Wikipedia
List of governors-general of French Indochina
European (as well as Japanese and Chinese) colonial administrators had historically been responsible for the territory of French Indochina, an area equivalent to modern-day Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and the Chinese city of Zhanjiang.
| Governor-General of French Indochina | |
|---|---|
| Gouverneur de l'Indochine Française (French) Đông Dương tổng thống toàn quyền đại thần (Vietnamese) 東洋總統全權大臣 (Hán tự) 法屬印度支那總督 (Traditional Chinese) | |
Emblem of the government-general of French Indochina | |
Vietnamese-style seal of the governor-general of French Indochina[a] | |
| Reports to | Ministry of the Colonies |
| Residence | Norodom Palace (1887–1902), Residence of the governor-general of French Indochina in Hanoi, Tonkin (1902–1945) |
| Seat | Saigon, French Cochinchina (1887–1902) Hanoi, Tonkin (1902–1945) |
| Formation | 16 November 1887 |
| First holder | Jean Antoine Ernest Constans |
| Final holder | Henri Hoppenot |
| Abolished | 21 July 1956 |
French Indochina (including Guangzhouwan), 1930.
List of governors-general
The following have held the position of governor-general of French Indochina.[1][2]
Pre–1945
| Tenure start | Tenure end | Incumbent | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| French Indochina formed (Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Cochinchina, and from 19 April 1899, Laos) | |||
| Governors-general | |||
| 16 November 1887 | 22 April 1888 | Jean Antoine Ernest Constans | Provisional |
| 22 April 1888 | 30 May 1889 | Étienne Antoine Guillaume Richaud | Acting until 8 September 1888 |
| 31 May 1889 | 18 April 1891 | Jean-Luc de Saint Peauxpas | |
| 18 April 1891 | 26 June 1891 | François Marie Leon Bideau | Acting |
| 26 June 1891 | 29 December 1894 | Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan | |
| 10 March 1894 | 26 October 1894 | Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux | Acting for Lanessan |
| 29 December 1894 | 16 March 1895 | François Pierre Rodier | Acting |
| 16 March 1895 | 10 December 1896 | Paul Armand Rosseau | |
| 21 October 1895 | 14 March 1896 | Paul Julien Auguste Fourès | Acting for Rosseau. 1st time |
| 10 December 1896 | 13 February 1897 | Paul Julien Auguste Fourès | Acting. 2nd time |
| 13 February 1897 | 14 March 1902 | Joseph Athanase Paul Doumer | Future president of France. |
| 29 September 1898 | 24 January 1899 | Paul Julien Auguste Fourès | Acting for Doumer. 3rd time |
| 16 February 1901 | 20 August 1901 | Édouard Alfred Marie Broni | Acting for Doumer. 1st time |
| 14 March 1902 | 14 October 1902 | Édouard Alfred Marie Broni | Acting. 2nd time |
| 15 October 1902 | 28 February 1908 | Jean Baptiste Paul Beau | |
| 28 February 1908 | 23 September 1908 | Louis Alphonse Bonhoure | Acting |
| 24 September 1908 | 17 February 1911 | Antony Wladislas Klobukowski | |
| 13 January 1910 | 10 June 1910 | Albert Jean George Marie Louis Picquié | Acting for Klobukowski |
| 17 February 1911 | 14 November 1911 | Paul Louis Luce | Acting |
| 15 November 1911 | 22 November 1913 | Albert-Pierre Sarraut | 1st time |
| 22 November 1913 | 3 March 1915 | Joost van Vollenhoven | Acting |
| 3 March 1915 | 22 May 1916 | Ernest Nestor Roume | |
| 23 May 1916 | 21 January 1917 | Jean-François dit Eugène Charles | Acting |
| 22 January 1917 | 9 December 1919 | Albert-Pierre Sarraut | 2nd time |
| 22 May 1919 | 19 February 1920 | Maurice Antoine François Monguillot | Acting. 1st time |
| 20 February 1920 | 15 April 1922 | Maurice Long | |
| 18 November 1920 | 31 March 1921 | Joseph Maurice Le Gallen | Acting for Long |
| 15 April 1922 | 9 August 1923 | François Marius Baudouin | Acting |
| 9 August 1923 | 23 April 1925 | Martial Henri Merlin | |
| 23 April 1925 | 18 November 1925 | Maurice Antoine François Monguillot | 2nd time |
| 18 November 1925 | 22 August 1928 | Alexandre Varenne | |
| 4 October 1926 | 16 May 1927 | Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier | Acting for Varenne. 1st time |
| 1 November 1927 | 7 August 1928 | Maurice Antoine François Monguillot | Acting for Varenne. 3rd time |
| 7 August 1928 | 26 December 1928 | Eugène Jean Louis René Robin | Acting. 1st time |
| 26 December 1928 | 15 January 1934 | Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier | 2nd time |
| 1 December 1930 | 30 June 1931 | Eugène Jean Louis René Robin | Acting for Pasquier. 2nd time |
| 15 January 1934 | 23 July 1934 | Maurice Fernand Graffeuil | Acting |
| 23 July 1934 | 9 September 1936 | Eugène Jean Louis René Robin | Acting for Pasquier. 3rd time |
| 9 September 1936 | 14 January 1937 | Achille Louis Auguste Silvestre | Acting |
| 14 January 1937 | 20 August 1939 | Joseph-Jules Brévié | |
| 20 August 1939 | 25 June 1940 | Georges Catroux | Acting |
| 25 June 1940 | 9 March 1945 | Jean Decoux | Interim until 29 August 1940. Continued serving after the Japanese invasion; deposed in the Japanese coup d'état |
| Japanese military occupation | |||
| 9 March 1945 | 28 August 1945 | Yuitsu Tsuchihashi | Japanese military commander in Indochina and provisional governor-general |
| 9 March 1945 | 15 August 1945 | Takeshi Tsukamoto | Acting for Tsuchihashi |
| 10 April 1945 | September 1945 | Gabriel Sabattier | PGFR delegate-general; in opposition to Japanese occupation after the coup. Retreated with remaining troops to China in May |
| Allied military administration | |||
| 14 September 1945 | 14 May 1946 | Lu Han | Military governor (Republic of China), above 16th parallel |
| 13 September 1945 | 28 March 1946 | Douglas Gracey | Military governor (United Kingdom), below 16th parallel |
Post–1945
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| High commissioner (Hauts-commissaires de France en Indochine) | |||||
| – | Jean Cédile (1908–1984) Acting | 23 September 1945 | 5 October 1945 | 12 days | |
| – | Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque (1908–1984) Acting | 5 October 1945 | 31 October 1945 | 26 days | |
| 1 | Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu (1889–1964) Appointed as the High Commissioner 17 August 1945, but did not enter his position until 2 November. | 2 November 1945 | 27 March 1947 | 1 year, 145 days | |
| 2 | Émile Bollaert (1890–1978) | 27 March 1947 | 20 October 1948 | 1 year, 207 days | |
| 3 | Léon Pignon (1908–1976) | 20 October 1948 | 13 December 1950 | 2 years, 54 days | |
| 4 | Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (1889–1952) | 13 December 1950 | 11 January 1952 † | 1 year, 29 days | |
| 5 | Raoul Salan (1899–1984) | 11 January 1952 | 18 April 1952 | 98 days | |
| 6 | Jean Letourneau (1907–1986) | 18 April 1952 | 27 April 1953 | 1 year, 9 days | |
| Commissioners-general (Commissaires généraux en Indochine) | |||||
| 1 | Jean Letourneau (1907–1986) | 27 April 1953 | 23 July 1953 | 87 days | |
| 2 | Maurice Dejean (1899–1982) Served at the time of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu | 23 July 1953 | 4 June 1954 | 316 days | |
| 3 | Paul Ély (1897–1975) | 4 June 1954 | April 1955 | 9 months | |
| 4 | Henri Hoppenot (1891–1977) | April 1955 | 21 July 1956 | 1 year, 3 months | |
See also
Notes
- ^ Used on Classical Chinese language documents. Its inscription reads Toàn quyền đại thần (全權大臣, "governor-general") written in seal script.
References
- ^ Commission française du Guide des Sources de l'Histoire des Nations (1981). Sources de l'histoire de l'Asie et de l'Océanie dans les archives et bibliothèques françaises. Part 1: Archives (in French). München: K. G. Saur. ISBN 3-598-21472-3.
- ^ Cahoon, Ben (n.d.). "French Union of Indo-China". WorldStatesmen.org. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
- de Lanessan, Jean Marie Antoine; Truslove, Roland (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 494.
- Wieviorka, Olivier (2008). Normandy: The Landings to the Liberation of Paris. Translated by DeBevoise, M. B. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02838-8 – via Internet Archive.
External links
- Alexandre Varenne in Indochina