"Languedocien" redirects here. For other uses, see Languedoc.
Languedocien (French name, pronounced [lɑ̃ɡdɔsjɛ̃]), Languedocian or Lengadocian (Occitan pronunciation: [ˌleŋɡɔðuˈsja]), is an Occitan dialect spoken in rural parts of southern France such as Languedoc, Rouergue, Quercy, Agenais and Southern Périgord. It is sometimes also called Languedocien-Guyennais.[4] Due to its central position among the dialects of Occitan, it is often used as a basis for a Standard Occitan.[5]
About 10% of the population of Languedoc are fluent in the language (about 300,000), and another 20% (600,000) "have some understanding" of the language. All speak French as their first or second language.
Languedocien is spoken in certain parts of three French regions.
Occitanie: Aveyron, Lot, Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne except Lomagne, Ariège (except a western part), Haute-Garonne (except the districts of Saint-Gaudens and Muret), Aude, Hérault, Lozère, western and northern parts of Gard and Fenouillèdes.
Nouvelle-Aquitaine: south of the Dordogne, east of the Gironde, north-eastern two-thirds of Lot-et-Garonne, the southern fringe of Corrèze.
The following are the main characteristics of the Languedocien dialect:
occlusives are kept at the end of a word: cantat [kanˈtat] (in Provençal: [kãnˈta]);
preservation of the final s of a word: los òmes [luˈzɔmes] (in Limousin: [luzɔˈmej]);
the final n of a word is dropped: occitan [utsiˈta] (in Provençal: [usiˈtãn]);
absence of palatalisation of CA and GA groups: cantar, gal (in Auvergnat: chantar, jal);
preservation of the final l of a word (i.e. not vocalised): provençal (in Provençal and in Gascon: provençau);
lack of distinction between the sounds b and v (betacism): vin [bi] (in Auvergnat, Limousin and Provençal: [vji], [vi], [vin]).
None of these characteristics are unique to Languedocien; many are shared with one or more other Occitan dialects. Languedocien is both a central and conservative dialect. For these reasons, certain linguists are in favour of a standardisation of Occitan using Languedocien as a basis for this.[6]
Variations
Dialects and sub-dialects of Occitan according to D. Sumien[7]
Languedocien encompasses a number of variations, the classification of which is still ongoing.
Eastern Languedocien dialects: Alésien, Montpelliérain, Lodévois, and Bitterrois (the latter tending towards Western Languedocien).
Western Languedocien dialects: Narbonnais, Carcassonnais, Toulousain (including Fuxéen and Capcinois), Albigeois, Montalbanais, Agenais (the latter tending towards Guyennais and Gascon).
In their supra-dialectal classification of Occitan, Pierre Bec and Domergue Sumien divide Languedocien into one or two supra-dialectal groups:
Pierre Bec places Southern Languedocien dialects in the Aquitanian-Pyrenean group and the rest of the Languedocien dialects in the Central Occitanian group.
Domergue Sumien classifies these Languedocien dialects similarly, but groups both Aquitanian-Pyrenean and Central Occitanian under the title of Pre-Iberian.
Supradialectal classification of Occitan according to P. Bec[9]
Supradialectal classification of Occitan according to D. Sumien[10]
Usage
With the absence of a linguistic census, it is difficult to obtain exact figures on the number of speakers. The most recent global studies on Occitan say the number of speakers ranges from 500,000 to 700,000 for the language as a whole.[11]UNESCO, which is the only organisation to treat Languedocien independently, estimates the number at around 500,000, and considers the language under serious threat.[12]
^"Occitan (post 1500)". IANA language subtag registry. 18 August 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^"Languedocien"; IANA language subtag registry; subtitle: Occitan variant spoken in Languedoc; retrieved: 11 February 2019; publication date: 22 April 2018.
^ abRonjat, Jules (1930–1941). Grammaire istorique [sic] des parlers provençaux modernes. Montpellier: Société des langues romanes.
^Claudi Balaguer, "Languedocian: A Central and Interface Dialect within Occitan", in John Partridge (ed.), Interfaces in Language, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010
^Teulat, Roger (1976). Memento grammatical de l'occitan référentiel. Sauvagnes: Cap e cap. p. 12.
^ abSumien, Domergue (2009). Classificacion dei dialèctes occitans.
^Alibert, Louis (1976). Gramatica occitana segon los parlars lengadocians. Montpellier.
^Bec, Pierre (1973). Manuel pratique d’occitan moderne. Paris: Picard.
^Sumien, Domergue (2006). La standardisation pluricentrique de l'occitan: nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique, développement du lexique et de la morphologie. Turnhout: Brepols.
^Philippe Martel, "Qui parle occitan ?" in Langues et cité Archived 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine n°10, December 2007.
^"UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger". Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
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languedocien, dialect, languedocien, redirects, here, other, uses, languedoc, languedocien, french, name, pronounced, ɡdɔsjɛ, languedocian, lengadocian, occitan, pronunciation, ˌleŋɡɔðuˈsja, occitan, dialect, spoken, rural, parts, southern, france, such, langu. Languedocien redirects here For other uses see Languedoc Languedocien French name pronounced lɑ ɡdɔsjɛ Languedocian or Lengadocian Occitan pronunciation ˌleŋɡɔduˈsja is an Occitan dialect spoken in rural parts of southern France such as Languedoc Rouergue Quercy Agenais and Southern Perigord It is sometimes also called Languedocien Guyennais 4 Due to its central position among the dialects of Occitan it is often used as a basis for a Standard Occitan 5 LanguedocianlengadocianNative toFranceRegionSouth of FranceNative speakers undated figure of 5 000 1 Language familyIndo European ItalicRomanceWesternGallo RomanceOccitano RomanceOccitanLanguedocianLanguage codesISO 639 3 Glottologlang1309ELPLanguedocienIETFoc lengadoc sup id cite ref wikidata 1efac5152aeb4486e2a8741189ef642933ad0959 v3 2 0 class reference a href cite note wikidata 1efac5152aeb4486e2a8741189ef642933ad0959 v3 2 2 a sup sup id cite ref wikidata b7ec2b444ee06c9b05ffb796a5a1e9fc10ac97b6 v3 3 0 class reference a href cite note wikidata b7ec2b444ee06c9b05ffb796a5a1e9fc10ac97b6 v3 3 3 a sup The spread of Languedocien in the Occitan area About 10 of the population of Languedoc are fluent in the language about 300 000 and another 20 600 000 have some understanding of the language All speak French as their first or second language Contents 1 Geographic distribution 2 Characteristics 3 Variations 4 Usage 5 See also 6 ReferencesGeographic distribution EditLanguedocien is spoken in certain parts of three French regions Occitanie Aveyron Lot Tarn Tarn et Garonne except Lomagne Ariege except a western part Haute Garonne except the districts of Saint Gaudens and Muret Aude Herault Lozere western and northern parts of Gard and Fenouilledes Nouvelle Aquitaine south of the Dordogne east of the Gironde north eastern two thirds of Lot et Garonne the southern fringe of Correze Auvergne Rhone Alpes area of Bas Vivarois Languedocien Nord CevenolOther dialects spoken in these areas include Gascon Catalan Limousin Basque and Auvergnat Characteristics EditThe following are the main characteristics of the Languedocien dialect occlusives are kept at the end of a word cantat kanˈtat in Provencal kanˈta preservation of the final s of a word los omes luˈzɔmes in Limousin luzɔˈmej the final n of a word is dropped occitan utsiˈta in Provencal usiˈtan absence of palatalisation of CA and GA groups cantar gal in Auvergnat chantar jal preservation of the final l of a word i e not vocalised provencal in Provencal and in Gascon provencau lack of distinction between the sounds b and v betacism vin bi in Auvergnat Limousin and Provencal vji vi vin None of these characteristics are unique to Languedocien many are shared with one or more other Occitan dialects Languedocien is both a central and conservative dialect For these reasons certain linguists are in favour of a standardisation of Occitan using Languedocien as a basis for this 6 Variations Edit Dialects and sub dialects of Occitan according to D Sumien 7 Languedocien encompasses a number of variations the classification of which is still ongoing Jules Ronjat gives three sub groups 4 Eastern Languedocien dialects Alesien Montpellierain Lodevois and Bitterrois the latter tending towards Western Languedocien Western Languedocien dialects Narbonnais Carcassonnais Toulousain including Fuxeen and Capcinois Albigeois Montalbanais Agenais the latter tending towards Guyennais and Gascon Guyennais dialects Rouergat Gevaudanais Lozere Cevennes Quercinois Aurillacois Sarladais Bergeracois He also classes Bas Vivarois as a Languedocien dialect but separate from the above categories Louis Alibert uses four sub groups 8 Eastern dialects Cevenol Montpellierain Bitterois Southern dialects Toulousain Fuxeen Donezanais Narbonnais Central Carcassonais Agenais Western dialects Bergeracois Villeneuvois Sarladais Haut Quercinois Bas Quercinois Albigeois Northern dialects Aurillacois Rouergat Gevaudanais Domergue Sumien defines the categories thus 7 Eastern dialects Cevenol Montpellierain Southern dialects Toulousain Fuxeen Donezanais Narbonnais Carcassonais Western dialects Bas Quercinois Albigeois Agenais Bitterois Northern dialects Bergeracois Villeneuvois Sarladais Haut Quercinois Aurillacois Rouergat Gevaudanais Bas Vivarois In their supra dialectal classification of Occitan Pierre Bec and Domergue Sumien divide Languedocien into one or two supra dialectal groups Pierre Bec places Southern Languedocien dialects in the Aquitanian Pyrenean group and the rest of the Languedocien dialects in the Central Occitanian group Domergue Sumien classifies these Languedocien dialects similarly but groups both Aquitanian Pyrenean and Central Occitanian under the title of Pre Iberian Supradialectal classification of Occitan according to P Bec 9 Supradialectal classification of Occitan according to D Sumien 10 Usage EditWith the absence of a linguistic census it is difficult to obtain exact figures on the number of speakers The most recent global studies on Occitan say the number of speakers ranges from 500 000 to 700 000 for the language as a whole 11 UNESCO which is the only organisation to treat Languedocien independently estimates the number at around 500 000 and considers the language under serious threat 12 See also EditOccitan conjugation Languages of France Langue d oc Emile Mazuc scholar of the Languedocien languageReferences Edit Languedocien at Ethnologue 15th ed 2005 Occitan post 1500 IANA language subtag registry 18 August 2008 Retrieved 11 February 2019 Languedocien IANA language subtag registry subtitle Occitan variant spoken in Languedoc retrieved 11 February 2019 publication date 22 April 2018 a b Ronjat Jules 1930 1941 Grammaire istorique sic des parlers provencaux modernes Montpellier Societe des langues romanes Claudi Balaguer Languedocian A Central and Interface Dialect within Occitan in John Partridge ed Interfaces in Language Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2010 Teulat Roger 1976 Memento grammatical de l occitan referentiel Sauvagnes Cap e cap p 12 a b Sumien Domergue 2009 Classificacion dei dialectes occitans Alibert Louis 1976 Gramatica occitana segon los parlars lengadocians Montpellier Bec Pierre 1973 Manuel pratique d occitan moderne Paris Picard Sumien Domergue 2006 La standardisation pluricentrique de l occitan nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique developpement du lexique et de la morphologie Turnhout Brepols Philippe Martel Qui parle occitan in Langues et cite Archived 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine n 10 December 2007 UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger Archived from the original on 27 August 2021 Retrieved 6 September 2021 This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French January 2020 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise 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