The South American lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa), also known as the American mud-fish[6] and scaly salamanderfish,[7] is the single species of lungfish found in swamps and slow-moving waters of the Amazon, Paraguay, and lower Paraná Riverbasins in South America.[8] Notable as an obligate air-breather, it is the sole member of its family Lepidosirenidae, although some authors also place Protopterus in the family.[9][10] In Brazil, it is known by the indigenous language Tupi name piramboia, which means "snake-fish" (Portuguese pronunciation:[piɾɐ̃ˈbɔjjɐ]), and synonyms pirarucu-bóia ([piɾɐɾuˈkuˈbɔjjɐ]), traíra-bóia ([tɾɐˈiɾɐˈbɔjjɐ]), and caramuru ([kɐɾɐmuˈɾu]).
The South American lungfish is most closely related to the African lungfishes (family Protopteridae), and both families are thought to have diverged during the Early Cretaceous. Some papers suggest classifying both Lepidosiren and Protopterus within Lepidosirenidae, though authorities continue to classify both as distinct families.[9][10][11]
Descriptionedit
The immature lungfish is spotted with gold on a black background; in the adult, this fades to a brown or gray color.[12] Its tooth-bearing premaxillary and maxillary bones are fused as in all Dipnoi. South American lungfish also share an autostylic jaw suspension (where the palatoquadrate is fused to the cranium) and powerful adductor jaw muscles with the other extant Dipnoi. Like the African lungfishes, this species has an elongated, almost eel-like body. It may reach a length of 125 cm (4.10 ft).[8] The pectoral fins are thin and thread-like, while the pelvic fins are somewhat larger, and set far back. The fins are connected to the shoulder by a single bone, which is a marked difference from most fish, whose fins usually have at least four bones at their base, and a marked similarity with nearly all land-dwelling vertebrates.[13] The gills are greatly reduced and essentially non-functional in the adults.[14]
Female above, male below
Juvenile lungfish feed on insect larvae and snails, while adults are omnivorous, adding algae and shrimp to their diets, crushing them with their heavily mineralized tooth-plates. The fish's usual habitats disappear during the dry season, so they burrow into the mud and make a chamber about 30–50 cm (12–20 in) down, leaving a few holes to the surface for air.[14] During this aestivation, they produce a layer of mucus to seal in moisture, and slow their metabolism down greatly.[12]
Relatively little is known about the South American lungfish. They have adapted to cope with both droughts and floods due to evolving pulmonarymechanoreceptors.[15][16] When the rainy season begins, they come out and begin to mate. The parents build a nest for the young, which resemble tadpoles and have four external gills. To enrich the oxygen in the nest, the male develops highly vascularized structures on his pelvic fins that release additional oxygen into the water.[14] The young become air-breathing at about seven weeks. Juveniles have external threadlike gills very much like those of newts.[12] Fossils of the modern species have been found between 72 and 66 mya during the Maastrichtian stage of the late Cretaceous just before the KPG extinction that killed off the non-avian dinosaurs.[17]
Referencesedit
^"Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger 1837 (South American lungfish)". PBDB.
^Frederico, R.G. (2022). "Lepidosiren paradoxa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T49830702A159889457. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T49830702A159889457.en. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
^. Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Ceratodiformes – recent lungfishes". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
^Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). "Lepidosirenidae". FishBase version (02/2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
^Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel; Edwin Ray Lankester; L. Dora Schmitz (1892). The History of Creation, Or, The Development of the Earth and Its Inhabitants by the Action of Natural Causes: A Popular Exposition of the Doctrine of Evolution in General, and of that of Darwin, Goethe, and Lamarck in Particular : from the 8. German Ed. of Ernst Haeckel. D. Appleton. p. 422. page 289
^Konrad Guenther; Bernard Miall (1931). A Naturalist in Brazil: The Record of a Year's Observation of Her Flora, Her Fauna, and Her People. Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 399. page 275
^ abFroese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Lepidosiren paradoxa" in FishBase. April 2014 version.
^ abKemp, Anne; Cavin, Lionel; Guinot, Guillaume (2017-04-01). "Evolutionary history of lungfishes with a new phylogeny of post-Devonian genera". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 471: 209–219. Bibcode:2017PPP...471..209K. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.12.051. ISSN 0031-0182.
^Brownstein, Chase Doran; Harrington, Richard C; Near, Thomas J. (2023-04-12). "The biogeography of extant lungfishes traces the breakup of Gondwana". Journal of Biogeography. 50 (7): 1191–1198. doi:10.1111/jbi.14609. ISSN 0305-0270. S2CID 258115076.
^"Your Inner Fish" Neil Shubin, 2008,2009,Vintage, p.33
^ abcBruton, Michael N. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 70. ISBN0-12-547665-5.
^MESQUITA-SAAD, L. S. B.; LEITÃO, M. A. B.; PAULA-SILVA, M. N.; CHIPPARI-GOMES, A. R.; ALMEIDA-VAL, V. M. F. (August 2002). "Specialized metabolism and biochemical suppression during aestivation of the extant South American lungfish --Lepidosiren paradoxa". Brazilian Journal of Biology. 62 (3): 495–501. doi:10.1590/s1519-69842002000300014. ISSN 1519-6984. PMID 12530187.
^de Moraes, Marcos F. P. G.; Höller, Sabine; da Costa, Oscar T. F.; Glass, Mogens L.; Fernandes, Marisa N.; Perry, Steven F. (July 2005). "Morphometric Comparison of the Respiratory Organs in the South American Lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa (Dipnoi)". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 78 (4): 546–559. doi:10.1086/430686. ISSN 1522-2152. PMID 15957109. S2CID 10408527.
^"Lepidosiren Fitzinger 1837 (South American lungfish)". PBDB.
External linksedit
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January 01, 1970
south, american, lungfish, lepidosiren, paradoxa, also, known, american, fish, scaly, salamanderfish, single, species, lungfish, found, swamps, slow, moving, waters, amazon, paraguay, lower, paraná, river, basins, south, america, notable, obligate, breather, s. The South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa also known as the American mud fish 6 and scaly salamanderfish 7 is the single species of lungfish found in swamps and slow moving waters of the Amazon Paraguay and lower Parana River basins in South America 8 Notable as an obligate air breather it is the sole member of its family Lepidosirenidae although some authors also place Protopterus in the family 9 10 In Brazil it is known by the indigenous language Tupi name piramboia which means snake fish Portuguese pronunciation piɾɐ ˈbɔjjɐ and synonyms pirarucu boia piɾɐɾuˈku ˈbɔjjɐ traira boia tɾɐˈiɾɐ ˈbɔjjɐ and caramuru kɐɾɐmuˈɾu South American lungfishTemporal range Late Cretaceous to recent 72 1 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N 1 Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 2 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Clade Sarcopterygii Class Dipnoi Order Ceratodontiformes Family LepidosirenidaeBonaparte 1841 Genus LepidosirenFitzinger 1837 Species L paradoxa Binomial name Lepidosiren paradoxaFitzinger 1837 Synonyms 3 4 5 Genus Amphibichthys Hogg 1841 Species Amphibichthys paradoxus Fitzinger 1837 Lepidosiren articulata Ehlers 1894 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 References 4 External linksTaxonomy editThe South American lungfish is most closely related to the African lungfishes family Protopteridae and both families are thought to have diverged during the Early Cretaceous Some papers suggest classifying both Lepidosiren and Protopterus within Lepidosirenidae though authorities continue to classify both as distinct families 9 10 11 Description editThe immature lungfish is spotted with gold on a black background in the adult this fades to a brown or gray color 12 Its tooth bearing premaxillary and maxillary bones are fused as in all Dipnoi South American lungfish also share an autostylic jaw suspension where the palatoquadrate is fused to the cranium and powerful adductor jaw muscles with the other extant Dipnoi Like the African lungfishes this species has an elongated almost eel like body It may reach a length of 125 cm 4 10 ft 8 The pectoral fins are thin and thread like while the pelvic fins are somewhat larger and set far back The fins are connected to the shoulder by a single bone which is a marked difference from most fish whose fins usually have at least four bones at their base and a marked similarity with nearly all land dwelling vertebrates 13 The gills are greatly reduced and essentially non functional in the adults 14 nbsp nbsp Female above male below Juvenile lungfish feed on insect larvae and snails while adults are omnivorous adding algae and shrimp to their diets crushing them with their heavily mineralized tooth plates The fish s usual habitats disappear during the dry season so they burrow into the mud and make a chamber about 30 50 cm 12 20 in down leaving a few holes to the surface for air 14 During this aestivation they produce a layer of mucus to seal in moisture and slow their metabolism down greatly 12 Relatively little is known about the South American lungfish They have adapted to cope with both droughts and floods due to evolving pulmonary mechanoreceptors 15 16 When the rainy season begins they come out and begin to mate The parents build a nest for the young which resemble tadpoles and have four external gills To enrich the oxygen in the nest the male develops highly vascularized structures on his pelvic fins that release additional oxygen into the water 14 The young become air breathing at about seven weeks Juveniles have external threadlike gills very much like those of newts 12 Fossils of the modern species have been found between 72 and 66 mya during the Maastrichtian stage of the late Cretaceous just before the KPG extinction that killed off the non avian dinosaurs 17 References edit Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger 1837 South American lungfish PBDB Frederico R G 2022 Lepidosiren paradoxa IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022 e T49830702A159889457 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2022 2 RLTS T49830702A159889457 en Retrieved 9 February 2023 Part 7 Vertebrates Collection of genus group names in a systematic arrangement Archived from the original on 5 October 2016 Retrieved 30 June 2016 Haaramo Mikko 2007 Ceratodiformes recent lungfishes Mikko s Phylogeny Archive Retrieved 3 July 2016 Froese R Pauly D 2017 Lepidosirenidae FishBase version 02 2017 Retrieved 18 May 2017 Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel Edwin Ray Lankester L Dora Schmitz 1892 The History of Creation Or The Development of the Earth and Its Inhabitants by the Action of Natural Causes A Popular Exposition of the Doctrine of Evolution in General and of that of Darwin Goethe and Lamarck in Particular from the 8 German Ed of Ernst Haeckel D Appleton p 422 page 289 Konrad Guenther Bernard Miall 1931 A Naturalist in Brazil The Record of a Year s Observation of Her Flora Her Fauna and Her People Houghton Mifflin Company pp 399 page 275 a b Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2014 Lepidosiren paradoxa in FishBase April 2014 version a b FAMILY Details for Lepidosirenidae Aestivating lungfishes www fishbase se Retrieved 2023 03 29 a b Kemp Anne Cavin Lionel Guinot Guillaume 2017 04 01 Evolutionary history of lungfishes with a new phylogeny of post Devonian genera Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 471 209 219 Bibcode 2017PPP 471 209K doi 10 1016 j palaeo 2016 12 051 ISSN 0031 0182 Brownstein Chase Doran Harrington Richard C Near Thomas J 2023 04 12 The biogeography of extant lungfishes traces the breakup of Gondwana Journal of Biogeography 50 7 1191 1198 doi 10 1111 jbi 14609 ISSN 0305 0270 S2CID 258115076 a b c Animal world South American Lungfish Your Inner Fish Neil Shubin 2008 2009 Vintage p 33 a b c Bruton Michael N 1998 Paxton J R Eschmeyer W N eds Encyclopedia of Fishes San Diego Academic Press p 70 ISBN 0 12 547665 5 MESQUITA SAAD L S B LEITAO M A B PAULA SILVA M N CHIPPARI GOMES A R ALMEIDA VAL V M F August 2002 Specialized metabolism and biochemical suppression during aestivation of the extant South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa Brazilian Journal of Biology 62 3 495 501 doi 10 1590 s1519 69842002000300014 ISSN 1519 6984 PMID 12530187 de Moraes Marcos F P G Holler Sabine da Costa Oscar T F Glass Mogens L Fernandes Marisa N Perry Steven F July 2005 Morphometric Comparison of the Respiratory Organs in the South American Lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa Dipnoi Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 78 4 546 559 doi 10 1086 430686 ISSN 1522 2152 PMID 15957109 S2CID 10408527 Lepidosiren Fitzinger 1837 South American lungfish PBDB External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Lepidosiren paradoxa nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lepidosiren paradoxa Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title South American lungfish amp oldid 1215141796, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
