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Lingeer

October 14, 2023

Lingeer (also: Linger or Linguère) was the title given to the mother or sister of a king[1] in the Serer kingdoms of Sine, Saloum, and previously the Kingdom of Baol; and the Wolof kingdoms of Cayor, Jolof, Baol and Waalo in pre-colonial Senegal. The word "Lingeer" means "queen" or "princess" in Serer and Wolof language.[2] The Lingeer was considered the “great princess of royal courts.”[3] These kingdoms utilized a bilineal system, as a candidate for kingship could not succeed to the throne if he was not a member of the reigning materlineage, and thus, the Lingeer's maternal lineage was highly significant. In similarity, a candidate could not succeed to the throne as king if he was not a member of the noble reigning patriclans. That was particular so among the Serer who retained much of their old culture, customs and traditional religion where women played a significant role compared to the Wolof who adopted Islam.[4][5] Various Lingeers have been noted for their resistance efforts to colonial conquest.

Serer royal and religious titles
Royal titles
Lamane (also religious)
Maad a Sinig
Maad Saloum
Teigne
Lingeer
Line of succession
Buumi
Thilas
Loul
Religious titles
Saltigue
This box:

Classification

Although the royal title Lingeer was generally given to the mother or sister of the king, and sometimes the first wife of the king (the "Lingeer-Awo"), the title could also mean a royal princess. In this case, it meant a woman who could trace royal descent from both her paternal and maternal line. In Wolof and Serer tradition, a woman who could trace royal descent on both her paternal and maternal line automatically became a Lingeer. The male equivalent was Garmi (a man who could trace royal descent on both his paternal and maternal line). It is from these Lingeers (a woman of pure royal blood) that a king would seek to marry. The king himself was a member of the Garmi class.

Characteristics and powers

Historians are careful to not understate her influence in the pre-colonial period; the Lingeer is said to both make and unmake kings.[6] In the Wolof state, the Lingeer's political significance traditionally included: control of some of the king's land,[7] which they would administer by using captives; provision of food and maintenance for their retainers; and integration into the clan system. Members of the community needed to charm and persuade a Lingeer if they held hopes of acquiring a political career.[8]

In the Serer Kingdoms of Sine and Saloum, the Lingeer held significant power and was crowned Lingeer by the Maad a Sinig and Maad Saloum (King of Sine and Saloum respectively) after his own coronation ceremony.[9] In the economic realm, like her Wolof counterpart, the Lingeer of Serer societies controlled several villages, the contributions of which she was free to utilize. The inhabitants of such villages would traditionally cultivate a field of grain for their Lingeer.

Many noble families sent forth their daughters to be followers of the Lingeer; however, captives often filled this role as well.

The Lingeer was accompanied by a female géwél, a professional singer or musician, regionally known as a griot. The géwél sang listeners to sleep at night and awakened them in the morning.[10] The types of songs sung to honor a Lingeer's sovereignty include: taggate, màdd, woy u lingeer, and buur.[10]

The power position that the Lingeer occupied was a bi- and sometimes tri-cameral one: her leadership activities were carried out at the highest tier, as a co-monarch.[11] In the case of a conflict between a Lingeer and the king, a Lingeer would sometimes create new political alliances.

Towards the end of the seventeenth century, a relationship was established throughout many Wolof lands between the Lingeers and the Idaw al-Hajj, a vast grouping of Saharan immigrants that established a commercial network linking Senegambia with North Africa and the western Sahara.[12] In these instances, the Idaw al-Hajj served as the queen's religious advisors.

History

While many of the Lingeer are no longer known of, some of these women made their way into the historical record for their leadership and, in later cases, resistance to colonial incursions.

One of the earliest known Lingeer is Lingeer Fatim Beye (c. 1335), the matriarch of the Joos Maternal Dynasty. She was a Serer Princess and Queen of Sine. She was once married to King Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali. She is an early ancestor of all the Joos who went on to rule Waalo, such as her granddaughter Lingeer Ndoye Demba (c. 1367). Lingeer Ndoye Demba, also of Serer origin, established the Joos Maternal Dynasty in the Wolof kingdom of Waalo as the region's queen and Princess of Sine. Lingeer Fatoumata Sall was the mother of the possibly mythical monarch Ndiadiane Ndiaye, who was emperor of the Jolof in the 1360s.[13][14][15]

The Lingeer's role sometimes extended to overthrowing the current king. In 1673, Ndyai Sal or Sar, a marabout of likely Tukuloor descent, was offered marriage and military alliance from a Lingeer who had been recently deposed by a new king. Together, they defeated and killed the king. They then proceeded to select a new candidate, royal by birth, but also potentially more malleable to their control.[16]

Historians have cited instances in which the Lingeer's role extended into negotiating the relationship between the Wolof and Serer kingdoms. One such example involves the Lingeer Djembet (many variations: Jembet, Njembot Mbodj). In 1833, Djembet married the king of Trarza (in Mauritania), Mohamed El-Habib. This political marriage provided the couple with control over the Waalo and the Trarza. The alliance was prompted not by the threat of Moorish expansion – a position encouraged by the opposition – but rather to construct a more resistant bloc against colonial invasion. The marriage faced a not insignificant amount of opposition within Waalo, yet was carried through by Djembet in order to halt French political expansion in the region. In 1841, she chose the king to succeed Fara Penda Adam Sal upon his death.[8]

Ndaté Yalla Mbodj was the sister of Djembet and succeeded her in 1846. Her political action was similarly momentous and controversial; she is notable for her refusal of a French alliance. She prevented her son from contesting the accession of Djembet's son to the throne. One scholar attributes this choice to N’Daate Yaala's desire to not “break up the power of the unified kingdom.”[8]

Literary and filmic representations

The character of the Lingeer has been featured in Senegambian literature. Ginette Ba-Curry writes of the Lingeer presence in Cheikh Hamidou Kane's novel Ambiguous Adventure: “The Most Royal Lady is a female figure belonging to pre-Islamic society, recalling the 'Linguere' ... She is the reflection of the historical heroines of the Senegalese past such as the heiress of the Waalo throne, Lingeer Jombot who was in charge of the political affairs of the Waalo region and was succeeded by her sister Nade Yalla, wife of Maroso, the Prince of Kajoor”.[3]

In artistic Serer expression, especially in oral poetry and the culture of the traditional griotte, performers depict the Lingeer character as playing an important role in their society's functioning.[17]

Films such as Abderrahmane Sissako’s Timbuktu (2014) feature a Lingeer character.[18] Djibril Diop Mambety's Hyènes (1992) features the character Linguere Ramatou as its protagonist. Her first name is an alternate spelling of Lingeer and she has in fact been described as a royal of sorts: film scholars write that she is “an outcast-cum-queen who sits contemplating the horizon”.[19]

Burial ground

All crowned Serer lingeers of Sine are buried at Tioupane, Diakhao (in modern-day Senegal). The historic village of Tioupane was where the crowned lingeer, usually the Maad a Sinig's mother, took residence. The Serer kings are buried elsewhere in Sine. Only the lingeers are buried in Tioupane. Non-crowned lingeers are also buried in Tioupane, but in a different section within the graveyard, away from the crowned lingeers. Like the graves of the Serer kings, the graves of the lingeers are also marked and there are historian on site that narrates their genealogy and history.[20][21][22] Like the other Serer historic and sacred grounds, the burial site of Tioupane has been added to the list of sites of historic importance by the Senegalese Ministry of Culture (2006 decree).[22]

List of Lingeers

  • Lingeer Fatim Beye (c. 1335)
  • Lingeer Ndoye Demba (c. 1367) (granddaughter of Fatim Beye)
  • Lingeer Ngoné Dièye, 17th century Queen and Queen Mother of Cayor and Baol, and mother of Damel Lat Sukabe Fall
  • Lingeer Djembet or Njembot Mbodj (active in 1830s; died September 1846).[23]
  • Lingeer Ndaté Yalla Mbodj, succeeded her sister in 1846.[24]
  • Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof (French: Selbé Diouf), daughter of King of Sine—Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof. She was kidnapped by the Senegambian Muslim forces during the surprise attack of Mbin o Ngor (or Keur Ngor). That surprise attack against the Serer people of Sine precipitated the Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune in 1867 where the forces of Kumba Ndoffene defeated the Muslim Marabouts, killing their leader Maba Diakhou Bâ. Following the kidnappng of the Serer Princes, she was forcefully married off to Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ—one of Maba's brothers without her father's permission. After Kumba Ndoffene's victory at Fandane-Thiouthioune, the King gave the order to have Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ castrated for his audacity in entering his daughter into a forced marriage.[25][26]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Sheldon, Kathleen E., "Historical dictionary of women in Sub-Saharan Africa", vol. 1, Scarecrow Press, 2005, p 148 ISBN 0-8108-5331-0
  2. ^ Klein, Martin A. "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914." Edinburgh University Press (1968) pp 11-15 & 262, ISBN 0-85224-029-5
  3. ^ a b Ba-Curry, Ginette (July 2008). "African Women, Tradition and Change in Cheikh Hamidou Kane's Ambiguous Adventure and Mariama Bâ's So Long a Letter". bsc.chadwyck.com. Itibari M. Zulu. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  4. ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture, (2010), p 231, ISBN 9987932223
  5. ^ Klein, Martin A. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914. Edinburgh University Press (1968) p. 13, ISBN 0852240295. Quote: "The Serer determine descent by both the mother's and father's lines, but matrilineage plays a more important role in Serer life."
  6. ^ "Dépendance et Développement Le Statut de la Femme en Afrique Moderne". Notes Africaines. No 139. 1973.
  7. ^ Zucarelli, François (1973-01-01). "De la chefferie traditionnelle au canton: évolution du canton colonial au Sénégal, 1855-1960 (Evolution of the Colonial "Canton" (County) in Senegal, 1885-1960)". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 13 (50): 213–238. doi:10.3406/cea.1973.2710. JSTOR 4391209.
  8. ^ a b c Creevey, Lucy (1996-01-01). "Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal". Journal of Religion in Africa. 26 (3): 268–307. doi:10.2307/1581646. JSTOR 1581646.
  9. ^ Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum. Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987, p. 28-30
  10. ^ a b Penna-Diaw, Luciana (2014-01-01). Songs by Wolof Women. pp. 124–135. ISBN 9780253010179. JSTOR j.ctt16gznkv.10. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Buri Mboup, Samba (2008). "Conflicting leadership paradigms in Africa: A need for an African Renaissance perspective1". International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity. 3 (1): 94–112. doi:10.1080/18186870802321608.
  12. ^ James L. A. Webb, Jr. (1995-01-01). "The Evolution of the Idaw al-Hajj Commercial Diaspora (L'évolution de la diaspora marchande Idaw al-Hajj)". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 35 (138/139): 455–475. doi:10.3406/cea.1995.1456. JSTOR 4392604.
  13. ^ Fage, John D., Oliver, Roland, "The Cambridge history of Africa: From c. 1600 to c. 1790", p 486, ISBN 0-521-20981-1
  14. ^ Glinga, Werner, Diop, Papa Samba, "Sénégal-Forum. IKO-Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 1996. p 110, ISBN 3-88939-431-0
  15. ^ Anyidoho, Kofi, "Cross rhythms", Volume 1, Occasional papers in African folklore, p 118, Trickster Press (1983)
  16. ^ Colvin, Lucie Gallistel (1974-01-01). "Islam and the State of Kajoor: A Case of Successful Resistance to Jihad". The Journal of African History. 15 (4): 587–606. doi:10.1017/s002185370001389x. JSTOR 180992.
  17. ^ Ndiaye, Cheikh M. (2006-01-01). "Histoire et mythes du Pays Sérère dans la poésie de Léopold Sédar Senghor". Nouvelles Études Francophones. 21 (2): 23–32. JSTOR 25701974.
  18. ^ Barlet, Olivier; Thackway, Melissa (2015). "FESPACO 2015: After the Transition, What Next?". Black Camera. 7 (1): 238–250. doi:10.2979/blackcamera.7.1.238. JSTOR 10.2979/blackcamera.7.1.238.
  19. ^ Barlet, Olivier; Thackway, Melissa (2015). "FESPACO 2015: After the Transition, What Next?". Black Camera. 7 (1): 238–250. doi:10.2979/blackcamera.7.1.238. JSTOR 10.2979/blackcamera.7.1.238.
  20. ^ Awa Yombe Yade, Le fonctionnement de la justice indigène dans le Cercle du Sine-Saloum de 1903 à 1931, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2001, p. 12
  21. ^ Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire: Sciences humaines, Volume 34, IFAN, 1972, p. 742
  22. ^ a b Republic of Senegal, Official Journal, MINISTERE DE LA CULTURE ET DU PATRIMOINE HISTORIQUE CLASSE  : ARRETE MINISTERIEL n° 2711 mcphc-dpc en date du 3 mai 2006 (30 Sep 2006) [1]
  23. ^ Sheldon, Kathleen E., "Historical dictionary of women in Sub-Saharan Africa, vol. 1, Scarecrow Press, 2005, p. 148 ISBN 0-8108-5331-0
  24. ^ Adande, Alexis B.A., & Arinze, Emmanuel, "The place of Women in the Museum of Saint-Louis, [in] Museums & urban culture in West Africa, Institut africain international, Oxford, 2002, p. 145-146 ISBN 0-85255-276-9
  25. ^ Diouf, Niokhobaye. Chronique du royaume du Sine. Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp. 726-729 (PDF: pp. 16—18)
  26. ^ Sarr, pp 37-38

Bibliography

  • Ba-Curry, Ginette (July 2008). "African Women, Tradition and Change in Cheikh Hamidou Kane's Ambiguous Adventure and Mariama Bâ's So Long a Letter". Journal of Pan African Studies, July 2008, vol 2, no.5.
  • Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum" (Sénégal), (Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker), Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986–87.
  • Sheldon, Kathleen E., "Historical dictionary of women in Sub-Saharan Africa", vol. 1, Scarecrow Press, 2005, p 148 ISBN 0-8108-5331-0
  • Klein, Martin A. "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914." Edinburgh University Press (1968) pp 11–15 & 262, ISBN 0-85224-029-5
  • Glinga, Werner, Diop, Papa Samba, "Sénégal-Forum. IKO-Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 1996. p 110, ISBN 3-88939-431-0
  • Anyidoho, Kofi, "Cross rhythms", Volume 1, Occasional papers in African folklore, p 118, Trickster Press (1983)
  • Sheldon, Kathleen E., "Historical dictionary of women in Sub-Saharan Africa, vol. 1, Scarecrow Press, 2005, p. 148 ISBN 0-8108-5331-0
  • Adande, Alexis B.A., & Arinze, Emmanuel, "The place of Women in the Museum of Saint-Louis, [in] Museums & urban culture in West Africa, Institut africain international, Oxford, 2002, p. 145-146 ISBN 0-85255-276-9
  • Fage, John D., Oliver, Roland, "The Cambridge history of Africa: From c. 1600 to c. 1790", p 486, ISBN 0-521-20981-1
  • Diouf, Niokhobaye. Chronique du royaume du Sine. Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp. 726–729 (PDF: pp. 16–18)

External links

  • « linguère, linguer » in Geneviève N'Diaye Corréard (dir.), Les mots du patrimoine : le Sénégal, Éd. des Archives contemporaines, Paris ; Agence universitaire de la francophonie, Paris, Montréal, 2006, pp. 327–328 ISBN 2-914610-33-5

October 14, 2023
lingeer, also, linger, linguère, title, given, mother, sister, king, serer, kingdoms, sine, saloum, previously, kingdom, baol, wolof, kingdoms, cayor, jolof, baol, waalo, colonial, senegal, word, means, queen, princess, serer, wolof, language, considered, grea. Lingeer also Linger or Linguere was the title given to the mother or sister of a king 1 in the Serer kingdoms of Sine Saloum and previously the Kingdom of Baol and the Wolof kingdoms of Cayor Jolof Baol and Waalo in pre colonial Senegal The word Lingeer means queen or princess in Serer and Wolof language 2 The Lingeer was considered the great princess of royal courts 3 These kingdoms utilized a bilineal system as a candidate for kingship could not succeed to the throne if he was not a member of the reigning materlineage and thus the Lingeer s maternal lineage was highly significant In similarity a candidate could not succeed to the throne as king if he was not a member of the noble reigning patriclans That was particular so among the Serer who retained much of their old culture customs and traditional religion where women played a significant role compared to the Wolof who adopted Islam 4 5 Various Lingeers have been noted for their resistance efforts to colonial conquest Serer royal and religious titlesRoyal titlesLamane also religious Maad a SinigMaad SaloumTeigneLingeerLine of successionBuumiThilasLoulReligious titlesSaltigueThis box viewtalkedit Contents 1 Classification 2 Characteristics and powers 3 History 4 Literary and filmic representations 5 Burial ground 6 List of Lingeers 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Bibliography 10 External linksClassificationAlthough the royal title Lingeer was generally given to the mother or sister of the king and sometimes the first wife of the king the Lingeer Awo the title could also mean a royal princess In this case it meant a woman who could trace royal descent from both her paternal and maternal line In Wolof and Serer tradition a woman who could trace royal descent on both her paternal and maternal line automatically became a Lingeer The male equivalent was Garmi a man who could trace royal descent on both his paternal and maternal line It is from these Lingeers a woman of pure royal blood that a king would seek to marry The king himself was a member of the Garmi class Characteristics and powersHistorians are careful to not understate her influence in the pre colonial period the Lingeer is said to both make and unmake kings 6 In the Wolof state the Lingeer s political significance traditionally included control of some of the king s land 7 which they would administer by using captives provision of food and maintenance for their retainers and integration into the clan system Members of the community needed to charm and persuade a Lingeer if they held hopes of acquiring a political career 8 In the Serer Kingdoms of Sine and Saloum the Lingeer held significant power and was crowned Lingeer by the Maad a Sinig and Maad Saloum King of Sine and Saloum respectively after his own coronation ceremony 9 In the economic realm like her Wolof counterpart the Lingeer of Serer societies controlled several villages the contributions of which she was free to utilize The inhabitants of such villages would traditionally cultivate a field of grain for their Lingeer Many noble families sent forth their daughters to be followers of the Lingeer however captives often filled this role as well The Lingeer was accompanied by a female gewel a professional singer or musician regionally known as a griot The gewel sang listeners to sleep at night and awakened them in the morning 10 The types of songs sung to honor a Lingeer s sovereignty include taggate madd woy u lingeer and buur 10 The power position that the Lingeer occupied was a bi and sometimes tri cameral one her leadership activities were carried out at the highest tier as a co monarch 11 In the case of a conflict between a Lingeer and the king a Lingeer would sometimes create new political alliances Towards the end of the seventeenth century a relationship was established throughout many Wolof lands between the Lingeers and the Idaw al Hajj a vast grouping of Saharan immigrants that established a commercial network linking Senegambia with North Africa and the western Sahara 12 In these instances the Idaw al Hajj served as the queen s religious advisors HistoryWhile many of the Lingeer are no longer known of some of these women made their way into the historical record for their leadership and in later cases resistance to colonial incursions One of the earliest known Lingeer is Lingeer Fatim Beye c 1335 the matriarch of the Joos Maternal Dynasty She was a Serer Princess and Queen of Sine She was once married to King Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali She is an early ancestor of all the Joos who went on to rule Waalo such as her granddaughter Lingeer Ndoye Demba c 1367 Lingeer Ndoye Demba also of Serer origin established the Joos Maternal Dynasty in the Wolof kingdom of Waalo as the region s queen and Princess of Sine Lingeer Fatoumata Sall was the mother of the possibly mythical monarch Ndiadiane Ndiaye who was emperor of the Jolof in the 1360s 13 14 15 The Lingeer s role sometimes extended to overthrowing the current king In 1673 Ndyai Sal or Sar a marabout of likely Tukuloor descent was offered marriage and military alliance from a Lingeer who had been recently deposed by a new king Together they defeated and killed the king They then proceeded to select a new candidate royal by birth but also potentially more malleable to their control 16 Historians have cited instances in which the Lingeer s role extended into negotiating the relationship between the Wolof and Serer kingdoms One such example involves the Lingeer Djembet many variations Jembet Njembot Mbodj In 1833 Djembet married the king of Trarza in Mauritania Mohamed El Habib This political marriage provided the couple with control over the Waalo and the Trarza The alliance was prompted not by the threat of Moorish expansion a position encouraged by the opposition but rather to construct a more resistant bloc against colonial invasion The marriage faced a not insignificant amount of opposition within Waalo yet was carried through by Djembet in order to halt French political expansion in the region In 1841 she chose the king to succeed Fara Penda Adam Sal upon his death 8 Ndate Yalla Mbodj was the sister of Djembet and succeeded her in 1846 Her political action was similarly momentous and controversial she is notable for her refusal of a French alliance She prevented her son from contesting the accession of Djembet s son to the throne One scholar attributes this choice to N Daate Yaala s desire to not break up the power of the unified kingdom 8 Literary and filmic representationsThe character of the Lingeer has been featured in Senegambian literature Ginette Ba Curry writes of the Lingeer presence in Cheikh Hamidou Kane s novel Ambiguous Adventure The Most Royal Lady is a female figure belonging to pre Islamic society recalling the Linguere She is the reflection of the historical heroines of the Senegalese past such as the heiress of the Waalo throne Lingeer Jombot who was in charge of the political affairs of the Waalo region and was succeeded by her sister Nade Yalla wife of Maroso the Prince of Kajoor 3 In artistic Serer expression especially in oral poetry and the culture of the traditional griotte performers depict the Lingeer character as playing an important role in their society s functioning 17 Films such as Abderrahmane Sissako s Timbuktu 2014 feature a Lingeer character 18 Djibril Diop Mambety s Hyenes 1992 features the character Linguere Ramatou as its protagonist Her first name is an alternate spelling of Lingeer and she has in fact been described as a royal of sorts film scholars write that she is an outcast cum queen who sits contemplating the horizon 19 Burial groundAll crowned Serer lingeers of Sine are buried at Tioupane Diakhao in modern day Senegal The historic village of Tioupane was where the crowned lingeer usually the Maad a Sinig s mother took residence The Serer kings are buried elsewhere in Sine Only the lingeers are buried in Tioupane Non crowned lingeers are also buried in Tioupane but in a different section within the graveyard away from the crowned lingeers Like the graves of the Serer kings the graves of the lingeers are also marked and there are historian on site that narrates their genealogy and history 20 21 22 Like the other Serer historic and sacred grounds the burial site of Tioupane has been added to the list of sites of historic importance by the Senegalese Ministry of Culture 2006 decree 22 List of LingeersLingeer Fatim Beye c 1335 Lingeer Ndoye Demba c 1367 granddaughter of Fatim Beye Lingeer Ngone Dieye 17th century Queen and Queen Mother of Cayor and Baol and mother of Damel Lat Sukabe Fall Lingeer Djembet or Njembot Mbodj active in 1830s died September 1846 23 Lingeer Ndate Yalla Mbodj succeeded her sister in 1846 24 Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof French Selbe Diouf daughter of King of Sine Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof She was kidnapped by the Senegambian Muslim forces during the surprise attack of Mbin o Ngor or Keur Ngor That surprise attack against the Serer people of Sine precipitated the Battle of Fandane Thiouthioune in 1867 where the forces of Kumba Ndoffene defeated the Muslim Marabouts killing their leader Maba Diakhou Ba Following the kidnappng of the Serer Princes she was forcefully married off to Abdoulaye Ouli Ba one of Maba s brothers without her father s permission After Kumba Ndoffene s victory at Fandane Thiouthioune the King gave the order to have Abdoulaye Ouli Ba castrated for his audacity in entering his daughter into a forced marriage 25 26 See alsoMaad a Sinig Maad Saloum Damel Teigne title Brak African kings Buumi Thilas Loul nbsp Senegal portal nbsp Gambia portal nbsp History portal nbsp Monarchy portalNotes Sheldon Kathleen E Historical dictionary of women in Sub Saharan Africa vol 1 Scarecrow Press 2005 p 148 ISBN 0 8108 5331 0 Klein Martin A Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 Edinburgh University Press 1968 pp 11 15 amp 262 ISBN 0 85224 029 5 a b Ba Curry Ginette July 2008 African Women Tradition and Change in Cheikh Hamidou Kane s Ambiguous Adventure and Mariama Ba s So Long a Letter bsc chadwyck com Itibari M Zulu Retrieved 2016 11 29 Mwakikagile Godfrey Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia The Land The People and The Culture 2010 p 231 ISBN 9987932223 Klein Martin A Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 Edinburgh University Press 1968 p 13 ISBN 0852240295 Quote The Serer determine descent by both the mother s and father s lines but matrilineage plays a more important role in Serer life Dependance et Developpement Le Statut de la Femme en Afrique Moderne Notes Africaines No 139 1973 Zucarelli Francois 1973 01 01 De la chefferie traditionnelle au canton evolution du canton colonial au Senegal 1855 1960 Evolution of the Colonial Canton County in Senegal 1885 1960 Cahiers d Etudes Africaines 13 50 213 238 doi 10 3406 cea 1973 2710 JSTOR 4391209 a b c Creevey Lucy 1996 01 01 Islam Women and the Role of the State in Senegal Journal of Religion in Africa 26 3 268 307 doi 10 2307 1581646 JSTOR 1581646 Sarr Alioune Histoire du Sine Saloum Introduction bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker BIFAN Tome 46 Serie B n 3 4 1986 1987 p 28 30 a b Penna Diaw Luciana 2014 01 01 Songs by Wolof Women pp 124 135 ISBN 9780253010179 JSTOR j ctt16gznkv 10 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Buri Mboup Samba 2008 Conflicting leadership paradigms in Africa A need for an African Renaissance perspective1 International Journal of African Renaissance Studies Multi Inter and Transdisciplinarity 3 1 94 112 doi 10 1080 18186870802321608 James L A Webb Jr 1995 01 01 The Evolution of the Idaw al Hajj Commercial Diaspora L evolution de la diaspora marchande Idaw al Hajj Cahiers d Etudes Africaines 35 138 139 455 475 doi 10 3406 cea 1995 1456 JSTOR 4392604 Fage John D Oliver Roland The Cambridge history of Africa From c 1600 to c 1790 p 486 ISBN 0 521 20981 1 Glinga Werner Diop Papa Samba Senegal Forum IKO Verlag fur Interkulturelle Kommunikation 1996 p 110 ISBN 3 88939 431 0 Anyidoho Kofi Cross rhythms Volume 1 Occasional papers in African folklore p 118 Trickster Press 1983 Colvin Lucie Gallistel 1974 01 01 Islam and the State of Kajoor A Case of Successful Resistance to Jihad The Journal of African History 15 4 587 606 doi 10 1017 s002185370001389x JSTOR 180992 Ndiaye Cheikh M 2006 01 01 Histoire et mythes du Pays Serere dans la poesie de Leopold Sedar Senghor Nouvelles Etudes Francophones 21 2 23 32 JSTOR 25701974 Barlet Olivier Thackway Melissa 2015 FESPACO 2015 After the Transition What Next Black Camera 7 1 238 250 doi 10 2979 blackcamera 7 1 238 JSTOR 10 2979 blackcamera 7 1 238 Barlet Olivier Thackway Melissa 2015 FESPACO 2015 After the Transition What Next Black Camera 7 1 238 250 doi 10 2979 blackcamera 7 1 238 JSTOR 10 2979 blackcamera 7 1 238 Awa Yombe Yade Le fonctionnement de la justice indigene dans le Cercle du Sine Saloum de 1903 a 1931 Universite Cheikh Anta Diop 2001 p 12 Bulletin de l Institut francais d Afrique noire Sciences humaines Volume 34 IFAN 1972 p 742 a b Republic of Senegal Official Journal MINISTERE DE LA CULTURE ET DU PATRIMOINE HISTORIQUE CLASSE ARRETE MINISTERIEL n 2711 mcphc dpc en date du 3 mai 2006 30 Sep 2006 1 Sheldon Kathleen E Historical dictionary of women in Sub Saharan Africa vol 1 Scarecrow Press 2005 p 148 ISBN 0 8108 5331 0 Adande Alexis B A amp Arinze Emmanuel The place of Women in the Museum of Saint Louis in Museums amp urban culture in West Africa Institut africain international Oxford 2002 p 145 146 ISBN 0 85255 276 9 Diouf Niokhobaye Chronique du royaume du Sine Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources ecrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin 1972 Bulletin de l Ifan Tome 34 Serie B n 4 1972 pp 726 729 PDF pp 16 18 Sarr pp 37 38BibliographyBa Curry Ginette July 2008 African Women Tradition and Change in Cheikh Hamidou Kane s Ambiguous Adventure and Mariama Ba s So Long a Letter Journal of Pan African Studies July 2008 vol 2 no 5 Sarr Alioune Histoire du Sine Saloum Senegal Introduction bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker Version legerement remaniee par rapport a celle qui est parue en 1986 87 Sheldon Kathleen E Historical dictionary of women in Sub Saharan Africa vol 1 Scarecrow Press 2005 p 148 ISBN 0 8108 5331 0 Klein Martin A Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 Edinburgh University Press 1968 pp 11 15 amp 262 ISBN 0 85224 029 5 Glinga Werner Diop Papa Samba Senegal Forum IKO Verlag fur Interkulturelle Kommunikation 1996 p 110 ISBN 3 88939 431 0 Anyidoho Kofi Cross rhythms Volume 1 Occasional papers in African folklore p 118 Trickster Press 1983 Sheldon Kathleen E Historical dictionary of women in Sub Saharan Africa vol 1 Scarecrow Press 2005 p 148 ISBN 0 8108 5331 0 Adande Alexis B A amp Arinze Emmanuel The place of Women in the Museum of Saint Louis in Museums amp urban culture in West Africa Institut africain international Oxford 2002 p 145 146 ISBN 0 85255 276 9 Fage John D Oliver Roland The Cambridge history of Africa From c 1600 to c 1790 p 486 ISBN 0 521 20981 1 Diouf Niokhobaye Chronique du royaume du Sine Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources ecrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin 1972 Bulletin de l Ifan Tome 34 Serie B n 4 1972 pp 726 729 PDF pp 16 18 External links linguere linguer in Genevieve N Diaye Correard dir Les mots du patrimoine le Senegal Ed des Archives contemporaines Paris Agence universitaire de la francophonie Paris Montreal 2006 pp 327 328 ISBN 2 914610 33 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lingeer amp oldid 1161598619, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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