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Limonium

Limonium is a genus of about 600 flowering plant species. Members are also known as sea-lavender, statice, caspia or marsh-rosemary. Despite their common names, species are not related to the lavenders or to rosemary. They are instead in Plumbaginaceae, the plumbago or leadwort family. The generic name is from the Latin līmōnion, used by Pliny for a wild plant and is ultimately derived from the Ancient Greek leimon (λειμών, 'meadow').[1]

Limonium
Limonium perezii at the San Francisco Botanical Garden
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Plumbaginaceae
Genus: Limonium
Mill.
Species

About 600 species; see text

Distribution edit

The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and North America. By far the greatest diversity (over 100 species) is in the area stretching from the Canary Islands east through the Mediterranean region to central Asia; for comparison, North America only has three native Limonium species.[2]

Description edit

Sea-lavenders normally grow as herbaceous perennial plants, growing 10–70 cm tall from a rhizome; a few (mainly from the Canary Islands) are woody shrubs up to 2 metres tall. Many species flourish in saline soils, and are therefore common near coasts and in salt marshes, and also on saline, gypsum and alkaline soils in continental interiors.

The leaves are simple, entire to lobed, and from 1–30 cm long and 0.5–10 cm broad; most of the leaves are produced in a dense basal rosette, with the flowering stems bearing only small brown scale-leaves (bracts). The flowers are produced on a branched panicle or corymb, the individual flowers are small (4–10 mm long) with a five-lobed calyx and corolla, and five stamens; the flower colour is pink or violet to purple in most species, white or yellow in a few. Many of the species are apomictic. The fruit is a small capsule containing a single seed, partly enclosed by the persistent calyx.

Features edit

Several species are popular garden flowers; they are generally known to gardeners as statices. They are grown both for their flowers and for the appearance of the calyx, which remains on the plant after the true flowers have fallen, and are known as "everlasting flowers".

Species edit

There are about 600 species in the genus, many of them local endemic species with a very restricted range.[3] Species not given a common name here are generally referred to simply as "sea-lavender", "statice," or "marsh-rosemary".

  • Limonium aragonense (Monegros, endemic)
  • Limonium arboreum (tree limonium or Statice arborca; Tenerife, endemic)
  • Limonium aureum (central Asia: Siberia, Mongolia, northwest China)
  • Limonium auriculaeursifolium (Alderney sea-lavender; southwest Europe, northwest Africa)
  • Limonium australe (Australia)
  • Limonium bellidifolium (matted sea-lavender; Europe, southwest Asia)
  • Limonium bicolor (Mongolia, northwest China)
  • Limonium binervosum (rock sea-lavender; western Europe)
  • Limonium bourgaei (Lanzarote, endemic)
  • Limonium brassicifolium (Canary Islands, Statice brassicifolia)
  • Limonium braunii (Cape Verde)
  • Limonium brunneri (Cape Verde)
  • Limonium caesium (western Mediterranean)
  • Limonium californicum (California sea-lavender; western North America, Oregon to Baja California)
  • Limonium callianthum (western China: Xinjiang)
  • Limonium cancelatum (eastern Mediterranean Croatia)
  • Limonium carolinianum (Carolina sea-lavender; eastern North America, Newfoundland to Bermuda, Florida and Tamaulipas; syn. L. angustatum, L. nashii)
  • Limonium caspium (central Europe east to central Asia)
  • Limonium chrysocomum (central Asia)
  • Limonium confusum (western Mediterranean)
  • Limonium congestum (central Asia)
  • Limonium coralloides (central Asia)
  • Limonium cordatum (central Mediterranean)
  • Limonium cosyrense (eastern Mediterranean)
  • Limonium delicatulum (western Mediterranean)
  • Limonium dichroanthum (central Asia)
  • Limonium dielsianum (western China: Gansu, Qinghai)
  • Limonium dregeanum (Natal statice; South Africa)
  • Limonium echioides (Mediterranean)
  • Limonium emarginatum (southern Iberia, northern Morocco)
  • Limonium ferulaceum (western Mediterranean)
  • Limonium flexuosum (central Asia)
  • Limonium franchetii (east coastal China)
  • Limonium fruticans (Tenerife, endemic)
  • Limonium gmelinii (eastern Europe, northern Asia, Siberia)
  • Limonium gougetianum (western Mediterranean)
  • Limonium humile (lax-flowered sea-lavender; northwest Europe)
  • Limonium imbricatum (Tenerife, endemic)
  • Limonium insigne (southeast Spain, endemic)
  • Limonium jovibarba (Cape Verde)
  • Limonium kaschgaricum (central Asia)
  • Limonium iranicum (Iran)[4]
  • Limonium lacostei (western China, Tibet, Kashmir)
  • Limonium leptolobum (central Asia)
  • Limonium leptostachyum (statice; central Asia)
  • Limonium lilacinum (central Turkey, endemic)
  • Limonium limbatum (Transpecos sea-lavender; interior southwest United States)
  • Limonium lobinii (Cape Verde)
  • Limonium macrophyllum (Tenerife)
 
Limonium scabrum
 
Limonium macrophyllum

Some species formerly included in Limonium, e.g. L. tataricum, have now been transferred to the separate genus Goniolimon.

References edit

  1. ^ "limonium". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Flora of North America
  3. ^ Koutroumpa, Konstantina; Theodoridis, Spyros; Warren, Ben H.; Jiménez, Ares; Celep, Ferhat; Doğan, Musa; Romeiras, Maria M.; Santos-Guerra, Arnoldo; Fernández-Palacios, Jóse María; Caujapé-Castells, Juli; Moura, Mónica; Menezes De Sequeira, Miguel; Conti, Elena (2018). "An expanded molecular phylogeny of Plumbaginaceae, with emphasis on Limonium (sea lavenders): Taxonomic implications and biogeographic considerations". Ecology and Evolution. 8 (24): 12397–12424. Bibcode:2018EcoEv...812397K. doi:10.1002/ece3.4553. PMC 6308857. PMID 30619554. S2CID 57573184.
  4. ^ Mozaffarian, V. 1996. A dictionary of Iranian plant names: Latin, English, Persian. Tehran: Farhang-e Moʻaser.
  5. ^ Flora Europaea

External links edit

limonium, confused, with, linoleum, genus, about, flowering, plant, species, members, also, known, lavender, statice, caspia, marsh, rosemary, despite, their, common, names, species, related, lavenders, rosemary, they, instead, plumbaginaceae, plumbago, leadwo. Not to be confused with Linoleum Limonium is a genus of about 600 flowering plant species Members are also known as sea lavender statice caspia or marsh rosemary Despite their common names species are not related to the lavenders or to rosemary They are instead in Plumbaginaceae the plumbago or leadwort family The generic name is from the Latin limōnion used by Pliny for a wild plant and is ultimately derived from the Ancient Greek leimon leimwn meadow 1 LimoniumLimonium perezii at the San Francisco Botanical GardenScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsOrder CaryophyllalesFamily PlumbaginaceaeGenus LimoniumMill SpeciesAbout 600 species see text Contents 1 Distribution 2 Description 3 Features 4 Species 5 References 6 External linksDistribution editThe genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution in Europe Asia Africa Australia and North America By far the greatest diversity over 100 species is in the area stretching from the Canary Islands east through the Mediterranean region to central Asia for comparison North America only has three native Limonium species 2 Description editSea lavenders normally grow as herbaceous perennial plants growing 10 70 cm tall from a rhizome a few mainly from the Canary Islands are woody shrubs up to 2 metres tall Many species flourish in saline soils and are therefore common near coasts and in salt marshes and also on saline gypsum and alkaline soils in continental interiors The leaves are simple entire to lobed and from 1 30 cm long and 0 5 10 cm broad most of the leaves are produced in a dense basal rosette with the flowering stems bearing only small brown scale leaves bracts The flowers are produced on a branched panicle or corymb the individual flowers are small 4 10 mm long with a five lobed calyx and corolla and five stamens the flower colour is pink or violet to purple in most species white or yellow in a few Many of the species are apomictic The fruit is a small capsule containing a single seed partly enclosed by the persistent calyx Features editSeveral species are popular garden flowers they are generally known to gardeners as statices They are grown both for their flowers and for the appearance of the calyx which remains on the plant after the true flowers have fallen and are known as everlasting flowers Species editMain article List of Limonium species There are about 600 species in the genus many of them local endemic species with a very restricted range 3 Species not given a common name here are generally referred to simply as sea lavender statice or marsh rosemary Limonium aragonense Monegros endemic Limonium arboreum tree limonium or Statice arborca Tenerife endemic Limonium aureum central Asia Siberia Mongolia northwest China Limonium auriculaeursifolium Alderney sea lavender southwest Europe northwest Africa Limonium australe Australia Limonium bellidifolium matted sea lavender Europe southwest Asia Limonium bicolor Mongolia northwest China Limonium binervosum rock sea lavender western Europe Limonium bourgaei Lanzarote endemic Limonium brassicifolium Canary Islands Statice brassicifolia Limonium braunii Cape Verde Limonium brunneri Cape Verde Limonium caesium western Mediterranean Limonium californicum California sea lavender western North America Oregon to Baja California Limonium callianthum western China Xinjiang Limonium cancelatum eastern Mediterranean Croatia Limonium carolinianum Carolina sea lavender eastern North America Newfoundland to Bermuda Florida and Tamaulipas syn L angustatum L nashii Limonium caspium central Europe east to central Asia Limonium chrysocomum central Asia Limonium confusum western Mediterranean Limonium congestum central Asia Limonium coralloides central Asia Limonium cordatum central Mediterranean Limonium cosyrense eastern Mediterranean Limonium delicatulum western Mediterranean Limonium dichroanthum central Asia Limonium dielsianum western China Gansu Qinghai Limonium dregeanum Natal statice South Africa Limonium echioides Mediterranean Limonium emarginatum southern Iberia northern Morocco Limonium ferulaceum western Mediterranean Limonium flexuosum central Asia Limonium franchetii east coastal China Limonium fruticans Tenerife endemic Limonium gmelinii eastern Europe northern Asia Siberia Limonium gougetianum western Mediterranean Limonium humile lax flowered sea lavender northwest Europe Limonium imbricatum Tenerife endemic Limonium insigne southeast Spain endemic Limonium jovibarba Cape Verde Limonium kaschgaricum central Asia Limonium iranicum Iran 4 Limonium lacostei western China Tibet Kashmir Limonium leptolobum central Asia Limonium leptostachyum statice central Asia Limonium lilacinum central Turkey endemic Limonium limbatum Transpecos sea lavender interior southwest United States Limonium lobinii Cape Verde Limonium macrophyllum Tenerife nbsp Limonium scabrum nbsp Limonium macrophyllumLimonium macropterum Canary Islands Limonium macrorhabdos Ladakh Limonium melitensis Malta Limonium minutum southeast France endemic Limonium mouretii Morocco Limonium multiflorum western Portugal endemic Limonium myrianthum central Asia Limonium narbonense Southern Europe North Africa Southwest Asia Limonium nashii Maritime North America Limonium ornatum Morocco Limonium otolepis Saltmarsh sea lavender southwest and central Asia Limonium paradoxum Great Britain Ireland 5 endemic Limonium paulayanum Yemen endemic Limonium pectinatum Canary Islands Limonium peregrinum South Africa Limonium perezii Perez s sea lavender Canary Islands Limonium platyphyllum German statice central and southeast Europe Limonium potaninii western China Sichuan Qinghai Gansu Limonium preauxii Canary Islands Limonium puberulum Canary Islands Limonium ramosissimum Mediterranean Limonium reniforme kidneyleaf sea lavender Iran Limonium rezniczenkoanum central Asia Limonium scabrum Kuntze South Africa Limonium sieberi eastern Mediterranean Limonium sinense eastern Asia coasts China Ryukyu Islands Vietnam Limonium sinuatum wavyleaf sea lavender Mediterranean Limonium sokotranum Yemen endemic Limonium solanderi Australia Limonium spathulatum Mediterranean Limonium spectabile Canary islands Limonium strictissimum Mediterranean France Italy Limonium suffruticosum western and central Asia Limonium tenellum Mongolia northwest China Limonium tetragonum square stalked sea lavender eastern Asia south to New Caledonia Limonium thouinii Mediterranean Limonium tomentellum Black Sea region Limonium virgatum western Mediterranean Limonium vulgare common sea lavender western Europe northwest Africa Limonium wrightii Japan Taiwan Limonium zeraphae Malta Some species formerly included in Limonium e g L tataricum have now been transferred to the separate genus Goniolimon References edit limonium Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required Flora of North America Koutroumpa Konstantina Theodoridis Spyros Warren Ben H Jimenez Ares Celep Ferhat Dogan Musa Romeiras Maria M Santos Guerra Arnoldo Fernandez Palacios Jose Maria Caujape Castells Juli Moura Monica Menezes De Sequeira Miguel Conti Elena 2018 An expanded molecular phylogeny of Plumbaginaceae with emphasis on Limonium sea lavenders Taxonomic implications and biogeographic considerations Ecology and Evolution 8 24 12397 12424 Bibcode 2018EcoEv 812397K doi 10 1002 ece3 4553 PMC 6308857 PMID 30619554 S2CID 57573184 Mozaffarian V 1996 A dictionary of Iranian plant names Latin English Persian Tehran Farhang e Moʻaser Flora EuropaeaExternal links editGerman Statice Flower Archived 2016 10 26 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Limonium amp oldid 1185047279, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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