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Drug class

March 25, 2023

This article is about pharmacological drug classification. For other uses, see Drug class (disambiguation).

A drug class is a set of medications and other compounds that have a similar chemical structures, the same mechanism of action (i.e. binding to the same biological target), a related mode of action, and/or are used to treat the same disease.[1][2]

In several dominant drug classification systems, these four types of classifications form a hierarchy. For example, the fibrates are a chemical class of drugs (amphipathic carboxylic acids) that share the same mechanism of action (PPAR agonist) and mode of action (reducing blood triglycerides), and that are used to prevent and treat the same disease (atherosclerosis). Conversely, not all PPAR agonists are fibrates, not all triglyceride lowering agents are PPAR agonists, and not all drugs used to treat atherosclerosis are triglyceride-lowering agents.

A drug class is typically defined by a prototype drug, the most important, and typically the first developed drug within the class, used as a reference for comparison.

List of drugs classes: [1]

Comprehensive Systems

Chemical class

This type of categorisation of drugs is from a chemical perspective and categorises them by their chemical structure. Examples of drug classes that are based on chemical structures include:

Mechanism of action

This type of categorisation is from a pharmacological perspective and categorises them by their biological target. Drug classes that share a common molecular mechanism of action modulate the activity of a specific biological target.[3] The definition of a mechanism of action also includes the type of activity at that biological target. For receptors, these activities include agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist, or modulator. Enzyme target mechanisms include activator or inhibitor. Ion channel modulators include opener or blocker. The following are specific examples of drug classes whose definition is based on a specific mechanism of action:

Mode of action

This type of categorisation of drugs is from a biological perspective and categorises them by the anatomical or functional change they induce. Drug classes that are defined by common modes of action (i.e. the functional or anatomical change they induce) include:

Therapeutic class

This type of categorisation of drugs is from a medical perspective and categorises them by the pathology they are used to treat. Drug classes that are defined by their therapeutic use (the pathology they are intended to treat) include:

Amalgamated classes

Some drug classes have been amalgamated from these three principles to meet practical needs. The class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is one such example. Strictly speaking, and also historically, the wider class of anti-inflammatory drugs also comprises steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs were in fact the predominant anti-inflammatories during the decade leading up to the introduction of the term "nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs." Because of the disastrous reputation that the corticosteroids had got in the 1950s, the new term, which offered to signal that an anti-inflammatory drug was not a steroid, rapidly gained currency.[4] The drug class of "nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs" (NSAIDs) is thus composed by one element ("anti-inflammatory") that designates the mechanism of action, and one element ("nonsteroidal") that separates it from other drugs with that same mechanism of action. Similarly, one might argue that the class of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) is composed by one element ("disease-modifying") that albeit vaguely designates a mechanism of action, and one element ("anti-rheumatic drug") that indicates its therapeutic use.

Other systems of classification

Other systems of drug classification exist, for example the Biopharmaceutics Classification System which determines a drugs' attributes by solubility and intestinal permeability.

Legal classification

References

  1. ^ Mahoney A, Evans J (2008). "Comparing drug classification systems". AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings: 1039. PMID 18999016.
  2. ^ World Health espresso Organization (2003). (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. p. 33. ISBN 978-9241562348. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2010.
  3. ^ Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A (Oct 2006). "Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 5 (10): 821–34. doi:10.1038/nrd2132. PMID 17016423. S2CID 8872470.
  4. ^ Buer JK (Oct 2014). "Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID'". Inflammopharmacology. 22 (5): 263–7. doi:10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2. hdl:10852/45403. PMID 25064056. S2CID 16777111.
  5. ^ Buer JK (Aug 2015). "A history of the term "DMARD"". Inflammopharmacology. 23 (4): 163–71. doi:10.1007/s10787-015-0232-5. PMC 4508364. PMID 26002695.

External links

  • "Drug names and classes". PubMed Health. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2015-11-07.
  • "Information by Drug Class". Drug Safety and Availability. United States Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2015-11-07.

March 25, 2023
drug, class, this, article, about, pharmacological, drug, classification, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, c. This article is about pharmacological drug classification For other uses see Drug class disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Drug class news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message A drug class is a set of medications and other compounds that have a similar chemical structures the same mechanism of action i e binding to the same biological target a related mode of action and or are used to treat the same disease 1 2 In several dominant drug classification systems these four types of classifications form a hierarchy For example the fibrates are a chemical class of drugs amphipathic carboxylic acids that share the same mechanism of action PPAR agonist and mode of action reducing blood triglycerides and that are used to prevent and treat the same disease atherosclerosis Conversely not all PPAR agonists are fibrates not all triglyceride lowering agents are PPAR agonists and not all drugs used to treat atherosclerosis are triglyceride lowering agents A drug class is typically defined by a prototype drug the most important and typically the first developed drug within the class used as a reference for comparison List of drugs classes 1 Contents 1 Comprehensive Systems 2 Chemical class 3 Mechanism of action 4 Mode of action 5 Therapeutic class 6 Amalgamated classes 7 Other systems of classification 8 Legal classification 9 References 10 External linksComprehensive Systems EditAnatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System ATC most widely used Combines classification by organ system and therapeutic pharmacological and chemical properties Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine SNOMED includes a section devoted to drug classificationChemical class EditThis type of categorisation of drugs is from a chemical perspective and categorises them by their chemical structure Examples of drug classes that are based on chemical structures include b lactam antibiotic Benzodiazepine Cardiac glycoside Fibrate Thiazide diuretic Steroid TriptanMechanism of action EditThis type of categorisation is from a pharmacological perspective and categorises them by their biological target Drug classes that share a common molecular mechanism of action modulate the activity of a specific biological target 3 The definition of a mechanism of action also includes the type of activity at that biological target For receptors these activities include agonist antagonist inverse agonist or modulator Enzyme target mechanisms include activator or inhibitor Ion channel modulators include opener or blocker The following are specific examples of drug classes whose definition is based on a specific mechanism of action 5 Alpha reductase inhibitor Angiotensin II receptor antagonist ACE inhibitor Alpha adrenergic agonist Beta blocker Cholinergic Dopaminergic GABAergic Incretin mimetic Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug cyclooxygenase inhibitor Proton pump inhibitor Renin inhibitor Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator Serotonergic Statin HMG CoA reductase inhibitorMode of action EditThis type of categorisation of drugs is from a biological perspective and categorises them by the anatomical or functional change they induce Drug classes that are defined by common modes of action i e the functional or anatomical change they induce include Antifungals Antimicrobials Antithrombotics Bronchodilator Chronotrope positive or negative Decongestant Diuretic or Antidiuretic Inotrope positive or negative Therapeutic class EditThis type of categorisation of drugs is from a medical perspective and categorises them by the pathology they are used to treat Drug classes that are defined by their therapeutic use the pathology they are intended to treat include Analgesics Antibiotic Anticoagulant Antidepressant Anticancer Antidiabetic Antiepileptic Antipsychotic Antispasmodic Antiviral Cardiovascular Depressant Sedative StimulantAmalgamated classes EditSome drug classes have been amalgamated from these three principles to meet practical needs The class of nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs NSAIDs is one such example Strictly speaking and also historically the wider class of anti inflammatory drugs also comprises steroidal anti inflammatory drugs These drugs were in fact the predominant anti inflammatories during the decade leading up to the introduction of the term nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs Because of the disastrous reputation that the corticosteroids had got in the 1950s the new term which offered to signal that an anti inflammatory drug was not a steroid rapidly gained currency 4 The drug class of nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs NSAIDs is thus composed by one element anti inflammatory that designates the mechanism of action and one element nonsteroidal that separates it from other drugs with that same mechanism of action Similarly one might argue that the class of disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs DMARD is composed by one element disease modifying that albeit vaguely designates a mechanism of action and one element anti rheumatic drug that indicates its therapeutic use Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug NSAID Disease modifying antirheumatic drug DMARD 5 Other systems of classification EditOther systems of drug classification exist for example the Biopharmaceutics Classification System which determines a drugs attributes by solubility and intestinal permeability Legal classification EditFor the UK legal classification see Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act For the US legal classification see Controlled Substances Act Schedules of controlled substances For the Canadian legal classification see Controlled Drugs and Substances Act Pregnancy category is defined using a variety of systems by different jurisdictionsReferences Edit Mahoney A Evans J 2008 Comparing drug classification systems AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings 1039 PMID 18999016 World Health espresso Organization 2003 Introduction to drug utilization research PDF Geneva World Health Organization p 33 ISBN 978 9241562348 Archived from the original PDF on June 5 2010 Imming P Sinning C Meyer A Oct 2006 Drugs their targets and the nature and number of drug targets Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 5 10 821 34 doi 10 1038 nrd2132 PMID 17016423 S2CID 8872470 Buer JK Oct 2014 Origins and impact of the term NSAID Inflammopharmacology 22 5 263 7 doi 10 1007 s10787 014 0211 2 hdl 10852 45403 PMID 25064056 S2CID 16777111 Buer JK Aug 2015 A history of the term DMARD Inflammopharmacology 23 4 163 71 doi 10 1007 s10787 015 0232 5 PMC 4508364 PMID 26002695 External links Edit Drug names and classes PubMed Health United States National Library of Medicine Retrieved 2015 11 07 Information by Drug Class Drug Safety and Availability United States Food and Drug Administration Retrieved 2015 11 07 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Drug class amp oldid 1134732377, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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