Mānuka honey (Māori pronunciation: [maːnʉka]) is a monofloral honey produced from the nectar of the mānuka tree, Leptospermum scoparium. The mānuka tree is indigenous to New Zealand and some parts of coastal Australia, but is today produced globally. Used as a sugar substitute, it has a strong, earthy aroma and flavour. There is little clinical evidence for its use as a topical medication.[1] The word mānuka is the Māori name of the tree; however, as with many Māori words, the older spelling manuka (without a macron) remains relatively common in English.
Mānuka honey is markedly viscous. This property is due to the presence of a protein or colloid and is its main visually defining character, along with its typical dark cream to dark brown colour.[6][7]
The mānuka tree flowers at the same time as Kunzea ericoides, another Myrtaceae species also called kānuka, which often shares the same growing areas. Some apiarists cannot readily differentiate these species, as both flowers have similar morphology and pollen differentiation between the two species is difficult.[citation needed]
Mānuka honey for export from New Zealand must be independently tested. The country's Ministry for Primary Industries has developed a government standard called the Mānuka Honey Science Definition test to identify that all mānuka honey is pure when it leaves the country. The test comprises five attributes, four of which are chemical, and one of which is DNA of Leptospermum scoparium.[4] The honey must pass all five tests to be labeled as pure New Zealand mānuka. This testing came into effect on 5 January 2018.[8] Independent quality and rating organisation, the UMF Honey Association then certifies four quality factors for honey harvested, packed and sealed in New Zealand.[9]
The UMF Honey Association was originally known as the Active Manuka Honey Association (AMHA), and was formed in 2002.[10] In 2011, the AMHA became The Unique Manuka Factor Honey Association (UMFHA). The Australian Manuka Honey Association (AMHA) was established in 2017 following the discontinuation of the New Zealand Manuka Honey industry's change of the use of the acronym AMHA.[11] They established a set of standards for authentic Australian Manuka honey. Honey that carries the AMHA's Mark of Authenticity must be pure, natural Manuka honey, produced entirely in Australia, and be tested by an independent, approved laboratory to ensure it meets minimum standards of naturally occurring methylglyoxal, dihydroxyacetone, and leptosperin.[12]
A native bee visits a mānuka flower (Leptospermum )
Uses
Food
Mānuka honey has a strong flavour,[6] characterised as "earthy, oily, herbaceous",[13] and "florid, rich and complex".[14] It is described by the New Zealand honey industry as having a "damp earth, heather, aromatic" aroma and a "mineral, slightly bitter" flavour.[15]
Research
Methylglyoxal, a component of mānuka honey, is under study for its potential activity against E. coli and S. aureus.[16] Mānuka honey does not reduce the risk of infection following treatment for ingrown toenails.[17]
Controversy
Grading, counterfeit and adulteration
As a result of the high premium paid for mānuka honey, an increasing number of products now labeled as such worldwide are adulterated or counterfeit. According to research by the Unique Mānuka Factor Honey Association (UMFHA), the main trade association of New Zealand mānuka honey producers (New Zealand being the main producer of mānuka honey in the world), while only 1,700 tonnes (3.7 million pounds) of mānuka honey are produced in New Zealand every year, six times as much are marketed internationally as mānuka honey, of which 1,800 tonnes (4.0 million pounds) are in the UK alone.[18] In governmental agency tests in the UK between 2011 and 2013, a majority of mānuka-labeled honeys sampled lacked the non-peroxide anti-microbial activity of mānuka honey. Likewise, of 73 samples tested by UMFHA in Britain, China and Singapore in 2012–13, 43 tested negative. Separate UMFHA tests in Hong Kong found that 14 out of 56 mānuka honeys sampled had been adulterated with syrup. In 2013, the UK Food Standards Agency asked trading standards authorities to alert mānuka honey vendors to the need for legal compliance.[18]
The UMFHA trademarked a honey rating system called Unique Mānuka Factor,[19] but there is a confusing range of competing rating systems for mānuka honeys. In one UK chain in 2013, two products were labeled "12+ active" and "30+ total activity" respectively for "naturally occurring peroxide activity", and another "active 12+" for "total phenol activity", yet none of the three were labeled for the strength of the non-peroxide antimicrobial activity specific to mānuka honey.[18]
Criminal activity associated with production
There have been increasing turf disputes between producers operating close to large mānuka tree clumps, and also cases reported of many hives being variously sabotaged, poisoned, or stolen.[20][21]
^"Is Manuka honey worth the money?". BBC Two. 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^Moorfield, John C. (2003). "mānuka". Te Aka Māori Dictionary. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
^ abStephens, JMC; Molan, PC; Clarkson, BD (2005). "A review of Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 43 (2): 431–449. doi:10.1080/0028825x.2005.9512966. ISSN 0028-825X. S2CID 53515334.
^ abMatheson, Andrew; Reid, Murray (2011). Practical beekeeping in New Zealand, 4th Edition. Exisle Publishing. p. 80. ISBN9781877568527.
^Tanguy, C. Marina Marchese & Kim Flottum; illustrations by Elara (2013). The honey connoisseur : selecting, tasting, and pairing honey, with a guide to more than 30 varietals. ISBN9781579129293. It (Leptospermum scoparium) is native to New Zealand and Australia"
^ abJon Morgan (5 March 2009). "Money from honey – a family affair". Dominion Post. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
^Ministry for Primary Industries. . New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 2015-01-13. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
^"Mānuka honey". Ministry of Primary Industry. 5 February 2018.
^Industries, Ministry for Primary. "Labelling and composition of honey and bee products". www.mpi.govt.nz.
^Mike Barrington (7 November 2012). "Honey fights: Millions of bees slaughtered". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
^Ainge Roy, Eleanor (2016-11-04). "Honey wars: crime and killings in New Zealand's booming manuka industry". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-10-29.
March 10, 2023
mānuka, honey, māori, pronunciation, maːnʉka, monofloral, honey, produced, from, nectar, mānuka, tree, leptospermum, scoparium, mānuka, tree, indigenous, zealand, some, parts, coastal, australia, today, produced, globally, used, sugar, substitute, strong, eart. Manuka honey Maori pronunciation maːnʉka is a monofloral honey produced from the nectar of the manuka tree Leptospermum scoparium The manuka tree is indigenous to New Zealand and some parts of coastal Australia but is today produced globally Used as a sugar substitute it has a strong earthy aroma and flavour There is little clinical evidence for its use as a topical medication 1 The word manuka is the Maori name of the tree however as with many Maori words the older spelling manuka without a macron remains relatively common in English A bowl of manuka honey Contents 1 Identification 2 Uses 2 1 Food 2 2 Research 3 Controversy 3 1 Grading counterfeit and adulteration 3 2 Criminal activity associated with production 4 See also 5 ReferencesIdentification EditManuka honey is produced by European honey bees Apis mellifera foraging on the manuka Leptospermum scoparium 2 which evidence suggests originated in Australia before the onset of the Miocene aridity 3 It grows uncultivated throughout both southeastern Australia and New Zealand 3 4 5 Manuka honey is markedly viscous This property is due to the presence of a protein or colloid and is its main visually defining character along with its typical dark cream to dark brown colour 6 7 The manuka tree flowers at the same time as Kunzea ericoides another Myrtaceae species also called kanuka which often shares the same growing areas Some apiarists cannot readily differentiate these species as both flowers have similar morphology and pollen differentiation between the two species is difficult citation needed Manuka honey for export from New Zealand must be independently tested The country s Ministry for Primary Industries has developed a government standard called the Manuka Honey Science Definition test to identify that all manuka honey is pure when it leaves the country The test comprises five attributes four of which are chemical and one of which is DNA of Leptospermum scoparium 4 The honey must pass all five tests to be labeled as pure New Zealand manuka This testing came into effect on 5 January 2018 8 Independent quality and rating organisation the UMF Honey Association then certifies four quality factors for honey harvested packed and sealed in New Zealand 9 The UMF Honey Association was originally known as the Active Manuka Honey Association AMHA and was formed in 2002 10 In 2011 the AMHA became The Unique Manuka Factor Honey Association UMFHA The Australian Manuka Honey Association AMHA was established in 2017 following the discontinuation of the New Zealand Manuka Honey industry s change of the use of the acronym AMHA 11 They established a set of standards for authentic Australian Manuka honey Honey that carries the AMHA s Mark of Authenticity must be pure natural Manuka honey produced entirely in Australia and be tested by an independent approved laboratory to ensure it meets minimum standards of naturally occurring methylglyoxal dihydroxyacetone and leptosperin 12 A native bee visits a manuka flower Leptospermum Uses EditFood Edit Manuka honey has a strong flavour 6 characterised as earthy oily herbaceous 13 and florid rich and complex 14 It is described by the New Zealand honey industry as having a damp earth heather aromatic aroma and a mineral slightly bitter flavour 15 Research Edit Methylglyoxal a component of manuka honey is under study for its potential activity against E coli and S aureus 16 Manuka honey does not reduce the risk of infection following treatment for ingrown toenails 17 Controversy EditGrading counterfeit and adulteration Edit As a result of the high premium paid for manuka honey an increasing number of products now labeled as such worldwide are adulterated or counterfeit According to research by the Unique Manuka Factor Honey Association UMFHA the main trade association of New Zealand manuka honey producers New Zealand being the main producer of manuka honey in the world while only 1 700 tonnes 3 7 million pounds of manuka honey are produced in New Zealand every year six times as much are marketed internationally as manuka honey of which 1 800 tonnes 4 0 million pounds are in the UK alone 18 In governmental agency tests in the UK between 2011 and 2013 a majority of manuka labeled honeys sampled lacked the non peroxide anti microbial activity of manuka honey Likewise of 73 samples tested by UMFHA in Britain China and Singapore in 2012 13 43 tested negative Separate UMFHA tests in Hong Kong found that 14 out of 56 manuka honeys sampled had been adulterated with syrup In 2013 the UK Food Standards Agency asked trading standards authorities to alert manuka honey vendors to the need for legal compliance 18 The UMFHA trademarked a honey rating system called Unique Manuka Factor 19 but there is a confusing range of competing rating systems for manuka honeys In one UK chain in 2013 two products were labeled 12 active and 30 total activity respectively for naturally occurring peroxide activity and another active 12 for total phenol activity yet none of the three were labeled for the strength of the non peroxide antimicrobial activity specific to manuka honey 18 Criminal activity associated with production Edit There have been increasing turf disputes between producers operating close to large manuka tree clumps and also cases reported of many hives being variously sabotaged poisoned or stolen 20 21 See also EditApitherapy Beekeeping in New Zealand Beekeeping in AustraliaReferences Edit Is Manuka honey worth the money BBC Two 2022 Retrieved 11 February 2022 Moorfield John C 2003 manuka Te Aka Maori Dictionary Retrieved 30 October 2022 a b Stephens JMC Molan PC Clarkson BD 2005 A review of Leptospermum scoparium Myrtaceae in New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Botany 43 2 431 449 doi 10 1080 0028825x 2005 9512966 ISSN 0028 825X S2CID 53515334 a b Matheson Andrew Reid Murray 2011 Practical beekeeping in New Zealand 4th Edition Exisle Publishing p 80 ISBN 9781877568527 Tanguy C Marina Marchese amp Kim Flottum illustrations by Elara 2013 The honey connoisseur selecting tasting and pairing honey with a guide to more than 30 varietals ISBN 9781579129293 It Leptospermum scoparium is native to New Zealand and Australia a b Jon Morgan 5 March 2009 Money from honey a family affair Dominion Post Retrieved 12 March 2011 Ministry for Primary Industries Interim Labelling Guide for Manuka Honey New Zealand Government Archived from the original on 2015 01 13 Retrieved 22 December 2014 Manuka honey Ministry of Primary Industry 5 February 2018 Industries Ministry for Primary Labelling and composition of honey and bee products www mpi govt nz Certificate of Incorporation PDF Lucio Remedios 26 October 2017 Aussies create Australian Manuka Honey Association Inside FMCG Australian Manuka Honey Association Our Quality Standards Australian Manuka Honey Association Retrieved 2019 07 09 Julie Biuso Sizzle Sensational Barbecue Food Monterey Cal Julie Biuso Publications 2008 p 154 Crescent Dragonwagon Passionate Vegetarian New York Workman Publishing Co 2002 p 958 Industry reacts as guidelines issued for manuka honey labelling Health Food Business 2017 Israili ZH 2014 Antimicrobial properties of honey American Journal of Therapeutics 21 4 304 23 doi 10 1097 MJT 0b013e318293b09b PMID 23782759 S2CID 23337250 Eekhof JA Van Wijk B Knuistingh Neven A van der Wouden JC Apr 18 2012 Interventions for ingrowing toenails Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4 4 CD001541 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD001541 pub3 hdl 1871 48564 PMID 22513901 a b c Jonathan Leake 26 August 2013 Food fraud buzz over fake manuka honey The Times London Archived from the original on 2013 09 15 Retrieved 28 December 2013 Unique Manuka Factor UMF Grading System Explained Unique Manuka Factor Honey Association Retrieved 2022 02 11 Mike Barrington 7 November 2012 Honey fights Millions of bees slaughtered The New Zealand Herald Retrieved 28 December 2013 Ainge Roy Eleanor 2016 11 04 Honey wars crime and killings in New Zealand s booming manuka industry the Guardian Retrieved 2018 10 29 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Manuka honey amp oldid 1141275633, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
