fbpx
Wikipedia

List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y

January 01, 1970

Main article: Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend
The smith Wayland from the front of the eighth-century Northumbrian Franks Casket.

T edit

Figure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations
Tanastus Latin: Tanastus The etymology is uncertain.[1] The first element may be related to ON dana- ("Dane"), Low German dane ("swamp"), or it may be from PGmc danwō ("fir tree") or *dannio ("spruce tree"), a material from which weapons were made.[2] The eleventh warrior of Gunther killed by Walter of Aquitaine. He comes from Speyer.[3] Waltharius
Tarnung Middle High German: Tarnunc Based on MHG tarnen ("to conceal").[3] A dwarf king. His kingdom has been usurped by Bilbung, but Wolfdietrich restores it to his son.[3] Wolfdietrich
Tarias Middle High German: Tarîâs, or Karinas The name may be a corruption of Darius, used for heathen kings in Old French epic.[3] The heathen king and giant who threatens the monastery which Wolfdietrich has entered after abdicating his crown. He is killed and defeated by Wolfdietrich and his son Hugdietrich2.[3] Wolfdietrich
Theodoric the Great See Dietrich von Bern.
Thether See Diether.
Thetleif See Dietleib von Steier.
Thetmar See Dietmar.
Theuderic I Latin: Theudericus, Old English: Þeodric Historical king of the Franks, who conquered the Thuringians in 531 and died c. 533. The figure Wolfdietrich has also been suggested to have his origins in this king.[4] See Dietrich von Bern. In Widukind's Deeds of the Saxons, Theuderic is portrayed as the illegitimate son of King Huga. He becomes king after his father's death and attempts to befriend Hermanafrid, king of the Thuringians. However, Theuderic's sister Amalaberga, who is Hermanafrid's wife, convinces Hermanafrid to rebuff him. This leads Theuderic to bribe Hermanafrid's vassal Iring to kill Hermanafrid, which he does in Hermanafrid's presence. However, Iring then kills Theuderic to avenge his lord, placing Hermanfrid's corpse on top of Theuderic's.[5] Widsith (24, 115) Rök runestone?[6] Deeds of the Saxons
Thidrek af Bern See Dietrich von Bern.
Thidrek Valdemarsson Old Norse: Þiðrekr Valdemarsson Theodoric Strabo has been suggested as the origin of this figure.[7] See Dietrich von Bern Possibly the same figure as Dietrich von Griechen. He is a favorite and kinsman of Erka (Helche), the son of the Rus' king Valdemar, and a rival and opponent of Dietrich von Bern. He is captured and wounded by Dietrich; Helche heals him and he escapes, but Dietrich catches and beheads him.[7] Þiðreks saga
Thora Old Norse: Þóra Þóra is a hypocoristic form of female names beginning with Þór-, from the theonym Thor.[8] The daughter of King Hakon - Gudrun stays with her for three years after Sigurd's death.[9] Guðrúnarkviða I, Guðrúnarkvíða II, Völsunga saga
Thora Borgarhjort Old Norse: Þóra Borgarhjǫrtr See Thora. In Ad catalogum, she is the daughter of Gautrik, the baron of Gautland. After Ragnar Lodbrok had killed a very large snake, she was given to him as a reward, and before dying, she gave him the sons Eric3 and Agnar4.[10] In Bósa saga, she is instead the daughter of Herrauðr, by Gautrik's half-brother king Hring of Östergötland.[11] Her father rescued her mother Hleiðr from the Bjarmians and brought back an egg from Bjarmaland, which hatched to become the snake that Ragnar killed.[12] In Ragnars saga loðbrókar and Ragnarssona þáttr, her father Herruðr/Herrauðr has given her snake that grows to encircle her bower, until it is so large that he promises her to the man that can kill the serpent, which Ragnar does. She dies after having given Ragnar the sons Eric3 and Agnarr4.[13] In Gesta Danorum (IX), she is the daughter of the Swedish king Herroth who had given her some snakes that grew until they became so large that they terrorized the land. She was given as a reward to Ragnar after he had killed them. Ragnar divorces Lathgertha for her sake, and Thora gives him the sons Rathbarth and Dunwat, but she soon becomes ill and dies.[14] Bósa saga ok Herrauðs, Ragnars saga loðbrókar, Ragnarssona þáttr, Krákumál, Ad catalogum regum Sveciæ annotanda, Gesta Danorum (IX)
Thorir Hound's Foot Old Norse: Þórir hundsfótr Þórir is from PN *Þunra-wīhaʀ and means "priest of Thor".[15] The son of Bjorn and Bera and brother of Bodvar Bjarki, he has dog's feet. He becomes king of the Geats.[16] Hrólfs saga kraka
Thorir Iron-Shield Old Norse: Þórir járnskjǫldr See Thorir Hound's Foot He is mentioned in the eddic poem Hyndluljóð together with his fellow housecarls Grim the Hardy, Gunnar Midwall, Ulf the Gaping, Brodd and Harvi. They are in the service of king Hrolf the Old. The legends of Thorir and Grim, the housecarls of Hrolf, are told in the saga Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar.[17] He is in the service of king Halfdan of Gardariki and in charge of his defensive force,[18] and the foster-father of his daughter Alof.[19] He advises his lord not to fight the Geatish king Hrolf, but to ally with him instead and give his daughter to Hrolf's brother Ketill.[20] Unwisely, the king does not listen.[19] After the battle, Thorir is seriously wounded and accepts to enter Hrolfs service on condition that his wound is taken care of.[21] He becomes responsible for Hrolf's defenses.[22] and when Hrolf goes to Ireland, he rules Sweden in his stead.[23] When Hrolf is taken captive by the king of Ireland, he takes part in the rescue expedition,[24] freeing him from the prison.[25] In the end, he marries, settles down, becomes a prominent man in England and stays friends with his former liege.[25] Hyndluljóð, Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar
Thorkel the Stubborn/Gotlander Old Norse: Þorkell þrái, Latin: Thorkill Guticus The first element is Þór-, i.e. the god Thor,[26] and the second element is ketill which means "helmet".[27] He appears at the massive Battle of Brávellir as one of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring's warriors in the battle against the Danish king Harald Wartooth. He is first mentioned as one of the archers sent from Telemark, and the Swedes expected little from these archers that they held to be slow speaking drawlers.[28] He is later mentioned as one of the Swedish king's champions and he stops and kills the shield-maiden Vebjorg after a fierce fight with great deal of courage and many wounds.[29] In Gesta Danorum, he is also mentioned among the Telemark archers who are described a brave but humble, but Thorkel is called "the Gotlander".[30] When the shield-maiden Veborg threatens more Swedish warriors, she is stopped and killed by Thorkill. Saxo then praises the skills of the Gotlanders (Gut(t)ones) and their arrows that easily pierced both helmets and breastplates.[31] Sögubrot, Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Thornbjorg Old Norse: Þornbjǫrg The basic meaning of þorn was "thorn", from PGmc *þurnjaz (m) or *þurnjōn (f), but it could also be used in compounds to mean "lady".[32] The second element is PGmc *-berʒō or *-burʒō ("helper", "assistant").[33] She is a shield-maiden and a Swedish princess, the daughter of king Eric at Uppsala, but she has her residence at Ulleråker. She insists on deciding who she will marry and says it would be best for the kingdom.[34] She is famed for her beauty, and has learnt not only all the female skills, but she has also mastered fighting with sword and shield. She has prevailed on her father to give her a third of Sweden, and rules it as king Thorberg. When the Geatish king Hrolf Gautreksson starts to woo her, she has already maimed or killed several previous suitors. He attacks her in her fortress, but only loses men, and he has to siege her for two weeks until he digs a tunnel under the walls and conquers her, after she has killed many men.[35] When her husband Hrolf is on his last adventure in Ireland, he is taken captive and put in prison, and so she takes up arms again and arrives to save him and his men.[36] Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar
Thurisind Latin: Thurisindus Historical king of the Gepids (died c. 560) The first element is probably PGmc *þursja ("giant"),[37] the second element is probably PGmc *sinþa ("way, motion").[38] King of the Gepids, father of and Thurismod and Cunimund. Although Alboin has killed his son Thurismod, when Alboin comes to his court Thurisind spares Alboin's life because he is a guest.[39] Historia Langobardorum
Thyle Old English: Þyle Interpreted as OE Þyle ("spokesman"), and it is attested as a personal name on a runestone in Sweden,[40] the Runestone Sö 82, although the interpretation of the name is not secure.[41] Appears in Widsith, line 24 as the king of the Rondings, and he may have been the eponym of the people of Telemark.[40] Widsith
Thyrso German: Thyrso PGmc *þursja ("giant").[42] A giant, he attacks the monastery of Wilten that had been founded by the hero Heime and is killed by him.[43] Early modern broadsheet (1601) from Wilten monastery near Innsbruck, Tyrol.[44]
Trogus Latin: Trogus The name comes from PGmc *draug- (cf. Gothic driugan "to do war service").[45] The tenth warrior of Gunther killed by Walter of Aquitaine, he comes from Strasbourg.[45] Waltharius
Tryggvi Old Norse: Tryggvi, Latin: Thrygir The definite form of the ON adjective tryggr ("reliable").[46] He appears at the massive Battle of Brávellir as one of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring's warriors in the battle against the Danish king Harald Wartooth. In Sögubrot, he arrives with twelve warships together with Tvivifil. When the battle starts, he stands at the front of the wedge formation called svinfylking next to the greatest of them all, Rognvald the Tall or Radbard Fist, and Læsir. During the battle he engages Ubbi the Frisian but receives a mortal wound from him.[47] In Gesta Danorum, he arrives with Tvi-Vifil with twelve ships but sailing separately.[48] He is instructed to watch the right side of a crescent formation together with Ingo and his brothers, the sons of Alrik, while Lesi watched the left.[49] Sögubrot, Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Tunni Old Norse: Tunni Probably based on a Swedish tradition about the Geatish warrior Eofor killing the Swedish king Ongentheow in battle.[50][51][52] ON Tunni is derived from PN *tunþā, which is from PN *tunþuʀ, cognate with Gothic tunþus ("tooth"),[53] and it means the "one with big tooth". It probably refers to Ongentheow's Geatish slayer Eofor ("wild boar"). In the West Norse accounts Ongentheow/Egil2 is killed by the "horns of a bull", which in the East Norse dialect would have referred to the "tusk of a boar" (Eofor's sword).[50][51][52] The leader of a Swedish slave rebellion, according to Ynglinga saga and Historia Norwegiæ. He defeats the Swedish king Egil2/Ongentheow in eight battles, but loses the ninth.[54][55] Norwegians and Icelanders, appear to have misunderstood an original Swedish tradition preserved in the source Ynglingatal, which was based on Eofor ("wild boar") killing the Swedish king Ongentheow in battle.[50][51][52] Probably cognate with Eofor in Beowulf Ynglingatal, Historia Norwegiæ, Ynglinga saga
Turismod Latin: Turismodus The first element is probably PGmc *þursja ("giant"),[56] the second element PGmc *mōda ("mind, spirit, courage").[57] Son of the Gepid king Thurisind. He is killed by the Lombard king Alboin.[39] Historia Langobardorum

U edit

Figure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations
Ubbi of Friesland Old Norse: Ubbi inn fríski, Latin: Ubbo Fresicus A reflexion of a historical Ubba, called Ubba dux Fresciorum in the mid-9th c. Historia de sancto Cuthberto,[58] who took part in the 9th c. Viking invasion of England.[59] Ubbi is a hypocoristic form of Úlfr ("wolf"), or possibly a form of úfr, earlier ūb- ("unpleasant").[60] He appears at the massive Battle of Brávellir as one of the Danish king Harald Wartooth's warriors in the battle against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring. When the battle began, Ubbi led the Danish army, first killing Rognvald (Radbard), Tryggvi, the sons of Alrek, and Yngvi2, and causing such a massacre that the Swedish king sent in Starkad. The giant warrior gave Ubbi a serious wound while receiving six before they were separated by the throng of warriors. Ubbi was killed while walking towards the archers from Telemark who sent two dozen arrows into his chest, after he had wounded 11 champions and killed 16 Swedes and Geats.[61] In Gesta Danorum, it is told that he had entered Danish service by being overwhelmed by Danes and given Harald's daughter in marriage.[62] During the battle of Brávellir, Ubbi killed 25 champions and wounded 11 among the Swedes and the Geats, but the Telemark archers stopped the massacre by showering the warrior with arrows and he died having been riddled with 144 arrows, an event that turned the battle against the Danes.[30] Sögubrot, Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Ubbi For the son of Ragnar Lodbrok, see Husto
Ulfrad See Wolfhart
Unferth Old English: Unferð or Hunferð The etymology is contested, but generally understood as OE un- (negative prefix "un-") and ferð ("peace"), thus "mar-peace". The second element could also be OE ferhð ("soul, spirit, mind, life"), giving a meaning "folly". un- might also mean "very." All manuscript attestations begin with an h-, which could indicate that the first element is OE hūn- ("Hun").[63] Unferth is the þyle ("orator") of king Hrothgar. He had his seat at the foot of his throne and both Hrothgar and Hrothulf (Hrólfr kraki) trust him in spite of the fact that he appears to have betrayed and killed his own brothers. When Beowulf arrives, he tries to sully his reputation by taunting him, but he later lends Beowulf the famous sword Hrunting, when the latter goes to kill Grendel and its mother. Olrik notes that his name appears to be symbolic in the story meaning "strife".[64] Beowulf
Unwen Old English: Unwēn, Latin: Hunuil The name means "the unexpected one".[65] Appears in Widsith, line 114 as the son of Ostrogotha (Eastgota), i.e. the Hunuil of Jordanes.[65] Widsith, Getica
Ute1 See Grimhild/Ute1
Ute2 Middle High German: Uote Uote from a Low German *Ōda, from *ot- ("wealth"), thus "one with wealth"[66] The wife of Hildebrand1 and mother of Hadubrand/Alebrand. Hildebrand leaves her behind when he goes into exile with Dietrich von Bern. In the Jüngeres Hildebrandslied and Þiðreks saga, he returns to her after having defeated and reconciled with their son.[67] Hildebrandslied (unnamed), Þiðreks saga, Jüngeres Hildebrandslied, Dietrichs Flucht, Rosengarten zu Worms, Heldebuch-Prosa
Utstein See Innstein and Utstein

V edit

Figure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations
Valdar1 Old Norse: Valdarr The name is from PN *walda-harjaʀ, see Walter.[68] Valdar appears as at least two characters placed in different times. The Skjöldunga saga and Hversu Noregr byggdist tell of a Valdar who is the son of king Hrothgar in Beowulf, and the father of Harald the Old. The Hervarar saga tells of a Valdar who lived generations later. Skjöldunga saga, Hversu Noregr byggdist
Valdar2 Old Norse: Valdarr See Valdar1 Valdar is a very obscure character that Hervarar saga places between Ivar Vidfamne and Harald Wartooth.[69] It tells that Ivar made him king over the Danes and gave him his daughter Alfhild1, with whom Valdar had the sons Harald Wartooth and Randvér. Valdar died in Denmark and Randvér succeeded him as king of the Danes, but later died in England. Valdar was succeeded by Harald as the king of Götaland (the land of the Geats in Beowulf), who later took over the entire realm of Harald Wartooth.[70] Hervarar saga
Valdar3/Valdemar Old Norse: Valdarr or Valldemarr See Valdar1 above, and Valdemar below. In Guðrúnarkviða II, Valdar of the Danes appears as one of Gudrun's suitors. Hollander considers the mention out of place and moves it to the notes,[71] while Finch considers it meaningless.[72] In Völsunga saga, the name has been changed to Valdemar which was the name of several Danish kings.[72] Guðrúnarkviða II, Völsunga saga
Valdemar Old Norse: Valldemarr, Old Swedish Waldemar The figure appears to be based on Vladimir the Great (died 1015).[73] The name is a borrowing from Slavic, but in Old Norse it has gone through a reinterpretation,[74] where the first element has been connected to våld ("violence") and vålla ("to inflict"),[74] cf. vald- which means "ruler".[75] The second element has been connected to the element mar in Ingmar,[74] i.e. marr which means "excellent, praiseworthy".[76] The king of the Russians, brother of Oserich (Osantrix), king of the Wilzen (Veleti), uncle of Hertnið, and father of the figure known in German as Dietrich von Kriechen. Dietrich von Bern fights against him on behalf of Attila, killing him in battle.[77] Þiðreks saga
Valsleyt Old Norse: Valsleitr The second element -leitr was used in compounds and means "looking so and so",[78] while the first element is genitive singular of valr which meant "slain" or "carrion-hawk".[79] When his father king Hring had died Bödvar Bjarki married his mother Bera/Hildr off to a jarl named Valsleyt, and renounced the kingship.[80] Hrólfs saga kraka, Bjarkarímur
Valtari See Walter of Aquitaine
Vanlandi Old Norse: Vanlandi, Latin: Wanlanda The name means "man from the land of the Vanir" (a clan of Norse gods),[81] but it can also be read as "landless".[82] Vanlandi was an early king of Sweden who succeeded his father Sveigðir. His mother was Vana from Vanaheimr. He was warlike and travelled far. One winter he stayed for the winter with Snær ("snow") in Lappland and married his daughter Drífa1 ("snowdrift"), but he left her there when spring arrived. He had promised to return for her after three years, but ten years passed without him keeping his promise. Humiliated Drífa1 sent their son Vísburr to Uppsala (where the Swedish king resided) accompanied by a witch named Hulð, whom she had paid to transport Vanlandi to Lappland with magic, or kill him. The magic caused Vanlandi to want to go Lappland, but his advisors made him stay. Instead Hulð had him hag ridden to death.[83] He was buried at Skutá, which is generally considered to be a small stream north of Uppsala.[84] Ynglingatal (III), Historia Norwegiæ, Íslendingabók, Ynglinga saga (13)
Var Old Norse: Varr The name means "aware".[85] King Fróði had two smiths named Var, Var the wary and Var the careful. Their names are used with their meaning "aware" to communicate the plan of killing of the king without his realizing what is happening[86] Hrólfs saga kraka
Veborg Old Norse: Vébjǫrg, Latin: Webiorg The first element vé- or ví- is probably from PGmc *wīha, from an adjective meaning "holy" (cf. Gothic weihs, "holy"), but it can also be derived from við- ("wood") and víg- ("battle") and loss of final consonant.[87] The second element is PGmc *-berʒō or *-burʒō ("helper", "assistant").[33] Heiðr, the name of her sister-in-arms, can be connected to the then Danish town Hedeby, and Vebjorg's name can connected to the Danish town Viborg.[88] She is a shield-maiden who appears together with the other shield-maidens Visma (or Visna) and Heiðr on the Danish king Harald Wartooth's side at the massive Battle of Brávellir against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring. In Sögubrot, she arrives from the Gotland with many champions and other warriors, including Ubbi the Frisian, but it was probably Jutland that was originally referred to.[89] When she saw Ubbi the Frisian riddled with arrows and killed, she assaulted the Swedes and the Geats. She attacked Attack-Soti and chopped off his jawbone so he had to bite his beard to keep it place, before he was slain. She was eventually killed by the champion Thorkel the Stubborn.[90] In Gesta Danorum, she arrives from Schleswig with Visna, and brings many champions such as Ubbi the Frisian.[91] She later killed the champion Soti, but was herself killed with an arrow by Thorkil from Telemark who was one of the master archers from Gotland.[92] Sögubrot, Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Velle Middle High German: Velle or Middle High German: Helle The name may be from MHG velle ("fall, crash") or vel ("skin, hide" with a further sense of "person").[93] A giant, he brings the dragon eggs into Ortnit's kingdom on behalf of Machorel. He is married to the giantess Runze. In Wolfdietrich d, Wolfdietrich kills them.[93] Ornit, Wolfdietrich, Heldenbuch-Prosa
Vésete Old Norse: Véseti, Old Norse: Viðseti Fictive.[94] The name means someone who resides at, or takes care of, a sanctuary.[95] One of Hrólfr kraki's champions.[94] Prose Edda (Skáldskaparmál)
Vifil Old Norse: Vífill The name has two derivations. One is from *wīgwilaz which means "pagan priest", and the other one is from *webilaz, i.e. "weevil", a bug.[96] An old man who lived on a wooded island, and who was a skilled wizard. When their father Halfdan (Healfdene) was murdered by their uncle, he hid the boys Hroar (Hrothgar) and Helgi (Halga) on his island, until their uncle came looking for them. Then he sent them away to their brother-in-law jarl Sævil, as they were no longer safe with him.[97] Hrólfs saga kraka, Bjarkarímur
Vikar Old Norse: Víkarr, Latin: Wicarus Simek refers to Höfler's etymology, where the first element is ví ("holy") and the second element is kárr ("long hair") indicating the meaning of "long hair" in dedications to Odin.[98] Peterson derives the first element from vík ("bay"),[99] and the second element from *-gaizaz ("spear"[100]), *-warjaz ("protector"[101]) or -harjaz ("war chief, warrior"[102]).[99] In Gautrek's saga, the Hordaland king Vikarr is becalmed at sea with his foster-brother Starkad and after drawing lots he is to be mock-sacrificed to Odin. However, the weak twig he was to be hanged from turned into a thick branch and the reed Starkad was to strike him with turned into a spear, and so he was stabbed and hanged as a sacrifice to Odin. In Gesta Danorum, the hanging results from a too tight knot and Starkad pierces him with a sword. Vikar had already been promised to Odin in a prophecy, and in Gautrek's saga, Starkad exclaims that he gives him to Odin. The sacrifice resembles Odin's self-sacrifice.[103] Gautreks saga, Gesta Danorum (VI), Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka, Ættartolur
Vilkinus Old Norse: Vilkinus, Old Swedish Wilkinus possibly Latin: Wasce The name is a quasi-Latinate version of the German ethnic name Wilze (the Veleti).[104] The king of the Veleti in Þiðreks saga, against whom Dietrich von Bern fights on behalf of Attila. A story in Gesta Danorum about Starkad defeating a king "Wasce" in Poland may reflect the same legend.[104] In the Þiðreks saga, he is the father of Vaði (see Wade) via a mermaid (see Wachilt), and thus the grandfather of Wayland and great grandfather of Witege.[105] Possibly Gesta Danorum.[104] Þiðreks saga
Vildifer, Vildever Old Norse: Vildiver, Old Swedish Wildefer Possibly derived from a common folktale of a helpful bear driving out an evil spirit.[106] The saga author has interpreted the name as meaning "wild boar" (Low German wildeƀur, with ƀ pronounced v),[107] however a Low German Epic Van bere Wisselaue indicates that the primary meaning was wildi bero ("wild bear"). Another interpretation of the Norse name would be víldivèr ("wild man").[108] His name in disguise Vizleo, which the saga author says means "white lion", is a folk etymology for what appears in Low German as Wisselau, likely from the Czech name Vaclov, a typical name for a Bohemian dancing bear.[108][107] A warrior who joins Dietrich's court, becoming friends with Widige (Vithga); he is one of Dietrich's champions against King Isung1. When Widige is imprisoned by King Oserich/Osantrix, Vildifer dresses in a bear's hide and pretends to be a dancing bear accompanying a minstrel named Isung. Osantrix is impressed, but sets his dogs on the bear, so that Vildifer becomes enraged and kills Osantrix and two giants (Ebenrot/Abentrod and Widolf), freeing Widige. He dies in the battle at Gronsport.[108] Þiðreks saga
Vilmund Old Norse: Vilmundr Appears to be an invention of the poet.[109] The first element is vili ("desire", "wish"),[33] and the second element from ON mundr ("protector").[110] In the eddic poem Oddrúnargrátr, one of Atilla's warriors, and who is revealed to be the one who killed Högni (by cutting out his heart). He is the father of Borgny's children.[111] Oddrúnargrátr
Vingi See Knéfröðr.
Virginal Middle High German: Virginâl Uncertain origin. Possibly related to Gothic fairguni ("mountain"), OE firgen ("mountain forest")and Old Norse Fjörgyn, but with an obvious similarity to Latin virgo ("virgin").[112] A dwarf queen, threatened by the heathen Orkise and liberated by Dietrich von Bern.[112] Virginal
Visbur Old Norse: Vísburr, Latin: Wisbur The first element is víss which means "wise" or "certain", from PGmc *wīsaz,[113] and the second element is burr which means "son" from PGmc *buriz.[114] However, the second element has also been interpreted as one of Odin's names, and it could also mean "strong young man" among Continental Germanic tribes.[115] Snorri tells in Ynglinga saga that one winter Vanlandi, the king of Sweden, stayed with Snær ("snow") in Lappland and his daughter Drífa. He married her promising to return for her after three years. However, after ten years he had still not returned. Humiliated Drífa1 sent their son Vísburr to Uppsala (where the Swedish king resided) accompanied by a witch named Huld, whom she had paid to transport Vanlandi to Lappland with magic, or kill him. The magic caused Vanlandi to want to go Lappland, but his advisors made him stay. Instead Huld had him hag ridden to death.[83] When Vísburr was king, he married the daughter of Auði inn auðgi, but later rejected her and she went to her father with their sons Gísl and Ǫndurr. He married another woman and had the son Dómaldi with her. When his rejected sons were 12 and 13, they came to him to claim their mother's gold necklace, but he refused. Gísl and Ǫndurr contacted Huld who promised to help them kill their father by casting a curse on him, but warned that doing so she would curse the Yngling dynasty with kinslaying. The two boys did not heed the warning but set their father's hall on fire one night and burnt him to death with his retinue.[116] Ynglinga saga (13 and 14), Íslendingabók, Ynglingatal (IV), Historia Norwegiæ
Visna Old Norse: Visma or Visina, Latin: Wisna Visna's name may be derived from the river Visla, like Heiðr, the name of her sister-in-arms, can be connected to the then Danish town Hedeby, and Vebjorg's to the Danish town Viborg.[88] She is a shield-maiden who appears together with the other shield-maidens Vebjorg and Heiðr on the Danish king Harald Wartooth's side at the massive Battle of Brávellir against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring. In Sögubrot, she is Harald Wartooth's standard bearer and arrives with the champions Kari and Milva, and she also brought a great many Slavic warriors.[117] During the battle she meets the giant warrior Starkad and tells him that he is going to Hel and calls him þurs ("ogre") which was both a correct statement and an insult,[118] before he cuts off her hand that holds the Danish banner.[29] Brái tries to avenge her only to be added to the piles of corpses.[119] In Gesta Danorum, she arrives from Schleswig with Vebjorg leading Haki scarface and Tummi the voyager, but she leads mainly Slavic warriors. Although a woman she is thoroughly hard and an expert warrior.[91] During the battle she is in the central position as Harald's standard bearer,[120] until Starkad cuts off her hand.[92] Sögubrot, Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Vithga See Widige
Vöggr1 Old Norse: Vǫggr, Latin: Viggr The name Vöggr means "child in cradle" from vagga ("cradle").[121][122] Viggr means "horse", but it may mean the "iron fitting part of an axe blade",[123] cf. the meaning of Hjalti, Wiglaf's other counterpart in Scandinavian sources. A Swede: he gives Hrólfr Kraki his nickname kraki ("bar"), warns him about Eadgils treachery, and vows to avenge Hrólfr's death, which he does after the later is killed by Heoroweard and Skuld.[124] Chronicon Lethrense, Gesta Danorum, Skáldskaparmál, Hrólfs saga kraka
Vöggr2 Old Norse: Vǫggr See Vöggr1. He is a messenger who brings messages between the Saxons and the Huns. He remarks to Ásmund that he has never seen another man who could be compared to Hildibrand2 (Ásmund's half-brother, although he does not know it), and he also compares their swords. They were made by the same dwarves, Alíus and Olíus, but one was cursed and sunk into lake Mälaren only to be retrieved by Ásmund later, while the other one was passed on to Hildibrand2.[125] Åsmunds saga kappabana
Vǫlundr See Wayland the Smith.
Volker von Alzey Middle High German: Volkêr, Old Norse: Folker Possibly based on a historical minstrel who acquired a piece of land in Flanders in 1130/31.[126] Compound of MHG volk ("people, army") and her(e) ("army").[127] Minstrel of Gunther. He is killed by Hildebrand1 during the fighting at Attila's hall in the Nibelungenlied. In Walther und Hildegund, he escorts Walter of Aquitaine and Hildegund through the Vosges. He appears in small roles elsewhere. In the Þiðreks saga, he is killed by Dietrich von Bern.[112] Nibelungenlied, Þiðreks saga, Walther und Hildegund, Rosengarten zu Worms, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Heldenbuch-Prosa.
Völsung Old English: Wæls, Old Norse: Völsungr. Middle High German: Welsunc is attested as the name of a sword.[128] The figure is probably derived from a Frankish legend originally.[129] George Gillespie states that the name is probably based on PGmc *wala- ("selected, beloved"), comparing Gothic walisa ("beloved").[128] It could also derive from the equivalent of ON völsi ("phallus"), possibly as a name for Odin.[129] When the Hunnish king Rerir and his queen were unable to conceive, Odin and Frigg heard their prayer and sent an apple with the Valkyrie Hljod (daughter of the gian Hrímnir) in the shape of a crow to Rerir. The queen became pregnant with Völsung, but he stayed in her womb for six years until his mother asked to have him cut out of her. Völsung grew to be big and strong and when he was a grown man Hrímnir sent his daughter Hljod to him to be his wife. They had 10 children and among them the twins Sigmund and Signy. When Signy was betrothed to king Siggeir, the king of the Geats, the latter was offended when Odin brought Völsung a sword and not him. Völsung's son Sigmund was the only one who could pull out the sword from the tree Barnstokkr where Odin had inserted it. Siggeir treacherously invited Völsung and his sons to visit him, then had Völsung killed.[129][130][131] Beowulf Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr, mentioned in Eddic poems.
Vǫttr Old Norse: Vǫttr Vǫttr means "glove",[132] from PGmc *wantuz.[133] He is called Óttar, like the Swedish king he kills in Historia Norwegiæ which is probably a misreading.[134] Wessén derives the names of Vǫttr and his brother/co-jarl Fasti from old Scandinavian legal language, where vǫttr means "juror" and fasti means "witness in real estate transactions".[134] See entry Fasti for a fuller description of Vǫtt's role in Ynglingatal, Historia Norwegiæ and Ynglinga saga. In Historia Norwegiæ and in Beowulf, Vǫttr and Fasti are brothers, but this is not mentioned in Ynglingatal and Ynglinga saga. Vǫttr is also mentioned in Skáldskaparmál and in Hrólf Kraki's saga as one of Hrólfr Kraki's champions.[135] Cognate with Wulf1 of Beowulf Ynglingatal, Historia Norwegiæ, Ynglinga saga 27, Skáldskaparmál, Hrólf Kraki's saga

W edit

Figure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations
Wachilt Middle High German: Wâchilt First element probably MHG wâc ("wave").[67] Second element PGmc *hildjō- ("strife, conflict")[136] A mermaid. Mother of Wade, great-grandmother of Witige. In the Þiðreks saga, she is an unnamed mermaid and the father of Wade is King Vilkinus.[105] In the Rabenschlacht, Wachilt rescues Witige from the enraged Dietrich von Bern after Witige has killed the sons of Attila with Helche and Diether; the same is reported in the Swedish Didrik Krönike, where she is also unnamed.[67] Rabenschlacht. In the Þiðreks saga, unnamed.
Wade Old English: Wada, Middle High German: Wate, Old Norse: Vaði, Old Swedish Wade Probably originally a water spirit.[137] Probably from PGmc *wað- ("to stride, to wade").[128] In Kudrun, Dukus Horant, and Widsith, one of Heoden's warriors. He commands the final assault against the Normans and beheads the wicked queen Gerlind. In the Þiðreks saga and Dukus Horant, he is a giant. In Þiðreks saga, he is also the father of Wayland.[105] Widsith, Tale of Wade Kudrun, Dokus Horant, Þiðreks saga
Walberan Middle High German: Walberân The name may be a corruption of Old French Auberon.[138] King of all the dwarfs and Laurin's protector. In one version of Laurin, he fights with Dietrich after Laurin's defeat and conversion to Christianity. Laurin mediates between the sides.[138] Laurin
Wald Old English: Wald The name means "ruler",[139] from PGmc *walđōn.[140] Appears in Widsith, line 30 as the king of the Woings, but he is unknown from other sources.[139] Widsith
Walgund Middle High German: Walgunt The first element could be PGmc *walah- ("foreign"), PGmc *wala- ("dead, slain"),[141] or related to Gothic *walis(a) ("beloved, chosen"), and waljan ("to choose").[142] The second element must be from PGmc *gunþaz, a masculine counterpart to gunþi ("battle"), which is a very common final element in female names.[138][143] The father of Hildeburg3, whom he keeps secluded in a tower. Hugdietrich seduces her while disguised as a woman and becomes pregnant, giving birth to Wolfdietrich. Walgunt is persuaded to forgive her.[138] Ortnit, Heldenbuch-Prosa
Walter of Aquitaine Old English: Waldere, Middle High German: Walther, Old Norse: Valtari No clear historical origin,[144] name possibly connected to the Visigothic king Wallia.[145] "Rule-army", based on the equivalents of OHG waltan ("to rule") and hari ("people, army").[146] Lover of Hildegund. In Waltharius, his father sends him as a hostage to Attila's court where he is a fine warrior. He falls in love with Hildegund and escapes with her. Passing through the territory of Gunther, he is forced to fight Gunther and Hagen/Högni1. Similar events are alluded to in the Nibelungenlied and contained in the fragmentary epics Walther und Hildegund and Waldere. In Biterolf und Dietleib, he fights his uncle Biterolf until they recognize each other. He plays a small role in some other epics.[147] In the Þiðreks saga, he is Ermanaric's nephew.[146] Waldere Waltharius, Walther und Hildegund, Nibelungenlied, Þiðreks saga, Biterolf und Dietleib, Rosengarten zu Worms, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Alpharts Tod.
Wärbel Wärbel(în) The name "Wärbel" is probably derived from MHG werben ("to strive, to beg").[105] In the Nibelungenlied, Wärbel is Etzel (Attila)'s minstrel, together with Swämmel. The two are sent as messengers to invite the Burgundians to Etzel's hall. Hagen cuts off Wärbel's hand during the fighting at Etzelburg in revenge for the invitation.[148] Nibelungenlied, Nibelungenklage
Wayland the Smith Old Norse: Völundr or Old Norse: Velant, Old Swedish Weland, Middle High German: Wielant, Old English: Wēland Not historical.[149] PGmc *Wēland-, a participle meaning "cunning [craftsman]" from a root related to ON vél ("cunning, deceit") and véla ("to create, construct with art"). Norse form Völundr instead from PN *Walund-, probably same root.[150][151] A great smith. According to Völundarkviða, he has two brothers, Egill1 and Slagfiðr, and a valkyrie wife. He is captured by king Niðuðr (Nithhad) and hamstrung. As revenge he kills Nithhad's sons and makes jeweled cups out of their skulls and rapes Nithhad's daughter Böðvildr (Beodhild). After obtaining oaths from the king that his unborn child and its mother are safe, he informs Nithhad of his actions and departs by flying on wings he has made. A similar story is told in the Þiðreks saga, where it is revealed that he fathered Widege (Vithga) with Böðvildr. He reconciles with Nithhad's son.[152] Deor, Waldere, Beowulf Völundarkviða Þiðreks saga, Heldenbuch-Prosa, otherwise, frequently mentioned as the father of Witige and as the maker of weapons.[153]
Wealhtheow Old English: Wealhþēow Generally translated as "foreign slave", from OE wealh ("foreign") and þēow ("slave."). E.V. Gordon proposed that the first element was instead PGmc *wala- ("beloved, chosen").[154] Wife of Hrothgar. It is implied in Widsith that Helming, the name of her clan, was a synonym for Wulfing.[155] Newton connects the Helmings to two locations named Helmingham in East Anglia where he considers Scandinavian Wulfings to have settled,[156] and the 12th Skjöldunga saga asserts that Hrothgar's queen was English, while the probably 14th c. Hrólfs saga kraka says that she was the daughter of king Norðri of Northumberland,[157] a name which Newton considers to be misunderstanding of Norðfolc (Norfolk in East Anglia).[156] Hrólfs saga kraka calls her Ögn, which Malone considers to be a back-formation of Agnar3, the name of her son.[158] She trusts that Roðulf (Hrólfr kraki) will be a good guardian for her sons if Hrothgar dies,[159] and she gives Hrothgar the advice not to adopt Beowulf so that their sons may inherit the throne.[160] She follows the expected role of the hostess and raises a cup to the warriors after Beowulf's rebuke of Unferth.[161] She bestows on Beowulf a valuable necklace that he later gives to the Geatish queen Hygd, and it is the same ornament that the Franks later take as spoil of war from Hygd's husband king Hygelac.[162] Beowulf Hrólfs saga kraka and Skjöldunga saga mention a wife of Hrothgar who was an Anglo-Saxon princess.
Weohstan Old English: Wēohstān or Wīhstān, Old Norse: Vésteinn PN Wīhastainaz[163] from *wīha- meaning "sacred" (cf. Gothic weihs, "sacred")[163] and *stainaz ("stone").[164] The father of Wiglaf. According to Belden, Stjerna and Klaeber, Weohstan and other Wægmundings may have belonged to the Wendlas, an aristocratic Swedish clan which would have resided at Vendel in Sweden. During the Swedish civil war that ended in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern, they sided with Onela, against Eadgils and Eanmund, and after Eadgils' victory they had to go into exile. Weohstan who had slain Eanmund ended up with the Geats while Wulgar sought refuge among the Danes.[165] Beowulf Kálfsvísa in Skáldskaparmál
Werinhardus Latin: Werinhardus The first element is from the ethnonym Varini,[166] and the second element is hardu ("hard"),[167] from PGmc *χarđuz.[168] The third warrior of Gunther killed by Waltharius, he is a descendant of Pandarus,[169] a famous Trojan archer.[170] Waltharius
Wermund Old English: Gārmund, Latin: Warmundus, Latin: Wermundus Probably based on a historic king of the Angels, in the second half of the 4th c.[171] Wer-, the first element of Wermund is either verr ("man") or verja ("protect"),[172] from PGmc *wiraz[173] and *warjanan[174] respectively. Gār- the first element in Gārmund is from *ʒaizaz ("spear").[175] The second element is PGmc *munda ("protection).[176] The Garmund and Offa of Beowulf (lines 1948–62) are the same as the Wermund and Uffi of Danish tradition.[177][171] The legend of king Wermund and his son Offa, who were probably Angles, has survived in two distinct versions, one Anglo-Saxon, where they are Anglo-Saxon, and one Danish where they are Danish. In the English tradition, his father is named Wihtlæg and in the Danish Vigletus.[178] In both versions, Wermund is an old man who has an unpromising son Offa/Uffi who later wins fame as a great warrior.[171] Beowulf (lines 1948–62), Vitae duorum Offarum (or Legend of St Albans), Mercian Genealogy in A. S. Chron. (year 755), and other Chronicles.[179] Gesta Danorum, Brevis historia regum Dacie
Wernher von Wernhers Mark Middle High German: Wernhêr von Wernhêres Marke A man named Wernher is attested the March of Ancona in 1094, and many of his descendants had the same name afterwards, so that the march was sometimes called marcia Guarnerii ("Wernher's March").[169] The first element, wern- is from the ethnonym Varini,[180] and the second element is harja ("host"),[181] from PGmc *χariz or *χarjaz.[182] In Wolfdietrich D, both a wealthy burgher of Tervis (Treviso) and ruler of Wernhers Mark, he is the father of Amie. In Rabenschlacht, he dies at the battle before Raben (Ravenna).[169] Wolfdietrich, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Heldenbuch-Prosa
Wethergeld Old English: Wiðergyld The name means "avenger"[183] or "requital", but is not otherwise attested as a noun.[184] A Heaðo-Beard warrior mentioned in Beowulf, line 2051.[185] As a leader among the Heaðo-Beards, the battle probably turned against them when he was slain. He may have been the father of the young warrior mentioned on line 2044. The name also appears in Widsith (line 124), but there it does not seem to refer to a Heaðo-Beard.[184] Beowulf, Widsith?
Wichart (Witschach) Middle High German: Wîchart or Middle High German: Witschach The alternation between ch (/x/) and tsch (/tʃ/) is also seen for the figure Richart (Ritschart), who is usually mentioned with Wichart. Wilhelm Grimm suggested that the form Witschach was a Slavic name.[169] One of Dietrich von Bern's men, in the Nibelungenlied he is killed by the Burgundians. He is said to be the brother of Gerbart in Biterolf und Dietleib.[169] Nibelungenlied, Nibelungenklage, Alpharts Tod, Biterolf und Dietleib
Widolf, Widolt Middle High German: Widolf/Witolt, Widolt mit der stange, Old Norse: Vidolfr mittumstangi, Old Swedish Vidulf An identical giant appears in the minstrel epic König Rother.[108] The form ending in -olf from OHG wolf ("wolf"), the form ending in olt from OHG waltan ("to rule").[186] His Norse epithet mittumstangi is from MHG mit der stange ("with the staff").[187] A giant. In Þiðreks saga, one of the four giant sons of King Nordian, who fights with a long iron staff. His brother Aspilian orders him to be kept in chains and only released when he is to fight. He is ultimately killed by Dietrich's man Wildifer.[108] In Dukus Horant, he is one of the members of Horant (Heorrenda's) embassy to King Hagen/Högni2 to acquire Hilde/Hildr1 from Etene (Heoden).[188] Þiðreks saga, Dukus Horant
Widsith Old English: Wīdsīð Fictitious.[139] The name means "far journey",[183] The fictitious scop who tells the poem named after him.[139] Widsith
Wig Latin: Wigo, Old English: Wig The legend about Offa is probably based on historical inter-tribal rivalries before the Anglo-Saxon settlement of England.[189] Wig is from PGmc *wīʒan ("fight") or *wīʒaz ("fighter").[190] In the Danish accounts, Ket and Wig are the sons of Frowinus, the governor of the region of Schleswig. During a Swedish invasion, their father is killed by the Swedish king Athislus in single combat, after which king Wermund appoints Ket and Wig as successors. To avenge their father they go to Sweden, where they ambush king Athislus and kill him, causing disgrace to their tribe. Their brother-in-law Offa will redeem them by defeating two men in single combat. Wig is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon chronicle as a descendant of Odin (Wodan) and the son of Freawine (Frowinus).[191] The Anglo-Saxon chronicle Gesta Danorum (IV), Brevis historia regum Dacie
Wiglaf Old English: Wīglāf Beowulf is generally considered to be based on historic people and events.[192][193] PN: *Wīgalaibaz meaning "battle survivor".[194] A Swedish warrior and a relative of Beowulf, both being of the Waegmunding clan, apparently related to the Swedish royal dynasty. He is the only one who dared follow Beowulf to slay the dragon, and only one to survive.[195] He has two cognates in Scandinavian sources, Hjalti, and the Swedish hero Vǫgg1.[196] Beowulf
Wikram Middle High German: Wîcram The name means "battle raven".[197] The leader of twelve giants under the control of Duke Nitger at Muter. He imprisons Dietrich on the basis that Dietrich and his men had killed hundreds of giants in "Britanje" (Brittany or Britain). He is killed by Dietrich during the combats affecting his release.[169] Virginal
Witege Old English: Wuðga or Widia, Old Norse: Viðga, Old Swedish Witeke Middle High German: Witige or Witege, later also Wittich Probably a merger of Vidigoia, a Gothic warrior, and the Ostrogothic usurper Vitiges (died 542).[188] Based on PGmc *wiðu- ("forest").[198] Son of Wayland, companion of Heime1. In Widsith, he is listed with Hama as an exiled warrior at Ermanaric's court, while Waldere relates that Dietrich von Bern once gave him a sword for rescuing him from giants. In several epics, he is one of Dietrich von Bern's men, but in the historical Dietrich epics, he fights for Ermanaric. In Rabenschlacht, he kills Dietrich's brother Diether and the sons of Attila, causing the enraged Dietrich to pursue him into the sea belching fire - he is rescued by Wachilt, a mermaid.[199] According to the Þiðreks saga, he is the son of Wayland and Beodohild. He becomes one of Dietrich's men but later joins Ermanaric. In the Swedish version, Dietrich eventually finds and kills him.[200] Getica, Widsith, Waldere Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Alpharts Tod, Rosengarten zu Worms, Laurin, Virginal, Biterolf und Dietleib
Witta Old English: Witta Perhaps from a word for "wood" or "wide".[201] Appears in Widsith, line 22 as the king of the Suebes. According to Bede, he was the grandfather of Hengest and so the Suebes can be assumed to have taken part in the migration to Britain.[202] Widsith, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
Wod Old English: Wōd The name means "furious, mad with rage", and cognate with Óðr from Norse mythology,[203] from PGmc *wōđaz.[204] Appears in Widsith, line 30 as the king of the Thuringians, but he appears nowhere else.[203] Widsith
Wolfbrand Middle High German: Wolfbrant Wolf means "wolf",[205] and the second element brant means "sword".[206] A vassal of Dietrich von Bern; in the Nibelungenlied he dies fighting the Burgundians. In Biterolf und Dietleib, he is the brother of Richart and Wolfwin. He fights Gelpfrat in the combats at Worms.[186] Nibelungenlied, Nibelungenklage, Biterolf und Dietleib, Virginal
Wolfdietrich Middle High German: Wolfdietrîch Disputed, potentially a Merovingian ruler such as Theuderic I.[207] The Wolf- element may mean "outlaw".[208] For -dietrich, see Dietrich von Bern. Son of Hugdietrich. Accounts of his youth vary by version, but he is brought up by Berchtung. After Hugdietrich's death, his brothers try to exclude him from the inheritance. He escapes and goes to Lombardy, where he kills the dragon that killed king Ortnit, marries his widow, and becomes the new king. He then reconquers Hugdietrich's kingdom.[209] Widsith, if the identification of Wolfdietrich with Theuderic I is correct.[210] Wolfdietrich, Dietrichs Flucht, Eckenlied, Heldenbuch-Prosa. In Þiðreks saga, Wolfdietrich is identified with Dietrich von Bern.[208]
Wolfhart Middle High German: Wolfhart, Old Norse: Ulfrað First element PGmc *wulfa- ("wolf"), second element PGmc *hardu- ("hard").[211] Vassal of Dietrich von Bern, nephew of Hildebrand1, brother of Alphart. He is characteristically hot-headed, and appears in most of Dietrich's fights and adventures. In the Nibelungenlied, he insists on attacking the Burgundians, despite Dietrich von Bern's reluctance to get involved in the conflict, after Rüdiger has been killed fighting them. He is killed by Giselher, whom he also kills.[212] Nibelungenlied, Þiðreks saga, Rosengarten zu Worms, Biterolf und Dietleib, Laurin, Virginal
Wolfwin Middle High German: Wolfwîn Wolf means "wolf",[213] and the second element win means "friend".[214] One of the vassals of Dietrich von Bern. In the Nibelungenlied, he dies fighting the Burgundians.[212] His familial relationships change in different epics: in Wolfdietrich w, he is the brother of Wolfhart and nephew of Hildebrand1, in Biterolf und Dietleib he is the brother of Richart and Wolfwin, and in the Nibelungenklage he is the son of Nere.[215] Nibelungenlied, Nibelungenklage, Wolfdietrich, Alpharts Tod, Biterolf und Dietleib
Wonred Old English: Wonrēd It is a name that is otherwise unknown,[216] and it means "want counsel".[217] Won means "wanting", "void of".[185] The Geatish brothers Eofor and Wulf1 are called "sons of Wonred".[218][217] Beowulf
Wulf1 Old English: Wulf From PN Wulfaz ("wolf").[163] Wulf ("wolf", a common Scandinavian name) appears with his brother Eofor ("wild boar"). It is peculiar that two brothers fight at the same time against an opponent (the Swedish king Ongentheow)[218] and that only one of the names, Wulf, alliterate with that of the father.[218][217] Cronan interprets it as a collation of the boar and the wolf, like the raven and the eagle in Germanic tradition,[217] but Nerman notes that jǫfurr "boar" could mean "prince" in Scandinavian tradition, and so the name Eofor likely referred to Wulf1, but the two names created Eofor as a doublet of Wulf1 in Beowulf.[219] For killing Ongentheow in battle, he received the richest possible reward, the only daughter of king Hygelac.[220] Beowulf
Wulf2 Old English: Wulf See Wulf1 Eadwacer is mentioned in the lament ''Wulf and Eadwacer that is notoriously difficult to interpret.[221] Wulf and Eadwacer
Wulfgar Wulfgār From PN Wulfagaizaz[163] from *wulfaz meaning "wolf"[222] and *gaizaz, which means "spear".[223] Wulgar greets Beowulf at Heorot. He is a Wendla lēod, a "man of the Wendels",[224] who may be the inhabitants of Vendel (see Vendel Period) near Uppsala, in Sweden, those of Vendsyssel in northern Jutland, or the Vandals.[225] According to Belden, Stjerna and Klaeber, his honoured position at the Danish court may be best explained as he and Weohstan belonging to an aristocratic Swedish clan which would have resided at Vendel in Sweden. During the Swedish civil war that ended in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern, they sided with Onela, and after Eadgils victory they had to go into exile. Weohstan ended up with the Geats while Wulgar sought refuge among the Danes.[165] Beowulf
Wulfhere Old English: Wulfhere The first element means "wolf", from PGmc *wulfaz,[226] and the second element means "army" from PGmc *χarjaz or *χariz.[182] Appears in Widsith, line 119 as one of the two Gothic (Hræde) princes who fought the Huns in the Vistula Woods. The other prince was Wyrmhere,[227] who appears as the Goth Ormar in Hervarar saga.[228] Widsith
Wunderer Early New High German Wunderer The figure may derive from Arthurian traditions, but may also derive from native folklore.[229] The name is from MHG wunderære, which is used here synonymously with MHG wunder ("monster").[229] A cannibalistic monster who invades Attila's court and is then killed by Dietrich von Bern.[230] Wunderer
Wyrmhere See Ormar

Y edit

Figure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations
Yaroslav the Wise Old Norse: Jarisleifr Probably based on Yaroslav the Wise.[72] In Old Norse, the Slavic name was reinterpreted as jara ("fight") and leifr ("descendant").[231] In Guðrúnarkviða II and Völsunga saga, Jarisleifr appears as one of Gudrun's suitors. In his translation of Guðrúnarkviða II, Hollander considers the mention out of place and moves it to the notes,[71] and Finch comments that it probably refers to Yaroslav the Wise who received help from his brother from Eymund who also appears as one of the suitors, Eymóðr.[72] Guðrúnarkviða II, Völsunga saga
Yngvar Old Norse: Yngvarr, Latin: Yngware May be based on Ivar the Boneless.[232] See Ingvar. In Ragnarssona þáttr, Yngvar and Husto are the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok by a concubine. When their half-brother Ivar the Boneless had conquered England, he had them torture Edmund the Martyr.[233] The names Yngvar and Ivar may have been variant forms of the same name[234] and so Yngvar may have originated in Ivar the Boneless himself. In Abbo of Fleury's Life of St. Edmund, it is reported that Edmund was killed by Yngware (probably Ivar) and Hubba.[232] Life of St. Edmund Ragnarssona þáttr
Yngvar (others) For other figures named Yngvar, se Ingvar
Yngvi1 Old Norse: Yngvi, Latin: Ingo, Old Norse: Ingjaldr, Latin: Ingeldus May be based on a historic 5th c. Swedish king.[235] Yngvi may be derived from the ethnonym Ingwianiz.[236] The first element Ing- in Ingjaldr may be from a PGmc *Ingwia- with the genitive suffix from *Ingwaz an unattested Germanic god, or also from the ethnonym Ingwianiz,[237] and the second element from *waldaz ("ruler").[238] A king of Sweden, who according to Íslendingabók, succeeded Agne (who succeeded Alrekr), but in Ynglinga saga, he was his grandson and the son of Alrekr. In Gesta Danorum he is duplicated as the two brothers Ingo and Ingeldus (Ingjaldr) and instead the son(s) of Alfr1 (Alverus) who in Ynglingatal is Yngvi's brother. Ingo and Yngvi are probably hypocorisms of an early form of Ingjaldr, who was probably the name of a historical Swedish king at Uppsala. Based on Snorri's retelling of Ynglingatal, he ruled together with his brother Alfr1, but unlike the latter he preferred to pillage abroad. Alf1's wife Bera preferred the manly and outgoing Yngve to her timid and sullen husband Alfr1, and she did not hide it. One evening when Alfr1 saw Yngvi converse with Bera, he unexpectedly pulled his sword and killed his brother with it, but before dying, Yngvi did the same with Alfr1. Hervarar saga and Orvar-Odd's saga tell the legend of Yngvi's beautiful daughter Ingiborg and Hjalmar, her lover.[239] The older version of Orvar-Odd's saga calls him Ingjald, but in the younger version his name has been changed to Hloðvér.[240] According to the Skjöldunga saga, the Danish king Frodo III married Inga, the daughter of Ingo who was the son of Alricus (the 14th or 17th king of Sweden).[241] Íslendingabók, Ynglingatal, Historia Norwegiæ, Ynglinga saga, Skjöldunga saga, Gesta Danorum, Hervarar saga, Orvar-Odd's saga
Yngvi2 Old Norse: Yngvi See Yngvi1. A son of king Hring1 who is allied with the kings Högni3 and Granmar. Before the impending battle with Helgi Hundingsbane, Hothbrodd asks the messengers to send for Hring1's sons Atli1, Yngvi2 and Alfr6 the Hoary.[242] Elias Wessén agrees with Sophus Bugge's identification of Hring as the Swedish king Sigurd Ring, and considers Atli2, Yngvi2 and Alfr6 to be the same men as Áli, Yngvi and Alf of the Swedish Yngling dynasty who are counted among the warriors in the Battle of the Brávellir.[243] Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Gesta Danorum (VIII), Sögubrot
Yngvi3 Latin: Ingvi and Ingvone See Yngvi1. In Ad catalogum, Yngvi visits the great sacrifices at Skiringssal in Viken with his father the petty king Alf9 of Vendel, his brother Alf10 and sister Alfsol. Another visitor is Sigurd Ring (Sigvard Ring), the king of Sweden and Denmark, who falls in love with his sister Alfsol. Considering the king too old for Alfsol the brothers kill her by poisoning rather than seeing Sigurd have her. The wrinkled old king kills both Yngvi and Alf10 in a duel but is severely wounded himself.[244] Ad catalogum regum Sveciæ annotanda
Yrmenlaf Yrmenlāf From *ermanaz/ermunaz ("great", "tall")[245] and *-laibaz ("descendant", "heir").[246] Yrmenlaf was Æschere's elder brother. He is mentioned when Æschere is dead to add to the latter's importance.[247] He appears to have been a well-known character to the audience that listened to Beowulf, although nothing else has survived about him.[248] Beowulf
Yrsa Old Norse: Yrsa, Latin: Ursula (Chronicon lethrense), Latin: Urse (Gesta Danorum), Old English: Yrs (not certain, but only emended from Beowulf) Probably based on a Frankish woman captured in a raid, such as that of Hygelac[249][250] From an earlier Ursiō and a corresponding male Frankish name, Ursio is attested.[250] It is based on Latin ursus ("bear").[251][252] In the Eddic poem Grottasǫngr, Yrsa's son is said to be both her son and her brother, and that this son/brother will avenge Halfdan.[250] In Hrólfr Kraki's saga, the Danish king Helgi kidnaps and rapes Alof3 (Oluf), the warrior queen of Saxony which results in Yrsa. Later Helgi comes back and finds her (not knowing she is his daughter), marries her and she gives him the son Hrólfr Kraki. Then Alof3 goes to Denmark and tells them of their incest, after which Yrsa leaves Helgi, and later marries Aðils, the king of Sweden. In the Skjöldunga saga and Ynglinga saga, she was already married to Aðils (in the Ynglinga saga, version she is not given to him, but he captures her in Saxony), and Helgi kidnaps her in Sweden instead. In Danish sources, Alof3 is replaced by Thora, the daughter of earl Hrólfr of Lolland. When Helgi dies, she marries Aðils, the king of Sweden. According to Gesta Danorum, the incest is caused by the vengeful Thora who sends Yrsa to Helgi so he can rape her not knowing she is his daughter.[253] In both Danish and Icelandic accounts, she is visited by her son/brother in Uppsala and she helps him escape with the Swedish kings treasures, and in the Danish, she also accompanies him in the escape.[254] In the Chronicon lethrense and Skjöldunga saga, she and Aðis have the daughter Skuld.[255] Damico, has suggested that Yrsa is Wealhþeow's true name, but most scholars accept Clarke's identification of Yrsa as the same woman as the unnamed sister of Heorogar, Hrothgar, and Halga, in Beowulf, who was married to the Swedish king.[256] Probably Beowulf (emended) Hrólfr Kraki's saga, Skjöldunga saga, Ynglinga saga, Skáldskaparmál, Gróttasöngr, Chronicon lethrense, Gesta danorum

References edit

  1. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 91.
  2. ^ Kaufmann 1968, p. 91.
  3. ^ a b c d e Gillespie 1973, p. 130.
  4. ^ Uecker 1972, p. 132.
  5. ^ Uecker 1972, pp. 131–132.
  6. ^ Malone 1962, p. 204.
  7. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 31.
  8. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 227f.
  9. ^ Gentry et al. 2011, p. 129.
  10. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 61.
  11. ^ Pálsson & Edwards 1985, p. 199.
  12. ^ Naumann 2016, p. 54.
  13. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 5ff, 63.
  14. ^ Fisher 2015, pp. 365ff.
  15. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 232.
  16. ^ Byock 1999, p. 98.
  17. ^ Hollander 1928, pp. 155f.
  18. ^ Pálsson & Edwards 1972, p. 78.
  19. ^ a b Pálsson & Edwards 1972, p. 94.
  20. ^ Pálsson & Edwards 1972, p. 91.
  21. ^ Pálsson & Edwards 1972, p. 100.
  22. ^ Pálsson & Edwards 1972, p. 105.
  23. ^ Pálsson & Edwards 1972, pp. 123, 133.
  24. ^ Pálsson & Edwards 1972, pp. 124, 133ff.
  25. ^ a b Pálsson & Edwards 1972, p. 139.
  26. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 227f, 233.
  27. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 155, 233.
  28. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 55.
  29. ^ a b Waggoner 2009, p. 56.
  30. ^ a b Fisher 2015, p. 546.
  31. ^ Fisher 2015, pp. 546f.
  32. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 742.
  33. ^ a b c Peterson 2007, p. 43.
  34. ^ Pálsson & Edwards 1972, pp. 48ff.
  35. ^ Jochens 1996, p. 60.
  36. ^ Friðriksdóttir 2010, p. 72.
  37. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1467, 1469.
  38. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1339–1349.
  39. ^ a b Krause 2010, p. 286.
  40. ^ a b Malone 1962, p. 205.
  41. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 237f.
  42. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 1467.
  43. ^ Reichert 1994, pp. 504–505.
  44. ^ Reichert 1994, p. 505.
  45. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 131.
  46. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 223.
  47. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 54f.
  48. ^ Fisher 2015, p. 541.
  49. ^ Fisher 2015, p. 543.
  50. ^ a b c Nerman 1925, pp. 100f, 143f.
  51. ^ a b c Jones 1969, p. 38.
  52. ^ a b c Schück & Warburg 1985, p. 72.
  53. ^ Nerman 1925, p. 144.
  54. ^ Kunin 2001, p. 13.
  55. ^ Finlay & Faulkes 2016, pp. 28f.
  56. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 1469.
  57. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1126–1127.
  58. ^ McTurk 1991, p. 106.
  59. ^ McTurk 1991, p. 214.
  60. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 239.
  61. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 55f.
  62. ^ Fisher 2015, p. 519.
  63. ^ Rozano-García 2019, pp. 2–5.
  64. ^ Clarke 1911, p. 133.
  65. ^ a b Malone 1962, p. 206.
  66. ^ Mueller 1939, p. 280.
  67. ^ a b c Gillespie 1973, p. 133.
  68. ^ de Vries 2000, p. 640.
  69. ^ Tolkien 1960, p. 59, note 8.
  70. ^ Tolkien 1960, pp. 59f.
  71. ^ a b Hollander 1928, pp. 315.
  72. ^ a b c d Finch 1965, p. 62, note 3.
  73. ^ Jiriczek 1898, p. 177.
  74. ^ a b c Hellquist 1922, p. 1082.
  75. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 245.
  76. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 163.
  77. ^ Jiriczek 1898, pp. 175–176.
  78. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 383.
  79. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 676.
  80. ^ Olson 1916, p. 17.
  81. ^ McKinnell 2005, p. 70.
  82. ^ Sundqvist 2002, p. 162.
  83. ^ a b Finlay & Faulkes 2016, pp. 16f.
  84. ^ Vikstrand 2004, pp. 373.
  85. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 681.
  86. ^ Byock 1999, pp. 9f, 98.
  87. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 249, 250, 252.
  88. ^ a b Blomkvist 2005, p. 247, note 111.
  89. ^ Blomkvist 2005, p. 253.
  90. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 53, 56.
  91. ^ a b Fisher 2015, p. 535.
  92. ^ a b Fisher 2015, p. 547.
  93. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 44.
  94. ^ a b Olrik 1919, p. 368.
  95. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 257.
  96. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 251.
  97. ^ Olson 1916, p. 83.
  98. ^ Simek 1993, p. 362.
  99. ^ a b Peterson 2004, p. 34.
  100. ^ Peterson 2004, p. 25.
  101. ^ Peterson 2004, p. 33.
  102. ^ Peterson 2004, p. 27.
  103. ^ Simek 1993, pp. 361f.
  104. ^ a b c Jiriczek 1898, p. 178.
  105. ^ a b c d Gillespie 1973, p. 138.
  106. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 144–145.
  107. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 144.
  108. ^ a b c d e Gentry et al. 2011, p. 137.
  109. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 324, note 1.
  110. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 166.
  111. ^ Hollander 1928, pp. 324ff.
  112. ^ a b c Gillespie 1973, p. 45.
  113. ^ Orel 2003, p. 467.
  114. ^ Orel 2003, p. 64.
  115. ^ Sundqvist 2002, p. 164.
  116. ^ Finlay & Faulkes 2016, pp. 17f.
  117. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 53.
  118. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 56, 108.
  119. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 56f.
  120. ^ Fisher 2015, p. 545.
  121. ^ de Vries 2000, p. 673.
  122. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 721.
  123. ^ de Vries 2000, p. 661.
  124. ^ Krause 2010, p. 312.
  125. ^ Finlay 2010, pp. 123ff.
  126. ^ Mueller 1939, pp. 282–283.
  127. ^ Mueller 1939, p. 282.
  128. ^ a b c Gillespie 1973, p. 139.
  129. ^ a b c Krause 2010, p. 295.
  130. ^ Byock 1990, pp. 36ff.
  131. ^ Finch 1965, pp. 2ff.
  132. ^ Klaeber 2008, p. 469.
  133. ^ Orel 2003, p. 447.
  134. ^ a b Wessén 1952, p. 68.
  135. ^ Klaeber 2008, pp. Ixif.
  136. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 73.
  137. ^ Schneider 1962, pp. 368–369.
  138. ^ a b c d Gillespie 1973, p. 134.
  139. ^ a b c d Malone 1962, p. 209.
  140. ^ Orel 2003, p. 443.
  141. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1514, 1517.
  142. ^ Kaufmann 1968, p. 378.
  143. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 693–694.
  144. ^ Ghosh 2007, p. 235.
  145. ^ Murdoch 2004, p. 162.
  146. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 136.
  147. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 135.
  148. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 137.
  149. ^ Uecker 1972, p. 88.
  150. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 143.
  151. ^ Heusler 1910, p. 97.
  152. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 141–142.
  153. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 142.
  154. ^ Neidorf 2018b, p. 78.
  155. ^ Newton 1993, p. 124.
  156. ^ a b Newton 1993, p. 126.
  157. ^ Newton 1993, p. 125f.
  158. ^ Acker 2007, p. 6.
  159. ^ Clarke 1911, pp. 59f.
  160. ^ Leneghan 2020, p. 19.
  161. ^ Leneghan 2020, p. 58.
  162. ^ Leneghan 2020, p. 132.
  163. ^ a b c d Peterson 2004, p. 40.
  164. ^ Peterson 2004, p. 28.
  165. ^ a b Klaeber 2008, pp. Ixiif.
  166. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1539f.
  167. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 749ff.
  168. ^ Orel 2003, p. 162.
  169. ^ a b c d e f Gillespie 1973, p. 140.
  170. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 104.
  171. ^ a b c Clarke 1911, p. 175.
  172. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 248.
  173. ^ Orel 2003, p. 463.
  174. ^ Orel 2003, p. 449.
  175. ^ Orel 2003, p. 123.
  176. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1133–1134.
  177. ^ Osborn 2019, p. 173, note 83.
  178. ^ Clarke 1911, p. 165.
  179. ^ Clarke 1911, p. 158.
  180. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1539, 1544.
  181. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 760, 762.
  182. ^ a b Orel 2003, p. 163.
  183. ^ a b Malone 1962, p. 210.
  184. ^ a b Klaeber 2008, p. 232.
  185. ^ a b Klaeber 2008, p. 473.
  186. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 148.
  187. ^ Haymes 1988, p. 25.
  188. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 147.
  189. ^ Krause 2010, p. 211.
  190. ^ Orel 2003, p. 465.
  191. ^ Clarke 1911, pp. 163f.
  192. ^ Anderson 1999, pp. 110, 111, 115.
  193. ^ Peterson 2004, p. 36.
  194. ^ Peterson 2004, pp. 34, 37, 40.
  195. ^ Clarke 1911, p. 146.
  196. ^ Clarke 1911, pp. 146f.
  197. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1576–1585.
  198. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 146.
  199. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 145.
  200. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 145–146.
  201. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1562, 1564.
  202. ^ Malone 1962, p. 201.
  203. ^ a b Malone 1962, p. 211.
  204. ^ Orel 2003, p. 469.
  205. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 1648.
  206. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 333.
  207. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 150–151.
  208. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 150.
  209. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 148–149.
  210. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 151.
  211. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1639, 1651, 749, 751.
  212. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 152.
  213. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 1661.
  214. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 1610.
  215. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 152–153.
  216. ^ Nerman 1925, pp. 93–95.
  217. ^ a b c d Cronan 1993, p. 477.
  218. ^ a b c Nerman 1925, p. 93.
  219. ^ Nerman 1925, p. 94.
  220. ^ Nerman 1925, p. 96.
  221. ^ Amodio 2014, pp. 255f.
  222. ^ Peterson 2004, pp. 10, 40.
  223. ^ Peterson 2004, pp. 25, 40.
  224. ^ Neidorf 2018a, p. 854.
  225. ^ Klaeber 2008, p. 472.
  226. ^ Orel 2003, p. 473.
  227. ^ Malone 1962, p. 213.
  228. ^ Malone 1962, p. 214.
  229. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 154.
  230. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 153–154.
  231. ^ Дегтярева 2010, p. 23.
  232. ^ a b Waggoner 2009, p. 111.
  233. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 70.
  234. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 142.
  235. ^ Nerman 1919, p. 145.
  236. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 135.
  237. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 135f.
  238. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 136, 139, 245.
  239. ^ Noreen 1922, p. 563.
  240. ^ Nerman 1925, p. 227.
  241. ^ Miller 2007, p. 13.
  242. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 222.
  243. ^ Wessén 1927, p. 88, note 1.
  244. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 60.
  245. ^ Orel 2003, p. 40.
  246. ^ Peterson 2004, p. 6.
  247. ^ Biggs 2003, p. 639.
  248. ^ Neidorf 2013a, p. 568.
  249. ^ Clarke 1911, pp. 83.
  250. ^ a b c Olrik 1919, p. 275.
  251. ^ Clarke 1911, pp. 82f.
  252. ^ Olrik 1919, p. 274.
  253. ^ Olrik 1919, pp. 263ff.
  254. ^ Olrik 1919, pp. 311ff.
  255. ^ Olrik 1919, p. 82.
  256. ^ Osborn 2019, p. 167.

Sources edit

  • Acker, Paul (2007). "Part I. "Fragments of Danish History" (Skjöldunga saga)". ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews. 20 (3): 3–9. doi:10.3200/ANQQ.20.3.3-9. S2CID 162198516.
  • Amodio, Mark C. (2014). The Anglo Saxon Literature Handbook. Vol. 15 (1 ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. ISBN 9781118286517.
  • Anderson, Carl Edlund (1999). Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia (PDF) (Thesis). University of Cambridge.
  • Biggs, Frederick M. (2003). "Hondscioh and Æschere in Beowulf". Neophilologus. 87 (4): 635–652. doi:10.1023/A:1025471415863. S2CID 159641273.
  • Blomkvist, Nils (2005). Crawford, Barbara; Kirby, David; Sigurdsson, Jon-Vidar; Øye, Ingvild; Unger, Richard W.; Urbanczyk, Przemyslaw (eds.). The Discovery of the Baltic, The Reception of a Catholic World-System in the European North (AD 1075-1225). The Northern World, North Europe and the Baltic c. 400-1700 AD, Peoples, Economies and Cultures. Vol. 15. Brill: Leiden, Boston. ISBN 90-04-14122-7.
  • Byock, Jesse (1990). The Saga of the Volsungs: The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23285-2.
  • Byock, Jesse (1999). The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki. Penguin Classics. ISBN 014043593X.
  • Clarke, M. G. (1911). Sidelights on Teutonic History During the Migration Period, being Studies of Beowulf and Other Old English Poems. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cleasby, Richard; Vigfússon, Gudbrand (1874). An Icelandic-English dictionary. Oxford Clarendon Press.
  • Cronan, Dennis (1993). "The rescuing sword". Neophilologus. 77 (3): 467–478. doi:10.1007/BF00999688. S2CID 162366030.
  • Дегтярева, Л. И. (2010). "Немецкая ономастика в Сумской области". Філологічні трактати. 2 (3): 23–28.
  • The Saga of the Volsungs (PDF). Translated by Finch, R. G. London and Edinburgh: Nelson. 1965.
  • Heimskringla (PDF). Vol. 1. Translated by Finlay, Alison; Faulkes, Anthony. Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London. 2016. ISBN 978-0-903521-86-4.
  • Finlay, Alison (2010). "The Saga of Ásmundr, Killer of Champions". In Martin, Arnold; Finlay, Alison (eds.). Making History, Essays on the Fornaldarsögur. Viking Society for Northern Research, University College, London. pp. 119–139. ISBN 978-0-903521-84-0.
  • Friis-Jensen, Karsten, ed. (2015). Saxo Grammaticus Gesta Danorum, The History of the Danes. Vol. 1. Translated by Fisher, Peter. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-82052-34.
  • Friðriksdóttir, Jóhanna Katrín (2010). "Hyggin ok forsjál. Wisdom and Women's Counsel in Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar". In Martin, Arnold; Finlay, Alison (eds.). Making History, Essays on the Fornaldarsögur. Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London. ISBN 978-0-903521-84-0.
  • Förstemann, Ernst (1900). Altdeutsches Namenbuch, Band 1: Personennamen (2 ed.). Bonn: Bonn, P. Hanstein.
  • Gentry, Francis G.; McConnell, Winder; Müller, Ulrich; Wunderlich, Werner, eds. (2011) [2002]. The Nibelungen Tradition. An Encyclopedia. New York, Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8153-1785-2.
  • Ghosh, Shami (2007). "On the origins of Germanic heroic poetry: a case study of the legend of the Burgundians". Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur. 129 (2): 220–252. doi:10.1515/BGSL.2007.220. S2CID 161148492.
  • Gillespie, George T. (1973). Catalogue of Persons Named in German Heroic Literature, 700-1600: Including Named Animals and Objects and Ethnic Names. Oxford: Oxford University. ISBN 978-0-19-815718-2.
  • Haymes, Edward (1988). The saga of Thidrek of Bern. Garland library of medieval literature. New York: Garland. ISBN 0824084896.
  • Hellquist, Elof (1922). Svensk etymologisk ordbok. Lund: C.W.K. Gleerups förlag.
  • Heusler, Andreas (1910). "Heldennamen in mehrfacher lautgestalt". Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum. 52 (1/2): 97–107. JSTOR 20652404.
  • The Poetic Edda. Translated by Hollander, Lee M. Texas University Press. 1928.
  • Jiriczek, Otto Luitpold (1898). Deutsche Heldensagen, Band 1. Strasbourg: Karl Trübner. ISBN 9783112176429.
  • Jochens, Jenny (1996). Old Norse Images of Women. University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia. ISBN 0-8122-3358-1.
  • Jones, Gwyn (1969). A History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press.
  • Kaufmann, Hennig (1968). Ergänzungsband zu Ernst Förstemann: Personennamen. Wilhelm Fink.
  • Klaeber, Friedrich (2008). Fulk, R.D.; Bjork, Robert E.; Niles, John D. (eds.). Klaeber's Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg. University of Toronto Press. pp. 274–277. ISBN 978-0-8020-9843-6.
  • Krause, Arnulf (2010). Reclams Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie und Heldensage. Reclam. ISBN 978-3-15-010778-2.
  • Phelpstead, Carl, ed. (2001). A History of Norway and the Passion and Miracles of the Blessed Óláfr (PDF). Translated by Kunin, Devra. Viking Society for Northern Research. ISBN 978-0-903521-48-2.
  • Leneghan, Francis (2020). Hines, John; Cubitt, Catherine (eds.). "The Dynastic Drama of Beowulf, Anglo-Saxon Studies 39". Anglo-Saxon Studies. Boydell & Brewer. ISSN 1475-2468.
  • Malone, Kemp (1936). Wisith (1962 ed.). Rosenkilde and Bagger, Copenhagen.
  • McKinnell, John (2005). Meeting the Other in Norse Myth and Legend. Cambridge: DS Brewer. ISBN 1-84384-042-1.
  • McTurk, Rory (1991). Studies in Ragnars saga Loðbrókar and its Major Scandinavian Analogues. The Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature, Oxford. ISBN 0-907570-08-9.
  • Miller, Clarence H. (2007). "Fragments of Danish History". ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews. 20 (3): 9–33. doi:10.3200/ANQQ.20.3.9-22. S2CID 161363696.
  • Mueller, Eugen Hartmuth (1939). "Deutung einiger Namen im Nibelungenlied". Monatshefte für Deutschen Unterricht. 31 (6): 274–284. JSTOR 30169580.
  • Murdoch, Brian (2004). "Gothic". In Murdoch, Brian; Read, Malcolm (eds.). Camden House History of German Literature, volume 1: Early Germanic Literature and Culture. Camden House. pp. 149–170. ISBN 1-57113-199-X.
  • Naumann, Hans-Peter (2016). "Bósa saga ok Herrauðs". In Pulsiano, Philip; Wolf, Kirsten (eds.). Medieval Scandinavia, an Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge Revivals. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-315-16132-7.
  • Neidorf, Leonard (2013a). "Beowulf before Beowulf: Anglo-Saxon Anthroponymy and Heroic Legend". The Review of English Studies. 64 (266): 553–573. doi:10.1093/res/hgs108.
  • Neidorf, Leonard (2018a). "Beowulf as Pre-National Epic: Ethnocentrism in the Poem and its Criticism". ELH. 85 (4): 847–875. doi:10.1353/elh.2018.0031. S2CID 165792664.
  • Neidorf, Leonard (2018b). "Wealhtheow and Her Name: Etymology, Characterization, and Textual Criticism". Neophilologus. 102 (1): 75–89. doi:10.1007/s11061-017-9538-4. S2CID 165875310.
  • Nerman, Birger (1919). "Kung Agne och hans död på Agnefit". Fornvännen.
  • Nerman, Birger (1925). Svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm: Generalstabens litografiska anstalt.
  • Newton, Sam (1993). The Origins of Beowulf and the Pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780859914727.
  • Noreen, Adolf (1922). "Yngve". In Westrin, Th. (ed.). Nordisk Familjebok. Vol. 33 (2 ed.). p. 563.
  • Olrik, Axel (1919). The Heroic Legends of Denmark. Translated by Hollander, Lee M. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation.
  • Olson, Oscar Ludvig (1916). "The Relation of the Hrólfs saga kraka and the Bjarkarímur to Beowulf". Publications of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study. 3 (1): 1–104. JSTOR 40914974.
  • Orel, Vladimir E. (2003). A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12875-0.
  • Osborn, Marijane (2019). "The Alleged Murder of Hrethric in Beowulf". Traditio. 74: 153–177. doi:10.1017/tdo.2019.9. S2CID 210496115.
  • Hrolf Gautreksson. Translated by Pálsson, Hermann; Edwards, Paul. Edinburg: Southside. 1972. ISBN 0-8020-1814-9.
  • Seven Viking Romances. Translated by Pálsson, Hermann; Edwards, Paul. Penguin Group. 1985. ISBN 9780141966809.
  • Peterson, Lena (2004). Lexikon över urnordiska personnamn. Uppsala: Institutet för språk och folkminnen.
  • Peterson, Lena (2007). Nordiskt runnamnslexikon. Uppsala: Institutet för språk och folkminnen.
  • Reichert, Hermann (1994). "Heime in Wilten und in der Thidrekssaga". In Uecker, Heiko (ed.). Studien zum Altgermanischen. Festschrift für Heinrich Beck. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 503–512.
  • Rozano-García, Francisco J. (2019). "Unferþ maðelode - The Villain in Beowulf Reconsidered". English Studies. 100 (8): 941–958. doi:10.1080/0013838X.2019.1640051. S2CID 201430758.
  • Schück, Henrik; Warburg, Karl (1985). Illustrerad svensk litteraturhistoria. Vol. 1 (3 ed.). Malmö: Gidlunds. ISBN 91-7844-027-0.
  • Simek, Rudolf (1993). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Hall; Angela. D. S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-369-4.
  • Schneider, Hermann (1962). Germanische Heldensage, Bd. 1: Deutsche Heldensage (2 ed.). de Gruyter.
  • Sundqvist, Olof (2002). Freyr's offspring, Rulers and religion in ancient Svea society. Uppsala universitet. ISBN 91-554-5263-9.
  • The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise (PDF). Translated by Tolkien, Christopher. 1960.
  • Uecker, Heiko (1972). Germanische Heldensage. Stuttgart: Metzler. ISBN 3476101061.
  • Vikstrand, Per (2004). "Skúta and Vendil, Two Place Names in Ynglingatal". In van Nahl, Astrid; Elmevik, Lennart; Brink, Stefan (eds.). Namenwelten. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-018108-8.
  • de Vries, Jan (1962). Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch (2000 ed.). Brill. ISBN 90-04-05436-7.
  • The Sagas of Ragnar Lodbrok. Translated by Waggoner, Ben. New Haven: Troth Publications. 2009. ISBN 9780578021386.
  • Wessén, Elias (1927). "Eddadikterna om Helge Hundingsbane". Fornvännen.
  • Wessén, Elias (1952). Wessén, Elias; Helgason, Jón; Knudsen, Trygve; Skautrup, Peter (eds.). Ynglingsaga. Svenska bokförlaget Norstedts, Stockholm; Ejnar Munksgaard, København; Dreyers forlag, Oslo.

January 01, 1970
list, figures, germanic, heroic, legend, main, article, lists, figures, germanic, heroic, legend, smith, wayland, from, front, eighth, century, northumbrian, franks, casket, contents, references, sourcest, editfigure, names, medieval, languages, historical, or. Main article Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend The smith Wayland from the front of the eighth century Northumbrian Franks Casket Contents 1 T 2 U 3 V 4 W 5 Y 6 References 7 SourcesT editFigure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations Tanastus Latin Tanastus The etymology is uncertain 1 The first element may be related to ON dana Dane Low German dane swamp or it may be from PGmc danwō fir tree or dannio spruce tree a material from which weapons were made 2 The eleventh warrior of Gunther killed by Walter of Aquitaine He comes from Speyer 3 Waltharius Tarnung Middle High German Tarnunc Based on MHG tarnen to conceal 3 A dwarf king His kingdom has been usurped by Bilbung but Wolfdietrich restores it to his son 3 Wolfdietrich Tarias Middle High German Tarias or Karinas The name may be a corruption of Darius used for heathen kings in Old French epic 3 The heathen king and giant who threatens the monastery which Wolfdietrich has entered after abdicating his crown He is killed and defeated by Wolfdietrich and his son Hugdietrich2 3 Wolfdietrich Theodoric the Great See Dietrich von Bern Thether See Diether Thetleif See Dietleib von Steier Thetmar See Dietmar Theuderic I Latin Theudericus Old English THeodric Historical king of the Franks who conquered the Thuringians in 531 and died c 533 The figure Wolfdietrich has also been suggested to have his origins in this king 4 See Dietrich von Bern In Widukind s Deeds of the Saxons Theuderic is portrayed as the illegitimate son of King Huga He becomes king after his father s death and attempts to befriend Hermanafrid king of the Thuringians However Theuderic s sister Amalaberga who is Hermanafrid s wife convinces Hermanafrid to rebuff him This leads Theuderic to bribe Hermanafrid s vassal Iring to kill Hermanafrid which he does in Hermanafrid s presence However Iring then kills Theuderic to avenge his lord placing Hermanfrid s corpse on top of Theuderic s 5 Widsith 24 115 Rok runestone 6 Deeds of the Saxons Thidrek af Bern See Dietrich von Bern Thidrek Valdemarsson Old Norse THidrekr Valdemarsson Theodoric Strabo has been suggested as the origin of this figure 7 See Dietrich von Bern Possibly the same figure as Dietrich von Griechen He is a favorite and kinsman of Erka Helche the son of the Rus king Valdemar and a rival and opponent of Dietrich von Bern He is captured and wounded by Dietrich Helche heals him and he escapes but Dietrich catches and beheads him 7 THidreks saga Thora Old Norse THora THora is a hypocoristic form of female names beginning with THor from the theonym Thor 8 The daughter of King Hakon Gudrun stays with her for three years after Sigurd s death 9 Gudrunarkvida I Gudrunarkvida II Volsunga saga Thora Borgarhjort Old Norse THora Borgarhjǫrtr See Thora In Ad catalogum she is the daughter of Gautrik the baron of Gautland After Ragnar Lodbrok had killed a very large snake she was given to him as a reward and before dying she gave him the sons Eric3 and Agnar4 10 In Bosa saga she is instead the daughter of Herraudr by Gautrik s half brother king Hring of Ostergotland 11 Her father rescued her mother Hleidr from the Bjarmians and brought back an egg from Bjarmaland which hatched to become the snake that Ragnar killed 12 In Ragnars saga lodbrokar and Ragnarssona thattr her father Herrudr Herraudr has given her snake that grows to encircle her bower until it is so large that he promises her to the man that can kill the serpent which Ragnar does She dies after having given Ragnar the sons Eric3 and Agnarr4 13 In Gesta Danorum IX she is the daughter of the Swedish king Herroth who had given her some snakes that grew until they became so large that they terrorized the land She was given as a reward to Ragnar after he had killed them Ragnar divorces Lathgertha for her sake and Thora gives him the sons Rathbarth and Dunwat but she soon becomes ill and dies 14 Bosa saga ok Herrauds Ragnars saga lodbrokar Ragnarssona thattr Krakumal Ad catalogum regum Sveciae annotanda Gesta Danorum IX Thorir Hound s Foot Old Norse THorir hundsfotr THorir is from PN THunra wihaʀ and means priest of Thor 15 The son of Bjorn and Bera and brother of Bodvar Bjarki he has dog s feet He becomes king of the Geats 16 Hrolfs saga kraka Thorir Iron Shield Old Norse THorir jarnskjǫldr See Thorir Hound s Foot He is mentioned in the eddic poem Hyndluljod together with his fellow housecarls Grim the Hardy Gunnar Midwall Ulf the Gaping Brodd and Harvi They are in the service of king Hrolf the Old The legends of Thorir and Grim the housecarls of Hrolf are told in the saga Hrolfs saga Gautrekssonar 17 He is in the service of king Halfdan of Gardariki and in charge of his defensive force 18 and the foster father of his daughter Alof 19 He advises his lord not to fight the Geatish king Hrolf but to ally with him instead and give his daughter to Hrolf s brother Ketill 20 Unwisely the king does not listen 19 After the battle Thorir is seriously wounded and accepts to enter Hrolfs service on condition that his wound is taken care of 21 He becomes responsible for Hrolf s defenses 22 and when Hrolf goes to Ireland he rules Sweden in his stead 23 When Hrolf is taken captive by the king of Ireland he takes part in the rescue expedition 24 freeing him from the prison 25 In the end he marries settles down becomes a prominent man in England and stays friends with his former liege 25 Hyndluljod Hrolfs saga Gautrekssonar Thorkel the Stubborn Gotlander Old Norse THorkell thrai Latin Thorkill Guticus The first element is THor i e the god Thor 26 and the second element is ketill which means helmet 27 He appears at the massive Battle of Bravellir as one of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring s warriors in the battle against the Danish king Harald Wartooth He is first mentioned as one of the archers sent from Telemark and the Swedes expected little from these archers that they held to be slow speaking drawlers 28 He is later mentioned as one of the Swedish king s champions and he stops and kills the shield maiden Vebjorg after a fierce fight with great deal of courage and many wounds 29 In Gesta Danorum he is also mentioned among the Telemark archers who are described a brave but humble but Thorkel is called the Gotlander 30 When the shield maiden Veborg threatens more Swedish warriors she is stopped and killed by Thorkill Saxo then praises the skills of the Gotlanders Gut t ones and their arrows that easily pierced both helmets and breastplates 31 Sogubrot Gesta Danorum VIII Thornbjorg Old Norse THornbjǫrg The basic meaning of thorn was thorn from PGmc thurnjaz m or thurnjōn f but it could also be used in compounds to mean lady 32 The second element is PGmc berʒō or burʒō helper assistant 33 She is a shield maiden and a Swedish princess the daughter of king Eric at Uppsala but she has her residence at Ulleraker She insists on deciding who she will marry and says it would be best for the kingdom 34 She is famed for her beauty and has learnt not only all the female skills but she has also mastered fighting with sword and shield She has prevailed on her father to give her a third of Sweden and rules it as king Thorberg When the Geatish king Hrolf Gautreksson starts to woo her she has already maimed or killed several previous suitors He attacks her in her fortress but only loses men and he has to siege her for two weeks until he digs a tunnel under the walls and conquers her after she has killed many men 35 When her husband Hrolf is on his last adventure in Ireland he is taken captive and put in prison and so she takes up arms again and arrives to save him and his men 36 Hrolfs saga Gautrekssonar Thurisind Latin Thurisindus Historical king of the Gepids died c 560 The first element is probably PGmc thursja giant 37 the second element is probably PGmc sintha way motion 38 King of the Gepids father of and Thurismod and Cunimund Although Alboin has killed his son Thurismod when Alboin comes to his court Thurisind spares Alboin s life because he is a guest 39 Historia Langobardorum Thyle Old English THyle Interpreted as OE THyle spokesman and it is attested as a personal name on a runestone in Sweden 40 the Runestone So 82 although the interpretation of the name is not secure 41 Appears in Widsith line 24 as the king of the Rondings and he may have been the eponym of the people of Telemark 40 Widsith Thyrso German Thyrso PGmc thursja giant 42 A giant he attacks the monastery of Wilten that had been founded by the hero Heime and is killed by him 43 Early modern broadsheet 1601 from Wilten monastery near Innsbruck Tyrol 44 Trogus Latin Trogus The name comes from PGmc draug cf Gothic driugan to do war service 45 The tenth warrior of Gunther killed by Walter of Aquitaine he comes from Strasbourg 45 Waltharius Tryggvi Old Norse Tryggvi Latin Thrygir The definite form of the ON adjective tryggr reliable 46 He appears at the massive Battle of Bravellir as one of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring s warriors in the battle against the Danish king Harald Wartooth In Sogubrot he arrives with twelve warships together with Tvivifil When the battle starts he stands at the front of the wedge formation called svinfylking next to the greatest of them all Rognvald the Tall or Radbard Fist and Laesir During the battle he engages Ubbi the Frisian but receives a mortal wound from him 47 In Gesta Danorum he arrives with Tvi Vifil with twelve ships but sailing separately 48 He is instructed to watch the right side of a crescent formation together with Ingo and his brothers the sons of Alrik while Lesi watched the left 49 Sogubrot Gesta Danorum VIII Tunni Old Norse Tunni Probably based on a Swedish tradition about the Geatish warrior Eofor killing the Swedish king Ongentheow in battle 50 51 52 ON Tunni is derived from PN tuntha which is from PN tunthuʀ cognate with Gothic tunthus tooth 53 and it means the one with big tooth It probably refers to Ongentheow s Geatish slayer Eofor wild boar In the West Norse accounts Ongentheow Egil2 is killed by the horns of a bull which in the East Norse dialect would have referred to the tusk of a boar Eofor s sword 50 51 52 The leader of a Swedish slave rebellion according to Ynglinga saga and Historia Norwegiae He defeats the Swedish king Egil2 Ongentheow in eight battles but loses the ninth 54 55 Norwegians and Icelanders appear to have misunderstood an original Swedish tradition preserved in the source Ynglingatal which was based on Eofor wild boar killing the Swedish king Ongentheow in battle 50 51 52 Probably cognate with Eofor in Beowulf Ynglingatal Historia Norwegiae Ynglinga saga Turismod Latin Turismodus The first element is probably PGmc thursja giant 56 the second element PGmc mōda mind spirit courage 57 Son of the Gepid king Thurisind He is killed by the Lombard king Alboin 39 Historia LangobardorumU editFigure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations Ubbi of Friesland Old Norse Ubbi inn friski Latin Ubbo Fresicus A reflexion of a historical Ubba called Ubba dux Fresciorum in the mid 9th c Historia de sancto Cuthberto 58 who took part in the 9th c Viking invasion of England 59 Ubbi is a hypocoristic form of Ulfr wolf or possibly a form of ufr earlier ub unpleasant 60 He appears at the massive Battle of Bravellir as one of the Danish king Harald Wartooth s warriors in the battle against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring When the battle began Ubbi led the Danish army first killing Rognvald Radbard Tryggvi the sons of Alrek and Yngvi2 and causing such a massacre that the Swedish king sent in Starkad The giant warrior gave Ubbi a serious wound while receiving six before they were separated by the throng of warriors Ubbi was killed while walking towards the archers from Telemark who sent two dozen arrows into his chest after he had wounded 11 champions and killed 16 Swedes and Geats 61 In Gesta Danorum it is told that he had entered Danish service by being overwhelmed by Danes and given Harald s daughter in marriage 62 During the battle of Bravellir Ubbi killed 25 champions and wounded 11 among the Swedes and the Geats but the Telemark archers stopped the massacre by showering the warrior with arrows and he died having been riddled with 144 arrows an event that turned the battle against the Danes 30 Sogubrot Gesta Danorum VIII Ubbi For the son of Ragnar Lodbrok see Husto Ulfrad See Wolfhart Unferth Old English Unferd or Hunferd The etymology is contested but generally understood as OE un negative prefix un and ferd peace thus mar peace The second element could also be OE ferhd soul spirit mind life giving a meaning folly un might also mean very All manuscript attestations begin with an h which could indicate that the first element is OE hun Hun 63 Unferth is the thyle orator of king Hrothgar He had his seat at the foot of his throne and both Hrothgar and Hrothulf Hrolfr kraki trust him in spite of the fact that he appears to have betrayed and killed his own brothers When Beowulf arrives he tries to sully his reputation by taunting him but he later lends Beowulf the famous sword Hrunting when the latter goes to kill Grendel and its mother Olrik notes that his name appears to be symbolic in the story meaning strife 64 Beowulf Unwen Old English Unwen Latin Hunuil The name means the unexpected one 65 Appears in Widsith line 114 as the son of Ostrogotha Eastgota i e the Hunuil of Jordanes 65 Widsith Getica Ute1 See Grimhild Ute1 Ute2 Middle High German Uote Uote from a Low German Ōda from ot wealth thus one with wealth 66 The wife of Hildebrand1 and mother of Hadubrand Alebrand Hildebrand leaves her behind when he goes into exile with Dietrich von Bern In the Jungeres Hildebrandslied and THidreks saga he returns to her after having defeated and reconciled with their son 67 Hildebrandslied unnamed THidreks saga Jungeres Hildebrandslied Dietrichs Flucht Rosengarten zu Worms Heldebuch Prosa Utstein See Innstein and UtsteinV editFigure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations Valdar1 Old Norse Valdarr The name is from PN walda harjaʀ see Walter 68 Valdar appears as at least two characters placed in different times The Skjoldunga saga and Hversu Noregr byggdist tell of a Valdar who is the son of king Hrothgar in Beowulf and the father of Harald the Old The Hervarar saga tells of a Valdar who lived generations later Skjoldunga saga Hversu Noregr byggdist Valdar2 Old Norse Valdarr See Valdar1 Valdar is a very obscure character that Hervarar saga places between Ivar Vidfamne and Harald Wartooth 69 It tells that Ivar made him king over the Danes and gave him his daughter Alfhild1 with whom Valdar had the sons Harald Wartooth and Randver Valdar died in Denmark and Randver succeeded him as king of the Danes but later died in England Valdar was succeeded by Harald as the king of Gotaland the land of the Geats in Beowulf who later took over the entire realm of Harald Wartooth 70 Hervarar saga Valdar3 Valdemar Old Norse Valdarr or Valldemarr See Valdar1 above and Valdemar below In Gudrunarkvida II Valdar of the Danes appears as one of Gudrun s suitors Hollander considers the mention out of place and moves it to the notes 71 while Finch considers it meaningless 72 In Volsunga saga the name has been changed to Valdemar which was the name of several Danish kings 72 Gudrunarkvida II Volsunga saga Valdemar Old Norse Valldemarr Old Swedish Waldemar The figure appears to be based on Vladimir the Great died 1015 73 The name is a borrowing from Slavic but in Old Norse it has gone through a reinterpretation 74 where the first element has been connected to vald violence and valla to inflict 74 cf vald which means ruler 75 The second element has been connected to the element mar in Ingmar 74 i e marr which means excellent praiseworthy 76 The king of the Russians brother of Oserich Osantrix king of the Wilzen Veleti uncle of Hertnid and father of the figure known in German as Dietrich von Kriechen Dietrich von Bern fights against him on behalf of Attila killing him in battle 77 THidreks saga Valsleyt Old Norse Valsleitr The second element leitr was used in compounds and means looking so and so 78 while the first element is genitive singular of valr which meant slain or carrion hawk 79 When his father king Hring had died Bodvar Bjarki married his mother Bera Hildr off to a jarl named Valsleyt and renounced the kingship 80 Hrolfs saga kraka Bjarkarimur Valtari See Walter of Aquitaine Vanlandi Old Norse Vanlandi Latin Wanlanda The name means man from the land of the Vanir a clan of Norse gods 81 but it can also be read as landless 82 Vanlandi was an early king of Sweden who succeeded his father Sveigdir His mother was Vana from Vanaheimr He was warlike and travelled far One winter he stayed for the winter with Snaer snow in Lappland and married his daughter Drifa1 snowdrift but he left her there when spring arrived He had promised to return for her after three years but ten years passed without him keeping his promise Humiliated Drifa1 sent their son Visburr to Uppsala where the Swedish king resided accompanied by a witch named Huld whom she had paid to transport Vanlandi to Lappland with magic or kill him The magic caused Vanlandi to want to go Lappland but his advisors made him stay Instead Huld had him hag ridden to death 83 He was buried at Skuta which is generally considered to be a small stream north of Uppsala 84 Ynglingatal III Historia Norwegiae Islendingabok Ynglinga saga 13 Var Old Norse Varr The name means aware 85 King Frodi had two smiths named Var Var the wary and Var the careful Their names are used with their meaning aware to communicate the plan of killing of the king without his realizing what is happening 86 Hrolfs saga kraka Veborg Old Norse Vebjǫrg Latin Webiorg The first element ve or vi is probably from PGmc wiha from an adjective meaning holy cf Gothic weihs holy but it can also be derived from vid wood and vig battle and loss of final consonant 87 The second element is PGmc berʒō or burʒō helper assistant 33 Heidr the name of her sister in arms can be connected to the then Danish town Hedeby and Vebjorg s name can connected to the Danish town Viborg 88 She is a shield maiden who appears together with the other shield maidens Visma or Visna and Heidr on the Danish king Harald Wartooth s side at the massive Battle of Bravellir against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring In Sogubrot she arrives from the Gotland with many champions and other warriors including Ubbi the Frisian but it was probably Jutland that was originally referred to 89 When she saw Ubbi the Frisian riddled with arrows and killed she assaulted the Swedes and the Geats She attacked Attack Soti and chopped off his jawbone so he had to bite his beard to keep it place before he was slain She was eventually killed by the champion Thorkel the Stubborn 90 In Gesta Danorum she arrives from Schleswig with Visna and brings many champions such as Ubbi the Frisian 91 She later killed the champion Soti but was herself killed with an arrow by Thorkil from Telemark who was one of the master archers from Gotland 92 Sogubrot Gesta Danorum VIII Velle Middle High German Velle or Middle High German Helle The name may be from MHG velle fall crash or vel skin hide with a further sense of person 93 A giant he brings the dragon eggs into Ortnit s kingdom on behalf of Machorel He is married to the giantess Runze In Wolfdietrich d Wolfdietrich kills them 93 Ornit Wolfdietrich Heldenbuch Prosa Vesete Old Norse Veseti Old Norse Vidseti Fictive 94 The name means someone who resides at or takes care of a sanctuary 95 One of Hrolfr kraki s champions 94 Prose Edda Skaldskaparmal Vifil Old Norse Vifill The name has two derivations One is from wigwilaz which means pagan priest and the other one is from webilaz i e weevil a bug 96 An old man who lived on a wooded island and who was a skilled wizard When their father Halfdan Healfdene was murdered by their uncle he hid the boys Hroar Hrothgar and Helgi Halga on his island until their uncle came looking for them Then he sent them away to their brother in law jarl Saevil as they were no longer safe with him 97 Hrolfs saga kraka Bjarkarimur Vikar Old Norse Vikarr Latin Wicarus Simek refers to Hofler s etymology where the first element is vi holy and the second element is karr long hair indicating the meaning of long hair in dedications to Odin 98 Peterson derives the first element from vik bay 99 and the second element from gaizaz spear 100 warjaz protector 101 or harjaz war chief warrior 102 99 In Gautrek s saga the Hordaland king Vikarr is becalmed at sea with his foster brother Starkad and after drawing lots he is to be mock sacrificed to Odin However the weak twig he was to be hanged from turned into a thick branch and the reed Starkad was to strike him with turned into a spear and so he was stabbed and hanged as a sacrifice to Odin In Gesta Danorum the hanging results from a too tight knot and Starkad pierces him with a sword Vikar had already been promised to Odin in a prophecy and in Gautrek s saga Starkad exclaims that he gives him to Odin The sacrifice resembles Odin s self sacrifice 103 Gautreks saga Gesta Danorum VI Halfs saga ok Halfsrekka AEttartolur Vilkinus Old Norse Vilkinus Old Swedish Wilkinus possibly Latin Wasce The name is a quasi Latinate version of the German ethnic name Wilze the Veleti 104 The king of the Veleti in THidreks saga against whom Dietrich von Bern fights on behalf of Attila A story in Gesta Danorum about Starkad defeating a king Wasce in Poland may reflect the same legend 104 In the THidreks saga he is the father of Vadi see Wade via a mermaid see Wachilt and thus the grandfather of Wayland and great grandfather of Witege 105 Possibly Gesta Danorum 104 THidreks saga Vildifer Vildever Old Norse Vildiver Old Swedish Wildefer Possibly derived from a common folktale of a helpful bear driving out an evil spirit 106 The saga author has interpreted the name as meaning wild boar Low German wildeƀur with ƀ pronounced v 107 however a Low German Epic Van bere Wisselaue indicates that the primary meaning was wildi bero wild bear Another interpretation of the Norse name would be vildiver wild man 108 His name in disguise Vizleo which the saga author says means white lion is a folk etymology for what appears in Low German as Wisselau likely from the Czech name Vaclov a typical name for a Bohemian dancing bear 108 107 A warrior who joins Dietrich s court becoming friends with Widige Vithga he is one of Dietrich s champions against King Isung1 When Widige is imprisoned by King Oserich Osantrix Vildifer dresses in a bear s hide and pretends to be a dancing bear accompanying a minstrel named Isung Osantrix is impressed but sets his dogs on the bear so that Vildifer becomes enraged and kills Osantrix and two giants Ebenrot Abentrod and Widolf freeing Widige He dies in the battle at Gronsport 108 THidreks saga Vilmund Old Norse Vilmundr Appears to be an invention of the poet 109 The first element is vili desire wish 33 and the second element from ON mundr protector 110 In the eddic poem Oddrunargratr one of Atilla s warriors and who is revealed to be the one who killed Hogni by cutting out his heart He is the father of Borgny s children 111 Oddrunargratr Vingi See Knefrodr Virginal Middle High German Virginal Uncertain origin Possibly related to Gothic fairguni mountain OE firgen mountain forest and Old Norse Fjorgyn but with an obvious similarity to Latin virgo virgin 112 A dwarf queen threatened by the heathen Orkise and liberated by Dietrich von Bern 112 Virginal Visbur Old Norse Visburr Latin Wisbur The first element is viss which means wise or certain from PGmc wisaz 113 and the second element is burr which means son from PGmc buriz 114 However the second element has also been interpreted as one of Odin s names and it could also mean strong young man among Continental Germanic tribes 115 Snorri tells in Ynglinga saga that one winter Vanlandi the king of Sweden stayed with Snaer snow in Lappland and his daughter Drifa He married her promising to return for her after three years However after ten years he had still not returned Humiliated Drifa1 sent their son Visburr to Uppsala where the Swedish king resided accompanied by a witch named Huld whom she had paid to transport Vanlandi to Lappland with magic or kill him The magic caused Vanlandi to want to go Lappland but his advisors made him stay Instead Huld had him hag ridden to death 83 When Visburr was king he married the daughter of Audi inn audgi but later rejected her and she went to her father with their sons Gisl and Ǫndurr He married another woman and had the son Domaldi with her When his rejected sons were 12 and 13 they came to him to claim their mother s gold necklace but he refused Gisl and Ǫndurr contacted Huld who promised to help them kill their father by casting a curse on him but warned that doing so she would curse the Yngling dynasty with kinslaying The two boys did not heed the warning but set their father s hall on fire one night and burnt him to death with his retinue 116 Ynglinga saga 13 and 14 Islendingabok Ynglingatal IV Historia Norwegiae Visna Old Norse Visma or Visina Latin Wisna Visna s name may be derived from the river Visla like Heidr the name of her sister in arms can be connected to the then Danish town Hedeby and Vebjorg s to the Danish town Viborg 88 She is a shield maiden who appears together with the other shield maidens Vebjorg and Heidr on the Danish king Harald Wartooth s side at the massive Battle of Bravellir against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring In Sogubrot she is Harald Wartooth s standard bearer and arrives with the champions Kari and Milva and she also brought a great many Slavic warriors 117 During the battle she meets the giant warrior Starkad and tells him that he is going to Hel and calls him thurs ogre which was both a correct statement and an insult 118 before he cuts off her hand that holds the Danish banner 29 Brai tries to avenge her only to be added to the piles of corpses 119 In Gesta Danorum she arrives from Schleswig with Vebjorg leading Haki scarface and Tummi the voyager but she leads mainly Slavic warriors Although a woman she is thoroughly hard and an expert warrior 91 During the battle she is in the central position as Harald s standard bearer 120 until Starkad cuts off her hand 92 Sogubrot Gesta Danorum VIII Vithga See Widige Voggr1 Old Norse Vǫggr Latin Viggr The name Voggr means child in cradle from vagga cradle 121 122 Viggr means horse but it may mean the iron fitting part of an axe blade 123 cf the meaning of Hjalti Wiglaf s other counterpart in Scandinavian sources A Swede he gives Hrolfr Kraki his nickname kraki bar warns him about Eadgils treachery and vows to avenge Hrolfr s death which he does after the later is killed by Heoroweard and Skuld 124 Chronicon Lethrense Gesta Danorum Skaldskaparmal Hrolfs saga kraka Voggr2 Old Norse Vǫggr See Voggr1 He is a messenger who brings messages between the Saxons and the Huns He remarks to Asmund that he has never seen another man who could be compared to Hildibrand2 Asmund s half brother although he does not know it and he also compares their swords They were made by the same dwarves Alius and Olius but one was cursed and sunk into lake Malaren only to be retrieved by Asmund later while the other one was passed on to Hildibrand2 125 Asmunds saga kappabana Vǫlundr See Wayland the Smith Volker von Alzey Middle High German Volker Old Norse Folker Possibly based on a historical minstrel who acquired a piece of land in Flanders in 1130 31 126 Compound of MHG volk people army and her e army 127 Minstrel of Gunther He is killed by Hildebrand1 during the fighting at Attila s hall in the Nibelungenlied In Walther und Hildegund he escorts Walter of Aquitaine and Hildegund through the Vosges He appears in small roles elsewhere In the THidreks saga he is killed by Dietrich von Bern 112 Nibelungenlied THidreks saga Walther und Hildegund Rosengarten zu Worms Dietrichs Flucht Rabenschlacht Heldenbuch Prosa Volsung Old English Waels Old Norse Volsungr Middle High German Welsunc is attested as the name of a sword 128 The figure is probably derived from a Frankish legend originally 129 George Gillespie states that the name is probably based on PGmc wala selected beloved comparing Gothic walisa beloved 128 It could also derive from the equivalent of ON volsi phallus possibly as a name for Odin 129 When the Hunnish king Rerir and his queen were unable to conceive Odin and Frigg heard their prayer and sent an apple with the Valkyrie Hljod daughter of the gian Hrimnir in the shape of a crow to Rerir The queen became pregnant with Volsung but he stayed in her womb for six years until his mother asked to have him cut out of her Volsung grew to be big and strong and when he was a grown man Hrimnir sent his daughter Hljod to him to be his wife They had 10 children and among them the twins Sigmund and Signy When Signy was betrothed to king Siggeir the king of the Geats the latter was offended when Odin brought Volsung a sword and not him Volsung s son Sigmund was the only one who could pull out the sword from the tree Barnstokkr where Odin had inserted it Siggeir treacherously invited Volsung and his sons to visit him then had Volsung killed 129 130 131 Beowulf Volsunga saga Norna Gests thattr mentioned in Eddic poems Vǫttr Old Norse Vǫttr Vǫttr means glove 132 from PGmc wantuz 133 He is called ottar like the Swedish king he kills in Historia Norwegiae which is probably a misreading 134 Wessen derives the names of Vǫttr and his brother co jarl Fasti from old Scandinavian legal language where vǫttr means juror and fasti means witness in real estate transactions 134 See entry Fasti for a fuller description of Vǫtt s role in Ynglingatal Historia Norwegiae and Ynglinga saga In Historia Norwegiae and in Beowulf Vǫttr and Fasti are brothers but this is not mentioned in Ynglingatal and Ynglinga saga Vǫttr is also mentioned in Skaldskaparmal and in Hrolf Kraki s saga as one of Hrolfr Kraki s champions 135 Cognate with Wulf1 of Beowulf Ynglingatal Historia Norwegiae Ynglinga saga 27 Skaldskaparmal Hrolf Kraki s sagaW editFigure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations Wachilt Middle High German Wachilt First element probably MHG wac wave 67 Second element PGmc hildjō strife conflict 136 A mermaid Mother of Wade great grandmother of Witige In the THidreks saga she is an unnamed mermaid and the father of Wade is King Vilkinus 105 In the Rabenschlacht Wachilt rescues Witige from the enraged Dietrich von Bern after Witige has killed the sons of Attila with Helche and Diether the same is reported in the Swedish Didrik Kronike where she is also unnamed 67 Rabenschlacht In the THidreks saga unnamed Wade Old English Wada Middle High German Wate Old Norse Vadi Old Swedish Wade Probably originally a water spirit 137 Probably from PGmc wad to stride to wade 128 In Kudrun Dukus Horant and Widsith one of Heoden s warriors He commands the final assault against the Normans and beheads the wicked queen Gerlind In the THidreks saga and Dukus Horant he is a giant In THidreks saga he is also the father of Wayland 105 Widsith Tale of Wade Kudrun Dokus Horant THidreks saga Walberan Middle High German Walberan The name may be a corruption of Old French Auberon 138 King of all the dwarfs and Laurin s protector In one version of Laurin he fights with Dietrich after Laurin s defeat and conversion to Christianity Laurin mediates between the sides 138 Laurin Wald Old English Wald The name means ruler 139 from PGmc walđōn 140 Appears in Widsith line 30 as the king of the Woings but he is unknown from other sources 139 Widsith Walgund Middle High German Walgunt The first element could be PGmc walah foreign PGmc wala dead slain 141 or related to Gothic walis a beloved chosen and waljan to choose 142 The second element must be from PGmc gunthaz a masculine counterpart to gunthi battle which is a very common final element in female names 138 143 The father of Hildeburg3 whom he keeps secluded in a tower Hugdietrich seduces her while disguised as a woman and becomes pregnant giving birth to Wolfdietrich Walgunt is persuaded to forgive her 138 Ortnit Heldenbuch Prosa Walter of Aquitaine Old English Waldere Middle High German Walther Old Norse Valtari No clear historical origin 144 name possibly connected to the Visigothic king Wallia 145 Rule army based on the equivalents of OHG waltan to rule and hari people army 146 Lover of Hildegund In Waltharius his father sends him as a hostage to Attila s court where he is a fine warrior He falls in love with Hildegund and escapes with her Passing through the territory of Gunther he is forced to fight Gunther and Hagen Hogni1 Similar events are alluded to in the Nibelungenlied and contained in the fragmentary epics Walther und Hildegund and Waldere In Biterolf und Dietleib he fights his uncle Biterolf until they recognize each other He plays a small role in some other epics 147 In the THidreks saga he is Ermanaric s nephew 146 Waldere Waltharius Walther und Hildegund Nibelungenlied THidreks saga Biterolf und Dietleib Rosengarten zu Worms Dietrichs Flucht Rabenschlacht Alpharts Tod Warbel Warbel in The name Warbel is probably derived from MHG werben to strive to beg 105 In the Nibelungenlied Warbel is Etzel Attila s minstrel together with Swammel The two are sent as messengers to invite the Burgundians to Etzel s hall Hagen cuts off Warbel s hand during the fighting at Etzelburg in revenge for the invitation 148 Nibelungenlied Nibelungenklage Wayland the Smith Old Norse Volundr or Old Norse Velant Old Swedish Weland Middle High German Wielant Old English Weland Not historical 149 PGmc Weland a participle meaning cunning craftsman from a root related to ON vel cunning deceit and vela to create construct with art Norse form Volundr instead from PN Walund probably same root 150 151 A great smith According to Volundarkvida he has two brothers Egill1 and Slagfidr and a valkyrie wife He is captured by king Nidudr Nithhad and hamstrung As revenge he kills Nithhad s sons and makes jeweled cups out of their skulls and rapes Nithhad s daughter Bodvildr Beodhild After obtaining oaths from the king that his unborn child and its mother are safe he informs Nithhad of his actions and departs by flying on wings he has made A similar story is told in the THidreks saga where it is revealed that he fathered Widege Vithga with Bodvildr He reconciles with Nithhad s son 152 Deor Waldere Beowulf Volundarkvida THidreks saga Heldenbuch Prosa otherwise frequently mentioned as the father of Witige and as the maker of weapons 153 Wealhtheow Old English Wealhtheow Generally translated as foreign slave from OE wealh foreign and theow slave E V Gordon proposed that the first element was instead PGmc wala beloved chosen 154 Wife of Hrothgar It is implied in Widsith that Helming the name of her clan was a synonym for Wulfing 155 Newton connects the Helmings to two locations named Helmingham in East Anglia where he considers Scandinavian Wulfings to have settled 156 and the 12th Skjoldunga saga asserts that Hrothgar s queen was English while the probably 14th c Hrolfs saga kraka says that she was the daughter of king Nordri of Northumberland 157 a name which Newton considers to be misunderstanding of Nordfolc Norfolk in East Anglia 156 Hrolfs saga kraka calls her Ogn which Malone considers to be a back formation of Agnar3 the name of her son 158 She trusts that Rodulf Hrolfr kraki will be a good guardian for her sons if Hrothgar dies 159 and she gives Hrothgar the advice not to adopt Beowulf so that their sons may inherit the throne 160 She follows the expected role of the hostess and raises a cup to the warriors after Beowulf s rebuke of Unferth 161 She bestows on Beowulf a valuable necklace that he later gives to the Geatish queen Hygd and it is the same ornament that the Franks later take as spoil of war from Hygd s husband king Hygelac 162 Beowulf Hrolfs saga kraka and Skjoldunga saga mention a wife of Hrothgar who was an Anglo Saxon princess Weohstan Old English Weohstan or Wihstan Old Norse Vesteinn PN Wihastainaz 163 from wiha meaning sacred cf Gothic weihs sacred 163 and stainaz stone 164 The father of Wiglaf According to Belden Stjerna and Klaeber Weohstan and other Waegmundings may have belonged to the Wendlas an aristocratic Swedish clan which would have resided at Vendel in Sweden During the Swedish civil war that ended in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vanern they sided with Onela against Eadgils and Eanmund and after Eadgils victory they had to go into exile Weohstan who had slain Eanmund ended up with the Geats while Wulgar sought refuge among the Danes 165 Beowulf Kalfsvisa in Skaldskaparmal Werinhardus Latin Werinhardus The first element is from the ethnonym Varini 166 and the second element is hardu hard 167 from PGmc xarđuz 168 The third warrior of Gunther killed by Waltharius he is a descendant of Pandarus 169 a famous Trojan archer 170 Waltharius Wermund Old English Garmund Latin Warmundus Latin Wermundus Probably based on a historic king of the Angels in the second half of the 4th c 171 Wer the first element of Wermund is either verr man or verja protect 172 from PGmc wiraz 173 and warjanan 174 respectively Gar the first element in Garmund is from ʒaizaz spear 175 The second element is PGmc munda protection 176 The Garmund and Offa of Beowulf lines 1948 62 are the same as the Wermund and Uffi of Danish tradition 177 171 The legend of king Wermund and his son Offa who were probably Angles has survived in two distinct versions one Anglo Saxon where they are Anglo Saxon and one Danish where they are Danish In the English tradition his father is named Wihtlaeg and in the Danish Vigletus 178 In both versions Wermund is an old man who has an unpromising son Offa Uffi who later wins fame as a great warrior 171 Beowulf lines 1948 62 Vitae duorum Offarum or Legend of St Albans Mercian Genealogy in A S Chron year 755 and other Chronicles 179 Gesta Danorum Brevis historia regum Dacie Wernher von Wernhers Mark Middle High German Wernher von Wernheres Marke A man named Wernher is attested the March of Ancona in 1094 and many of his descendants had the same name afterwards so that the march was sometimes called marcia Guarnerii Wernher s March 169 The first element wern is from the ethnonym Varini 180 and the second element is harja host 181 from PGmc xariz or xarjaz 182 In Wolfdietrich D both a wealthy burgher of Tervis Treviso and ruler of Wernhers Mark he is the father of Amie In Rabenschlacht he dies at the battle before Raben Ravenna 169 Wolfdietrich Dietrichs Flucht Rabenschlacht Heldenbuch Prosa Wethergeld Old English Widergyld The name means avenger 183 or requital but is not otherwise attested as a noun 184 A Heado Beard warrior mentioned in Beowulf line 2051 185 As a leader among the Heado Beards the battle probably turned against them when he was slain He may have been the father of the young warrior mentioned on line 2044 The name also appears in Widsith line 124 but there it does not seem to refer to a Heado Beard 184 Beowulf Widsith Wichart Witschach Middle High German Wichart or Middle High German Witschach The alternation between ch x and tsch tʃ is also seen for the figure Richart Ritschart who is usually mentioned with Wichart Wilhelm Grimm suggested that the form Witschach was a Slavic name 169 One of Dietrich von Bern s men in the Nibelungenlied he is killed by the Burgundians He is said to be the brother of Gerbart in Biterolf und Dietleib 169 Nibelungenlied Nibelungenklage Alpharts Tod Biterolf und Dietleib Widolf Widolt Middle High German Widolf Witolt Widolt mit der stange Old Norse Vidolfr mittumstangi Old Swedish Vidulf An identical giant appears in the minstrel epic Konig Rother 108 The form ending in olf from OHG wolf wolf the form ending in olt from OHG waltan to rule 186 His Norse epithet mittumstangi is from MHG mit der stange with the staff 187 A giant In THidreks saga one of the four giant sons of King Nordian who fights with a long iron staff His brother Aspilian orders him to be kept in chains and only released when he is to fight He is ultimately killed by Dietrich s man Wildifer 108 In Dukus Horant he is one of the members of Horant Heorrenda s embassy to King Hagen Hogni2 to acquire Hilde Hildr1 from Etene Heoden 188 THidreks saga Dukus Horant Widsith Old English Widsid Fictitious 139 The name means far journey 183 The fictitious scop who tells the poem named after him 139 Widsith Wig Latin Wigo Old English Wig The legend about Offa is probably based on historical inter tribal rivalries before the Anglo Saxon settlement of England 189 Wig is from PGmc wiʒan fight or wiʒaz fighter 190 In the Danish accounts Ket and Wig are the sons of Frowinus the governor of the region of Schleswig During a Swedish invasion their father is killed by the Swedish king Athislus in single combat after which king Wermund appoints Ket and Wig as successors To avenge their father they go to Sweden where they ambush king Athislus and kill him causing disgrace to their tribe Their brother in law Offa will redeem them by defeating two men in single combat Wig is mentioned in the Anglo Saxon chronicle as a descendant of Odin Wodan and the son of Freawine Frowinus 191 The Anglo Saxon chronicle Gesta Danorum IV Brevis historia regum Dacie Wiglaf Old English Wiglaf Beowulf is generally considered to be based on historic people and events 192 193 PN Wigalaibaz meaning battle survivor 194 A Swedish warrior and a relative of Beowulf both being of the Waegmunding clan apparently related to the Swedish royal dynasty He is the only one who dared follow Beowulf to slay the dragon and only one to survive 195 He has two cognates in Scandinavian sources Hjalti and the Swedish hero Vǫgg1 196 Beowulf Wikram Middle High German Wicram The name means battle raven 197 The leader of twelve giants under the control of Duke Nitger at Muter He imprisons Dietrich on the basis that Dietrich and his men had killed hundreds of giants in Britanje Brittany or Britain He is killed by Dietrich during the combats affecting his release 169 Virginal Witege Old English Wudga or Widia Old Norse Vidga Old Swedish Witeke Middle High German Witige or Witege later also Wittich Probably a merger of Vidigoia a Gothic warrior and the Ostrogothic usurper Vitiges died 542 188 Based on PGmc widu forest 198 Son of Wayland companion of Heime1 In Widsith he is listed with Hama as an exiled warrior at Ermanaric s court while Waldere relates that Dietrich von Bern once gave him a sword for rescuing him from giants In several epics he is one of Dietrich von Bern s men but in the historical Dietrich epics he fights for Ermanaric In Rabenschlacht he kills Dietrich s brother Diether and the sons of Attila causing the enraged Dietrich to pursue him into the sea belching fire he is rescued by Wachilt a mermaid 199 According to the THidreks saga he is the son of Wayland and Beodohild He becomes one of Dietrich s men but later joins Ermanaric In the Swedish version Dietrich eventually finds and kills him 200 Getica Widsith Waldere THidreks saga Dietrichs Flucht Rabenschlacht Alpharts Tod Rosengarten zu Worms Laurin Virginal Biterolf und Dietleib Witta Old English Witta Perhaps from a word for wood or wide 201 Appears in Widsith line 22 as the king of the Suebes According to Bede he was the grandfather of Hengest and so the Suebes can be assumed to have taken part in the migration to Britain 202 Widsith Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum Wod Old English Wōd The name means furious mad with rage and cognate with odr from Norse mythology 203 from PGmc wōđaz 204 Appears in Widsith line 30 as the king of the Thuringians but he appears nowhere else 203 Widsith Wolfbrand Middle High German Wolfbrant Wolf means wolf 205 and the second element brant means sword 206 A vassal of Dietrich von Bern in the Nibelungenlied he dies fighting the Burgundians In Biterolf und Dietleib he is the brother of Richart and Wolfwin He fights Gelpfrat in the combats at Worms 186 Nibelungenlied Nibelungenklage Biterolf und Dietleib Virginal Wolfdietrich Middle High German Wolfdietrich Disputed potentially a Merovingian ruler such as Theuderic I 207 The Wolf element may mean outlaw 208 For dietrich see Dietrich von Bern Son of Hugdietrich Accounts of his youth vary by version but he is brought up by Berchtung After Hugdietrich s death his brothers try to exclude him from the inheritance He escapes and goes to Lombardy where he kills the dragon that killed king Ortnit marries his widow and becomes the new king He then reconquers Hugdietrich s kingdom 209 Widsith if the identification of Wolfdietrich with Theuderic I is correct 210 Wolfdietrich Dietrichs Flucht Eckenlied Heldenbuch Prosa In THidreks saga Wolfdietrich is identified with Dietrich von Bern 208 Wolfhart Middle High German Wolfhart Old Norse Ulfrad First element PGmc wulfa wolf second element PGmc hardu hard 211 Vassal of Dietrich von Bern nephew of Hildebrand1 brother of Alphart He is characteristically hot headed and appears in most of Dietrich s fights and adventures In the Nibelungenlied he insists on attacking the Burgundians despite Dietrich von Bern s reluctance to get involved in the conflict after Rudiger has been killed fighting them He is killed by Giselher whom he also kills 212 Nibelungenlied THidreks saga Rosengarten zu Worms Biterolf und Dietleib Laurin Virginal Wolfwin Middle High German Wolfwin Wolf means wolf 213 and the second element win means friend 214 One of the vassals of Dietrich von Bern In the Nibelungenlied he dies fighting the Burgundians 212 His familial relationships change in different epics in Wolfdietrich w he is the brother of Wolfhart and nephew of Hildebrand1 in Biterolf und Dietleib he is the brother of Richart and Wolfwin and in the Nibelungenklage he is the son of Nere 215 Nibelungenlied Nibelungenklage Wolfdietrich Alpharts Tod Biterolf und Dietleib Wonred Old English Wonred It is a name that is otherwise unknown 216 and it means want counsel 217 Won means wanting void of 185 The Geatish brothers Eofor and Wulf1 are called sons of Wonred 218 217 Beowulf Wulf1 Old English Wulf From PN Wulfaz wolf 163 Wulf wolf a common Scandinavian name appears with his brother Eofor wild boar It is peculiar that two brothers fight at the same time against an opponent the Swedish king Ongentheow 218 and that only one of the names Wulf alliterate with that of the father 218 217 Cronan interprets it as a collation of the boar and the wolf like the raven and the eagle in Germanic tradition 217 but Nerman notes that jǫfurr boar could mean prince in Scandinavian tradition and so the name Eofor likely referred to Wulf1 but the two names created Eofor as a doublet of Wulf1 in Beowulf 219 For killing Ongentheow in battle he received the richest possible reward the only daughter of king Hygelac 220 Beowulf Wulf2 Old English Wulf See Wulf1 Eadwacer is mentioned in the lament Wulf and Eadwacer that is notoriously difficult to interpret 221 Wulf and Eadwacer Wulfgar Wulfgar From PN Wulfagaizaz 163 from wulfaz meaning wolf 222 and gaizaz which means spear 223 Wulgar greets Beowulf at Heorot He is a Wendla leod a man of the Wendels 224 who may be the inhabitants of Vendel see Vendel Period near Uppsala in Sweden those of Vendsyssel in northern Jutland or the Vandals 225 According to Belden Stjerna and Klaeber his honoured position at the Danish court may be best explained as he and Weohstan belonging to an aristocratic Swedish clan which would have resided at Vendel in Sweden During the Swedish civil war that ended in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vanern they sided with Onela and after Eadgils victory they had to go into exile Weohstan ended up with the Geats while Wulgar sought refuge among the Danes 165 Beowulf Wulfhere Old English Wulfhere The first element means wolf from PGmc wulfaz 226 and the second element means army from PGmc xarjaz or xariz 182 Appears in Widsith line 119 as one of the two Gothic Hraede princes who fought the Huns in the Vistula Woods The other prince was Wyrmhere 227 who appears as the Goth Ormar in Hervarar saga 228 Widsith Wunderer Early New High German Wunderer The figure may derive from Arthurian traditions but may also derive from native folklore 229 The name is from MHG wunderaere which is used here synonymously with MHG wunder monster 229 A cannibalistic monster who invades Attila s court and is then killed by Dietrich von Bern 230 Wunderer Wyrmhere See OrmarY editFigure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations Yaroslav the Wise Old Norse Jarisleifr Probably based on Yaroslav the Wise 72 In Old Norse the Slavic name was reinterpreted as jara fight and leifr descendant 231 In Gudrunarkvida II and Volsunga saga Jarisleifr appears as one of Gudrun s suitors In his translation of Gudrunarkvida II Hollander considers the mention out of place and moves it to the notes 71 and Finch comments that it probably refers to Yaroslav the Wise who received help from his brother from Eymund who also appears as one of the suitors Eymodr 72 Gudrunarkvida II Volsunga saga Yngvar Old Norse Yngvarr Latin Yngware May be based on Ivar the Boneless 232 See Ingvar In Ragnarssona thattr Yngvar and Husto are the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok by a concubine When their half brother Ivar the Boneless had conquered England he had them torture Edmund the Martyr 233 The names Yngvar and Ivar may have been variant forms of the same name 234 and so Yngvar may have originated in Ivar the Boneless himself In Abbo of Fleury s Life of St Edmund it is reported that Edmund was killed by Yngware probably Ivar and Hubba 232 Life of St Edmund Ragnarssona thattr Yngvar others For other figures named Yngvar se Ingvar Yngvi1 Old Norse Yngvi Latin Ingo Old Norse Ingjaldr Latin Ingeldus May be based on a historic 5th c Swedish king 235 Yngvi may be derived from the ethnonym Ingwianiz 236 The first element Ing in Ingjaldr may be from a PGmc Ingwia with the genitive suffix from Ingwaz an unattested Germanic god or also from the ethnonym Ingwianiz 237 and the second element from waldaz ruler 238 A king of Sweden who according to Islendingabok succeeded Agne who succeeded Alrekr but in Ynglinga saga he was his grandson and the son of Alrekr In Gesta Danorum he is duplicated as the two brothers Ingo and Ingeldus Ingjaldr and instead the son s of Alfr1 Alverus who in Ynglingatal is Yngvi s brother Ingo and Yngvi are probably hypocorisms of an early form of Ingjaldr who was probably the name of a historical Swedish king at Uppsala Based on Snorri s retelling of Ynglingatal he ruled together with his brother Alfr1 but unlike the latter he preferred to pillage abroad Alf1 s wife Bera preferred the manly and outgoing Yngve to her timid and sullen husband Alfr1 and she did not hide it One evening when Alfr1 saw Yngvi converse with Bera he unexpectedly pulled his sword and killed his brother with it but before dying Yngvi did the same with Alfr1 Hervarar saga and Orvar Odd s saga tell the legend of Yngvi s beautiful daughter Ingiborg and Hjalmar her lover 239 The older version of Orvar Odd s saga calls him Ingjald but in the younger version his name has been changed to Hlodver 240 According to the Skjoldunga saga the Danish king Frodo III married Inga the daughter of Ingo who was the son of Alricus the 14th or 17th king of Sweden 241 Islendingabok Ynglingatal Historia Norwegiae Ynglinga saga Skjoldunga saga Gesta Danorum Hervarar saga Orvar Odd s saga Yngvi2 Old Norse Yngvi See Yngvi1 A son of king Hring1 who is allied with the kings Hogni3 and Granmar Before the impending battle with Helgi Hundingsbane Hothbrodd asks the messengers to send for Hring1 s sons Atli1 Yngvi2 and Alfr6 the Hoary 242 Elias Wessen agrees with Sophus Bugge s identification of Hring as the Swedish king Sigurd Ring and considers Atli2 Yngvi2 and Alfr6 to be the same men as Ali Yngvi and Alf of the Swedish Yngling dynasty who are counted among the warriors in the Battle of the Bravellir 243 Helgakvida Hundingsbana I Gesta Danorum VIII Sogubrot Yngvi3 Latin Ingvi and Ingvone See Yngvi1 In Ad catalogum Yngvi visits the great sacrifices at Skiringssal in Viken with his father the petty king Alf9 of Vendel his brother Alf10 and sister Alfsol Another visitor is Sigurd Ring Sigvard Ring the king of Sweden and Denmark who falls in love with his sister Alfsol Considering the king too old for Alfsol the brothers kill her by poisoning rather than seeing Sigurd have her The wrinkled old king kills both Yngvi and Alf10 in a duel but is severely wounded himself 244 Ad catalogum regum Sveciae annotanda Yrmenlaf Yrmenlaf From ermanaz ermunaz great tall 245 and laibaz descendant heir 246 Yrmenlaf was AEschere s elder brother He is mentioned when AEschere is dead to add to the latter s importance 247 He appears to have been a well known character to the audience that listened to Beowulf although nothing else has survived about him 248 Beowulf Yrsa Old Norse Yrsa Latin Ursula Chronicon lethrense Latin Urse Gesta Danorum Old English Yrs not certain but only emended from Beowulf Probably based on a Frankish woman captured in a raid such as that of Hygelac 249 250 From an earlier Ursiō and a corresponding male Frankish name Ursio is attested 250 It is based on Latin ursus bear 251 252 In the Eddic poem Grottasǫngr Yrsa s son is said to be both her son and her brother and that this son brother will avenge Halfdan 250 In Hrolfr Kraki s saga the Danish king Helgi kidnaps and rapes Alof3 Oluf the warrior queen of Saxony which results in Yrsa Later Helgi comes back and finds her not knowing she is his daughter marries her and she gives him the son Hrolfr Kraki Then Alof3 goes to Denmark and tells them of their incest after which Yrsa leaves Helgi and later marries Adils the king of Sweden In the Skjoldunga saga and Ynglinga saga she was already married to Adils in the Ynglinga saga version she is not given to him but he captures her in Saxony and Helgi kidnaps her in Sweden instead In Danish sources Alof3 is replaced by Thora the daughter of earl Hrolfr of Lolland When Helgi dies she marries Adils the king of Sweden According to Gesta Danorum the incest is caused by the vengeful Thora who sends Yrsa to Helgi so he can rape her not knowing she is his daughter 253 In both Danish and Icelandic accounts she is visited by her son brother in Uppsala and she helps him escape with the Swedish kings treasures and in the Danish she also accompanies him in the escape 254 In the Chronicon lethrense and Skjoldunga saga she and Adis have the daughter Skuld 255 Damico has suggested that Yrsa is Wealhtheow s true name but most scholars accept Clarke s identification of Yrsa as the same woman as the unnamed sister of Heorogar Hrothgar and Halga in Beowulf who was married to the Swedish king 256 Probably Beowulf emended Hrolfr Kraki s saga Skjoldunga saga Ynglinga saga Skaldskaparmal Grottasongr Chronicon lethrense Gesta danorumReferences edit Gillespie 1973 p 91 Kaufmann 1968 p 91 a b c d e Gillespie 1973 p 130 Uecker 1972 p 132 Uecker 1972 pp 131 132 Malone 1962 p 204 a b Gillespie 1973 p 31 Peterson 2007 pp 227f Gentry et al 2011 p 129 Waggoner 2009 p 61 Palsson amp Edwards 1985 p 199 Naumann 2016 p 54 Waggoner 2009 pp 5ff 63 Fisher 2015 pp 365ff Peterson 2007 p 232 Byock 1999 p 98 Hollander 1928 pp 155f Palsson amp Edwards 1972 p 78 a b Palsson amp Edwards 1972 p 94 Palsson amp Edwards 1972 p 91 Palsson amp Edwards 1972 p 100 Palsson amp Edwards 1972 p 105 Palsson amp Edwards 1972 pp 123 133 Palsson amp Edwards 1972 pp 124 133ff a b Palsson amp Edwards 1972 p 139 Peterson 2007 pp 227f 233 Peterson 2007 pp 155 233 Waggoner 2009 p 55 a b Waggoner 2009 p 56 a b Fisher 2015 p 546 Fisher 2015 pp 546f Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 742 a b c Peterson 2007 p 43 Palsson amp Edwards 1972 pp 48ff Jochens 1996 p 60 Fridriksdottir 2010 p 72 Forstemann 1900 pp 1467 1469 Forstemann 1900 pp 1339 1349 a b Krause 2010 p 286 a b Malone 1962 p 205 Peterson 2007 pp 237f Forstemann 1900 p 1467 Reichert 1994 pp 504 505 Reichert 1994 p 505 a b Gillespie 1973 p 131 Peterson 2007 p 223 Waggoner 2009 pp 54f Fisher 2015 p 541 Fisher 2015 p 543 a b c Nerman 1925 pp 100f 143f a b c Jones 1969 p 38 a b c Schuck amp Warburg 1985 p 72 Nerman 1925 p 144 Kunin 2001 p 13 Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 pp 28f Forstemann 1900 p 1469 Forstemann 1900 pp 1126 1127 McTurk 1991 p 106 McTurk 1991 p 214 Peterson 2007 p 239 Waggoner 2009 pp 55f Fisher 2015 p 519 Rozano Garcia 2019 pp 2 5 Clarke 1911 p 133 a b Malone 1962 p 206 Mueller 1939 p 280 a b c Gillespie 1973 p 133 de Vries 2000 p 640 Tolkien 1960 p 59 note 8 Tolkien 1960 pp 59f a b Hollander 1928 pp 315 a b c d Finch 1965 p 62 note 3 Jiriczek 1898 p 177 a b c Hellquist 1922 p 1082 Peterson 2007 p 245 Peterson 2007 p 163 Jiriczek 1898 pp 175 176 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 383 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 676 Olson 1916 p 17 McKinnell 2005 p 70 Sundqvist 2002 p 162 a b Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 pp 16f Vikstrand 2004 pp 373 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 681 Byock 1999 pp 9f 98 Peterson 2007 p 249 250 252 a b Blomkvist 2005 p 247 note 111 Blomkvist 2005 p 253 Waggoner 2009 pp 53 56 a b Fisher 2015 p 535 a b Fisher 2015 p 547 a b Gillespie 1973 p 44 a b Olrik 1919 p 368 Peterson 2007 p 257 Peterson 2007 p 251 Olson 1916 p 83 Simek 1993 p 362 a b Peterson 2004 p 34 Peterson 2004 p 25 Peterson 2004 p 33 Peterson 2004 p 27 Simek 1993 pp 361f a b c Jiriczek 1898 p 178 a b c d Gillespie 1973 p 138 Gillespie 1973 pp 144 145 a b Gillespie 1973 p 144 a b c d e Gentry et al 2011 p 137 Hollander 1928 p 324 note 1 Peterson 2007 p 166 Hollander 1928 pp 324ff a b c Gillespie 1973 p 45 Orel 2003 p 467 Orel 2003 p 64 Sundqvist 2002 p 164 Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 pp 17f Waggoner 2009 p 53 Waggoner 2009 pp 56 108 Waggoner 2009 pp 56f Fisher 2015 p 545 de Vries 2000 p 673 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 721 de Vries 2000 p 661 Krause 2010 p 312 Finlay 2010 pp 123ff Mueller 1939 pp 282 283 Mueller 1939 p 282 a b c Gillespie 1973 p 139 a b c Krause 2010 p 295 Byock 1990 pp 36ff Finch 1965 pp 2ff Klaeber 2008 p 469 Orel 2003 p 447 a b Wessen 1952 p 68 Klaeber 2008 pp Ixif Gillespie 1973 p 73 Schneider 1962 pp 368 369 a b c d Gillespie 1973 p 134 a b c d Malone 1962 p 209 Orel 2003 p 443 Forstemann 1900 pp 1514 1517 Kaufmann 1968 p 378 Forstemann 1900 pp 693 694 Ghosh 2007 p 235 Murdoch 2004 p 162 a b Gillespie 1973 p 136 Gillespie 1973 p 135 Gillespie 1973 p 137 Uecker 1972 p 88 Gillespie 1973 p 143 Heusler 1910 p 97 Gillespie 1973 pp 141 142 Gillespie 1973 p 142 Neidorf 2018b p 78 Newton 1993 p 124 a b Newton 1993 p 126 Newton 1993 p 125f Acker 2007 p 6 Clarke 1911 pp 59f Leneghan 2020 p 19 Leneghan 2020 p 58 Leneghan 2020 p 132 a b c d Peterson 2004 p 40 Peterson 2004 p 28 a b Klaeber 2008 pp Ixiif Forstemann 1900 pp 1539f Forstemann 1900 pp 749ff Orel 2003 p 162 a b c d e f Gillespie 1973 p 140 Gillespie 1973 p 104 a b c Clarke 1911 p 175 Peterson 2007 p 248 Orel 2003 p 463 Orel 2003 p 449 Orel 2003 p 123 Forstemann 1900 pp 1133 1134 Osborn 2019 p 173 note 83 Clarke 1911 p 165 Clarke 1911 p 158 Forstemann 1900 pp 1539 1544 Forstemann 1900 pp 760 762 a b Orel 2003 p 163 a b Malone 1962 p 210 a b Klaeber 2008 p 232 a b Klaeber 2008 p 473 a b Gillespie 1973 p 148 Haymes 1988 p 25 a b Gillespie 1973 p 147 Krause 2010 p 211 Orel 2003 p 465 Clarke 1911 pp 163f Anderson 1999 pp 110 111 115 Peterson 2004 p 36 Peterson 2004 pp 34 37 40 Clarke 1911 p 146 Clarke 1911 pp 146f Forstemann 1900 pp 1576 1585 Gillespie 1973 p 146 Gillespie 1973 p 145 Gillespie 1973 pp 145 146 Forstemann 1900 pp 1562 1564 Malone 1962 p 201 a b Malone 1962 p 211 Orel 2003 p 469 Forstemann 1900 p 1648 Forstemann 1900 p 333 Gillespie 1973 pp 150 151 a b Gillespie 1973 p 150 Gillespie 1973 pp 148 149 Gillespie 1973 p 151 Forstemann 1900 pp 1639 1651 749 751 a b Gillespie 1973 p 152 Forstemann 1900 p 1661 Forstemann 1900 p 1610 Gillespie 1973 pp 152 153 Nerman 1925 pp 93 95 a b c d Cronan 1993 p 477 a b c Nerman 1925 p 93 Nerman 1925 p 94 Nerman 1925 p 96 Amodio 2014 pp 255f Peterson 2004 pp 10 40 Peterson 2004 pp 25 40 Neidorf 2018a p 854 Klaeber 2008 p 472 Orel 2003 p 473 Malone 1962 p 213 Malone 1962 p 214 a b Gillespie 1973 p 154 Gillespie 1973 pp 153 154 Degtyareva 2010 p 23 a b Waggoner 2009 p 111 Waggoner 2009 p 70 Peterson 2007 p 142 Nerman 1919 p 145 Peterson 2007 p 135 Peterson 2007 pp 135f Peterson 2007 pp 136 139 245 Noreen 1922 p 563 Nerman 1925 p 227 Miller 2007 p 13 Hollander 1928 p 222 Wessen 1927 p 88 note 1 Waggoner 2009 p 60 Orel 2003 p 40 Peterson 2004 p 6 Biggs 2003 p 639 Neidorf 2013a p 568 Clarke 1911 pp 83 a b c Olrik 1919 p 275 Clarke 1911 pp 82f Olrik 1919 p 274 Olrik 1919 pp 263ff Olrik 1919 pp 311ff Olrik 1919 p 82 Osborn 2019 p 167 Sources editAcker Paul 2007 Part I Fragments of Danish History Skjoldunga saga ANQ A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles Notes and Reviews 20 3 3 9 doi 10 3200 ANQQ 20 3 3 9 S2CID 162198516 Amodio Mark C 2014 The Anglo Saxon Literature Handbook Vol 15 1 ed John Wiley amp Sons Incorporated ISBN 9781118286517 Anderson Carl Edlund 1999 Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia PDF Thesis University of Cambridge Biggs Frederick M 2003 Hondscioh and AEschere in Beowulf Neophilologus 87 4 635 652 doi 10 1023 A 1025471415863 S2CID 159641273 Blomkvist Nils 2005 Crawford Barbara Kirby David Sigurdsson Jon Vidar Oye Ingvild Unger Richard W Urbanczyk Przemyslaw eds The Discovery of the Baltic The Reception of a Catholic World System in the European North AD 1075 1225 The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economies and Cultures Vol 15 Brill Leiden Boston ISBN 90 04 14122 7 Byock Jesse 1990 The Saga of the Volsungs The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer University of California Press ISBN 0 520 23285 2 Byock Jesse 1999 The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki Penguin Classics ISBN 014043593X Clarke M G 1911 Sidelights on Teutonic History During the Migration Period being Studies ofBeowulfand Other Old English Poems Cambridge University Press Cleasby Richard Vigfusson Gudbrand 1874 An Icelandic English dictionary Oxford Clarendon Press Cronan Dennis 1993 The rescuing sword Neophilologus 77 3 467 478 doi 10 1007 BF00999688 S2CID 162366030 Degtyareva L I 2010 Nemeckaya onomastika v Sumskoj oblasti Filologichni traktati 2 3 23 28 The Saga of the Volsungs PDF Translated by Finch R G London and Edinburgh Nelson 1965 Heimskringla PDF Vol 1 Translated by Finlay Alison Faulkes Anthony Viking Society for Northern Research University College London 2016 ISBN 978 0 903521 86 4 Finlay Alison 2010 The Saga of Asmundr Killer of Champions In Martin Arnold Finlay Alison eds Making History Essays on the Fornaldarsogur Viking Society for Northern Research University College London pp 119 139 ISBN 978 0 903521 84 0 Friis Jensen Karsten ed 2015 Saxo Grammaticus Gesta Danorum The History of the Danes Vol 1 Translated by Fisher Peter Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 82052 34 Fridriksdottir Johanna Katrin 2010 Hyggin ok forsjal Wisdom and Women s Counsel in Hrolfs saga Gautrekssonar In Martin Arnold Finlay Alison eds Making History Essays on the Fornaldarsogur Viking Society for Northern Research University College London ISBN 978 0 903521 84 0 Forstemann Ernst 1900 Altdeutsches Namenbuch Band 1 Personennamen 2 ed Bonn Bonn P Hanstein Gentry Francis G McConnell Winder Muller Ulrich Wunderlich Werner eds 2011 2002 The Nibelungen Tradition An Encyclopedia New York Abingdon Routledge ISBN 978 0 8153 1785 2 Ghosh Shami 2007 On the origins of Germanic heroic poetry a case study of the legend of the Burgundians Beitrage zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 129 2 220 252 doi 10 1515 BGSL 2007 220 S2CID 161148492 Gillespie George T 1973 Catalogue of Persons Named in German Heroic Literature 700 1600 Including Named Animals and Objects and Ethnic Names Oxford Oxford University ISBN 978 0 19 815718 2 Haymes Edward 1988 The saga of Thidrek of Bern Garland library of medieval literature New York Garland ISBN 0824084896 Hellquist Elof 1922 Svensk etymologisk ordbok Lund C W K Gleerups forlag Heusler Andreas 1910 Heldennamen in mehrfacher lautgestalt Zeitschrift fur deutsches Altertum 52 1 2 97 107 JSTOR 20652404 The Poetic Edda Translated by Hollander Lee M Texas University Press 1928 Jiriczek Otto Luitpold 1898 Deutsche Heldensagen Band 1 Strasbourg Karl Trubner ISBN 9783112176429 Jochens Jenny 1996 Old Norse Images of Women University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia ISBN 0 8122 3358 1 Jones Gwyn 1969 A History of the Vikings Oxford University Press Kaufmann Hennig 1968 Erganzungsband zu Ernst Forstemann Personennamen Wilhelm Fink Klaeber Friedrich 2008 Fulk R D Bjork Robert E Niles John D eds Klaeber s Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg University of Toronto Press pp 274 277 ISBN 978 0 8020 9843 6 Krause Arnulf 2010 Reclams Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie und Heldensage Reclam ISBN 978 3 15 010778 2 Phelpstead Carl ed 2001 A History of Norway and the Passion and Miracles of the Blessed olafr PDF Translated by Kunin Devra Viking Society for Northern Research ISBN 978 0 903521 48 2 Leneghan Francis 2020 Hines John Cubitt Catherine eds The Dynastic Drama of Beowulf Anglo Saxon Studies 39 Anglo Saxon Studies Boydell amp Brewer ISSN 1475 2468 Malone Kemp 1936 Wisith 1962 ed Rosenkilde and Bagger Copenhagen McKinnell John 2005 Meeting the Other in Norse Myth and Legend Cambridge DS Brewer ISBN 1 84384 042 1 McTurk Rory 1991 Studies in Ragnars saga Lodbrokar and its Major Scandinavian Analogues The Society for the Study of Mediaeval Languages and Literature Oxford ISBN 0 907570 08 9 Miller Clarence H 2007 Fragments of Danish History ANQ A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles Notes and Reviews 20 3 9 33 doi 10 3200 ANQQ 20 3 9 22 S2CID 161363696 Mueller Eugen Hartmuth 1939 Deutung einiger Namen im Nibelungenlied Monatshefte fur Deutschen Unterricht 31 6 274 284 JSTOR 30169580 Murdoch Brian 2004 Gothic In Murdoch Brian Read Malcolm eds Camden House History of German Literature volume 1 Early Germanic Literature and Culture Camden House pp 149 170 ISBN 1 57113 199 X Naumann Hans Peter 2016 Bosa saga ok Herrauds In Pulsiano Philip Wolf Kirsten eds Medieval Scandinavia an Encyclopedia New York Routledge Revivals p 54 ISBN 978 1 315 16132 7 Neidorf Leonard 2013a Beowulf before Beowulf Anglo Saxon Anthroponymy and Heroic Legend The Review of English Studies 64 266 553 573 doi 10 1093 res hgs108 Neidorf Leonard 2018a Beowulf as Pre National Epic Ethnocentrism in the Poem and its Criticism ELH 85 4 847 875 doi 10 1353 elh 2018 0031 S2CID 165792664 Neidorf Leonard 2018b Wealhtheow and Her Name Etymology Characterization and Textual Criticism Neophilologus 102 1 75 89 doi 10 1007 s11061 017 9538 4 S2CID 165875310 Nerman Birger 1919 Kung Agne och hans dod pa Agnefit Fornvannen Nerman Birger 1925 Svenska rikets uppkomst Stockholm Generalstabens litografiska anstalt Newton Sam 1993 The Origins of Beowulf and the Pre Viking Kingdom of East Anglia Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780859914727 Noreen Adolf 1922 Yngve In Westrin Th ed Nordisk Familjebok Vol 33 2 ed p 563 Olrik Axel 1919 The Heroic Legends of Denmark Translated by Hollander Lee M New York The American Scandinavian Foundation Olson Oscar Ludvig 1916 The Relation of the Hrolfs saga kraka and the Bjarkarimur to Beowulf Publications of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study 3 1 1 104 JSTOR 40914974 Orel Vladimir E 2003 A Handbook of Germanic Etymology Brill ISBN 978 90 04 12875 0 Osborn Marijane 2019 The Alleged Murder of Hrethric in Beowulf Traditio 74 153 177 doi 10 1017 tdo 2019 9 S2CID 210496115 Hrolf Gautreksson Translated by Palsson Hermann Edwards Paul Edinburg Southside 1972 ISBN 0 8020 1814 9 Seven Viking Romances Translated by Palsson Hermann Edwards Paul Penguin Group 1985 ISBN 9780141966809 Peterson Lena 2004 Lexikon over urnordiska personnamn Uppsala Institutet for sprak och folkminnen Peterson Lena 2007 Nordiskt runnamnslexikon Uppsala Institutet for sprak och folkminnen Reichert Hermann 1994 Heime in Wilten und in der Thidrekssaga In Uecker Heiko ed Studien zum Altgermanischen Festschrift fur Heinrich Beck Walter de Gruyter pp 503 512 Rozano Garcia Francisco J 2019 Unferth madelode The Villain in Beowulf Reconsidered English Studies 100 8 941 958 doi 10 1080 0013838X 2019 1640051 S2CID 201430758 Schuck Henrik Warburg Karl 1985 Illustrerad svensk litteraturhistoria Vol 1 3 ed Malmo Gidlunds ISBN 91 7844 027 0 Simek Rudolf 1993 Dictionary of Northern Mythology Translated by Hall Angela D S Brewer ISBN 0 85991 369 4 Schneider Hermann 1962 Germanische Heldensage Bd 1 Deutsche Heldensage 2 ed de Gruyter Sundqvist Olof 2002 Freyr s offspring Rulers and religion in ancient Svea society Uppsala universitet ISBN 91 554 5263 9 The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise PDF Translated by Tolkien Christopher 1960 Uecker Heiko 1972 Germanische Heldensage Stuttgart Metzler ISBN 3476101061 Vikstrand Per 2004 Skuta and Vendil Two Place Names in Ynglingatal In van Nahl Astrid Elmevik Lennart Brink Stefan eds Namenwelten Berlin New York Walter de Gruyter ISBN 3 11 018108 8 de Vries Jan 1962 Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch 2000 ed Brill ISBN 90 04 05436 7 The Sagas of Ragnar Lodbrok Translated by Waggoner Ben New Haven Troth Publications 2009 ISBN 9780578021386 Wessen Elias 1927 Eddadikterna om Helge Hundingsbane Fornvannen Wessen Elias 1952 Wessen Elias Helgason Jon Knudsen Trygve Skautrup Peter eds Ynglingsaga Svenska bokforlaget Norstedts Stockholm Ejnar Munksgaard Kobenhavn Dreyers forlag Oslo Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of figures in Germanic heroic legend T Y amp oldid 1193386027, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.