbald also wrote literary poetry intended to be read rather than sung. Two poems in classical Latin hexameters survive. One is the remarkable Ecloga de calvis, a poem of 146 lines in praise of baldness, in which every word begins with the letter C (the first letter in the word calvus, "bald").[12] The catalogue of illustrious bald men includes kings, generals, poets, doctors, and even the apostle Paul.[13] Although the poem was probably written during the reign of Charles the Bald, there is no evidence to support the common assumption that it was dedicated to him, and a separate 54-line prefatory poem that precedes the work in the manuscripts explicitly dedicates it to Hatto, the archbishop of Mainz.[14] The Ecloga de calvis circulated widely during the Renaissance: at least six printed editions are known from the first half of the 16th century, and Erasmus in one of his dialogues recommends recitation of its alliterative lines as a cure for stuttering.[15]

The other hexameter work, De diebus Aegyptiacis, is a short astrological poem listing the days of ill omen in each month of the year.[16] Hucbald also wrote a number of prose saint's lives.[17][18]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Chartier 2001, "Introduction".
  2. ^ Chartier 2001, "1. Life".
  3. ^ Manitius 1911, p. 588.
  4. ^ Raby 1934, p. 249.
  5. ^ Weakland 1956, p. 68.
  6. ^ Britannica 2021.
  7. ^ a b c Chisholm 1911.
  8. ^ a b Palisca 1978, p. 5.
  9. ^ Chartier 2001, "3. The theorist".
  10. ^ Chartier 2001, "3. The composer".
  11. ^ a b Palisca 1978, p. 4.
  12. ^ Text in Winterfeld 1899, pp. 261–271; Patrologia Latina 132, cols. 1041–1045.
  13. ^ Raby 1934, pp. 249–250.
  14. ^ The assumption that Hucbald wrote the work for Charles, which was already circulating in the 11th century, was repeated by the editors of the earliest printed editions, including the 17th-century German philologist Kaspar von Barth, who added to the poem 15 spurious verses containing a direct address to the emperor in order to support his argument. Winterfeld (1899, pp. 264, 271) reviews the evidence and both he and Manitius (1911, pp. 588, 591) dismiss it as a fiction. The confusion is compounded by the fact that Hucbald is known to have sent other verses to Charles, including a poem on self-control (De sobrietate) written by his uncle, Milo (Manitius 1911, pp. 588, 590).
  15. ^ Sheerin 1980.
  16. ^ Text in Winterfeld 1899, p. 272.
  17. ^ Texts in Patrologia Latina 132.
  18. ^ Manitius 1911, pp. 591–592.

Sources edit

  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hucbald". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 847.
  • Chartier, Yves (2001). "Hucbald of St Amand". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13475. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  • Manitius, Max (1911). Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters I: Von Justinian bis zur Mitte des zehnten Jahrhunderts. Munich: Beck. pp. 588–594.
  • Palisca, Claude V., ed. (1978). Hucbald, Guido, and John on music: Three Medieval Treatises. Translated by Babb, Warren. Index of chants by Alejandro Enrique Planchart. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-02040-3.
  • Raby, F. J. E. (1934). A History of Secular Latin Poetry in the Middle Ages, vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 249–250.
  • Sheerin, Daniel J. (1980). "A Carolingian Cure Recovered: Erasmus' Citation of Hucbald of St. Amand's Ecloga de Caluis". Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance. 42 (1): 167–171. JSTOR 20676067.
  • Weakland, Rembert (January 1956). "Hucbald as Musician and Theorist". The Musical Quarterly. Oxford University Press. 42 (1): 66–84. JSTOR 740475.
  • Winterfeld, Paul von (1899). Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini IV.1. Berlin: Weidemann. pp. 261–275. (In the series Monumenta Germaniae Historica.)
  • "Hucbald | French music theorist | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1 January 2021. from the original on 27 August 2021.

Further reading edit

  • Chartier, Yves (1995). L'oeuvre musicale d'Hucbald de Saint-Amand: les compositions et le traité de musique. Montréal: Bellarmin. ISBN 978-2-89007-732-4.
  • Fuller, Sarah (Spring 2008). "Interpreting Hucbald on Mode". Journal of Music Theory. 52 (1): 13–40. JSTOR 40607028.
  • Grutchfield, E. J. (1 June 1930). "Hucbald: A Millenary Commemoration". The Musical Times. 71 (1048): 507–510. doi:10.2307/917357. JSTOR 917357.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hucbald.
  • musicologie.org. List of manuscripts, editions, and bibliography. (in French)
  • Documenta Catholica Omnia. PDFs of Latin texts of Hucbald's works from Migne, Patrologia latina vol. 132.
  • MGH Poetae 4,1. Digital version of P. von Winterfeld, Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini IV.1 from the DigitalMGH project. Latin texts of the hexameter poems De calvis and De diebus Aegyptiacis, together with two hymns in honor of St Theoderic.
  • Codex 169(468) from the Abbey library of Saint Gall, including Hucbald's Musica

January 23, 2024
hucbald, june, also, hubaldus, benedictine, monk, active, music, theorist, poet, composer, teacher, hagiographer, long, associated, with, saint, amand, abbey, often, known, amand, deeply, influenced, boethius, institutione, musica, musica, formerly, known, har. Hucbald c 840 or 850 20 June 930 also Hucbaldus or Hubaldus was a Benedictine monk active as a music theorist poet composer teacher and hagiographer 1 He was long associated with Saint Amand Abbey so is often known as Hucbald of St Amand 2 Deeply influenced by Boethius De Institutione Musica Hucbald s De Musica formerly known as De harmonica institutione aims to reconcile ancient Greek music theory and the contemporary practice of Gregorian chant with the use of many notated examples Among the leading music theorists of the Carolingian era he was likely a near contemporary of Aurelian of Reome the unknown author of the Musica enchiriadis and the anonymous authors of other music theory texts Commemoratio brevis Alia musica and De modis 1 Hucald s Musica page 125 in the Codex 169 468 from the Abbey library of Saint Gall Contents 1 Life 2 Works 2 1 Music theory 2 2 Compositions 2 3 Other works 3 References 4 Sources 5 Further reading 6 External linksLife editBorn in northern France about 840 3 4 5 or 850 1 Hucbald studied at Elnone Abbey later named Saint Amand Abbey after its 7th century founder where his uncle Milo was chief master of studies scholasticus in the diocese of Doornik 6 He made rapid progress in the sciences of the quadrivium including that of practical music and according to a laudatory 11th century biographical account at an early age composed a hymn in honour of St Andrew which met with such success as to excite the jealousy of his uncle citation needed It is said that Hucbald in consequence was compelled to leave Saint Amand 7 and to seek protection from the bishop of Nevers He was also a companion of studies of such future masters as Remigius of Auxerre and Heiric of Auxerre perhaps as a disciple of the court philosopher Johannes Scottus Eriugena In 872 he was back again at Saint Amand as the successor in the headmastership of the monastery school of his uncle to whom he would have been presumably reconciled Between 883 and 900 Hucbald went on several missions to reform and reconstruct schools of music damaged or destroyed by the Norman including those of St Bertin and Rheims In 900 however he returned to Saint Amand where he remained until his death on 20 June 930 7 Works editMusic theory edit nbsp A 19th century piano depicting Hucbald far left among other Christian and musical figures The only theoretical work which can positively be ascribed to Hucbald is his Musica formerly known as De harmonica institutione probably written about 880 8 9 The work shows considerable influence from the writings of Boethius and by extension Ptolemy 8 The Musica enchiriadis published with other writings of minor importance in Gerbert s Scriptores de Musica and containing a complete system of musical science as well as instructions regarding notation has now been proved to have originated elsewhere about the same time and to have been the work of unknown writers belonging to the same intellectual milieu This work is celebrated chiefly for an essay on a new form of notation described today as Daseian notation 7 and its readable transmission of the first record of Western polyphonic music citation needed Compositions edit A few sacred compositions can be somewhat securely attributed to Hucbald 10 some are found in the Winchester Troper and Sarum antiphoner 11 Literary sources suggest that he wrote many other now lost works 11 Other works edit In addition to his musical works Hucbald also wrote literary poetry intended to be read rather than sung Two poems in classical Latin hexameters survive One is the remarkable Ecloga de calvis a poem of 146 lines in praise of baldness in which every word begins with the letter C the first letter in the word calvus bald 12 The catalogue of illustrious bald men includes kings generals poets doctors and even the apostle Paul 13 Although the poem was probably written during the reign of Charles the Bald there is no evidence to support the common assumption that it was dedicated to him and a separate 54 line prefatory poem that precedes the work in the manuscripts explicitly dedicates it to Hatto the archbishop of Mainz 14 The Ecloga de calvis circulated widely during the Renaissance at least six printed editions are known from the first half of the 16th century and Erasmus in one of his dialogues recommends recitation of its alliterative lines as a cure for stuttering 15 The other hexameter work De diebus Aegyptiacis is a short astrological poem listing the days of ill omen in each month of the year 16 Hucbald also wrote a number of prose saint s lives 17 18 References edit a b c Chartier 2001 Introduction Chartier 2001 1 Life Manitius 1911 p 588 Raby 1934 p 249 Weakland 1956 p 68 Britannica 2021 a b c Chisholm 1911 a b Palisca 1978 p 5 Chartier 2001 3 The theorist Chartier 2001 3 The composer a b Palisca 1978 p 4 Text in Winterfeld 1899 pp 261 271 Patrologia Latina 132 cols 1041 1045 Raby 1934 pp 249 250 The assumption that Hucbald wrote the work for Charles which was already circulating in the 11th century was repeated by the editors of the earliest printed editions including the 17th century German philologist Kaspar von Barth who added to the poem 15 spurious verses containing a direct address to the emperor in order to support his argument Winterfeld 1899 pp 264 271 reviews the evidence and both he and Manitius 1911 pp 588 591 dismiss it as a fiction The confusion is compounded by the fact that Hucbald is known to have sent other verses to Charles including a poem on self control De sobrietate written by his uncle Milo Manitius 1911 pp 588 590 Sheerin 1980 Text in Winterfeld 1899 p 272 Texts in Patrologia Latina 132 Manitius 1911 pp 591 592 Sources edit nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Hucbald Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 13 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 847 Chartier Yves 2001 Hucbald of St Amand Grove Music Online Oxford Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 gmo 9781561592630 article 13475 subscription or UK public library membership required Manitius Max 1911 Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters I Von Justinian bis zur Mitte des zehnten Jahrhunderts Munich Beck pp 588 594 Palisca Claude V ed 1978 Hucbald Guido and John on music Three Medieval Treatises Translated by Babb Warren Index of chants by Alejandro Enrique Planchart New Haven and London Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 02040 3 Raby F J E 1934 A History of Secular Latin Poetry in the Middle Ages vol 1 Oxford Clarendon Press pp 249 250 Sheerin Daniel J 1980 A Carolingian Cure Recovered Erasmus Citation of Hucbald of St Amand s Ecloga de Caluis Bibliotheque d Humanisme et Renaissance 42 1 167 171 JSTOR 20676067 Weakland Rembert January 1956 Hucbald as Musician and Theorist The Musical Quarterly Oxford University Press 42 1 66 84 JSTOR 740475 Winterfeld Paul von 1899 Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini IV 1 Berlin Weidemann pp 261 275 In the series Monumenta Germaniae Historica Hucbald French music theorist Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Chicago Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc 1 January 2021 Archived from the original on 27 August 2021 Further reading editChartier Yves 1995 L oeuvre musicale d Hucbald de Saint Amand les compositions et le traite de musique Montreal Bellarmin ISBN 978 2 89007 732 4 Fuller Sarah Spring 2008 Interpreting Hucbald on Mode Journal of Music Theory 52 1 13 40 JSTOR 40607028 Grutchfield E J 1 June 1930 Hucbald A Millenary Commemoration The Musical Times 71 1048 507 510 doi 10 2307 917357 JSTOR 917357 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hucbald musicologie org List of manuscripts editions and bibliography in French Documenta Catholica Omnia PDFs of Latin texts of Hucbald s works from Migne Patrologia latina vol 132 MGH Poetae 4 1 Digital version of P von Winterfeld Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini IV 1 from the DigitalMGH project Latin texts of the hexameter poems De calvis and De diebus Aegyptiacis together with two hymns in honor of St Theoderic Codex 169 468 from the Abbey library of Saint Gall including Hucbald s Musica Portals nbsp Biography nbsp Classical music nbsp Music nbsp Middle Ages Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hucbald amp oldid 1196220491, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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