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White-footed mouse

October 22, 2023

The white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) is a rodent native to North America from Ontario, Quebec, Labrador, and the Maritime Provinces (excluding the island of Newfoundland) to the southwestern United States and Mexico.[1] In the Maritimes, its only location is a disjunct population in southern Nova Scotia.[2] It is also known as the woodmouse, particularly in Texas.

White-footed mouse
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cricetidae
Subfamily: Neotominae
Genus: Peromyscus
Species:
P. leucopus
Binomial name
Peromyscus leucopus
(Rafinesque, 1818)

Description Edit

Adults are 90–100 mm (3.5–3.9 in) in length, not counting the tail, which can add another 63–97 mm (2.5–3.8 in). A young adult weighs 20–30 g (0.7–1.1 oz). While their maximum lifespan is 96 months, the mean life expectancy for the species is 45.5 months for females and 47.5 for males. In northern climates, the average life expectancy is 12–24 months.[3] The species is similar to Peromyscus maniculatus.[4]

Behavior and diet Edit

White-footed mice are omnivorous, and eat seeds and insects. They are particularly voracious predators of the pupal stage of the invasive spongy moth (formerly termed the gypsy moth).[5] They are timid and generally avoid humans, but they occasionally take up residence in ground-floor walls of homes and apartments, where they build nests and store food.[6] White-footed mice spend substantial time in trees and bushes, sometimes taking unoccupied old bird nests and building roofs on them.[7]

 
Female with sucklings

Diseases Edit

Like the North American deer mouse, this species may carry hantaviruses, which can cause severe illness in humans. It has also been found to be a competent reservoir for the Lyme disease–causing spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi.[8] The white-footed mouse is the favored host for the parasitic botfly Cuterebra fontinella.[9]

Interactions with humans Edit

The white-footed mouse is one of the most common mouse species used as laboratory mice after the house mouse, and their domesticated version is called Peromyscus leucopus linville.[10] Such domesticated mice are also kept as pets[11][12] and have been bred to have many different colors.[13]

Adaptations to urbanization in New York City Edit

Native populations of P. leucopus in New York city are isolated by dense human infrastructure and are largely confined to small urban forest islands such as Prospect Park and Central Park.[14] The limited gene flow caused by human activities and coupled with a bottleneck event in urban populations has been powerful enough to lead to evolutionary divergence of urban white-footed mice.[14][15]

Metabolism Edit

New York City mice exhibit local adaptations to diet-mediated selective pressures of urban habitats. Being opportunistic feeders, urban P. leucopus populations subsist on food discarded by humans as a readily available source of nutriment, thereby consuming a lot more fat and carbohydrates than rural populations.[16] Results of a landscape genomics study showed evidence of positive selection in mitochondrial genes of urban mice that are responsible for lipid and carbohydrate breakdown and digestion.[16] Isolated P. leucopus populations inhabiting NYC parks show signs of molecular-level adaptation to urban food resources.[16] The differential evolution of metabolic processes in urban P. leucopus populations is thought to contribute to their success and survival in NYC urban forests.[16] Furthermore, the morphology of urban white-footed mice may be changing to adapt to alternative food sources. For instance, the teeth of white-footed mice in New York City are shorter than the teeth of rural mice.[16] This change in physical traits could be explained by the availability of higher-quality food sources in urban forests, which negates the need for long, powerful teeth.[16]

Detoxification Edit

Urban populations of P. leucopus may be under unique selective pressures due to increased routine exposure to pollutants and toxins. A comparative transcriptome study found evidence of positive selection acting on the genes of urban mice that play major roles in detoxification and xenobiotic metabolism.[17] The genes under positive selection pressure include CYPA1A and Hsp90, which are known to be involved in the metabolism of foreign substances and drugs.[18] High concentrations of heavy metals such as lead and mercury in NYC park soils pose a unique selective pressure that likely led urban populations of P. leucopus to develop metabolic adaptations to the toxicity of urban forest environments.[17] Furthermore, exposure of pollutants is known to induce hypermethylation of DNA.[18] A study showed that in urban white-footed mice, a gene coding for a demethylase enzyme is under positive selection.[18] This means that urban populations of white-food mice that live in highly polluted environments uniquely benefit from an active demethylase enzyme that removes methyl groups from DNA.[18]

Reproduction Edit

City-dwelling white-footed mouse populations are densely concentrated in isolated urban parks, which makes sperm competition a particularly powerful source of selection in urban environments.[19] Genetic studies have identified signs of molecular-level evolution of reproductive processes in urban white-footed mouse populations. Genes associated with spermatogenesis, sperm locomotion, and sperm-egg interactions in urban mice show a divergent pattern of regulation compared to their rural counterparts.[19] Therefore, the intensified sperm competition of dense mouse populations in urban forests has driven them to develop faster, more efficient sperm than that of rural mice.

Immunity Edit

Urban environments are saturated with large numbers of novel and familiar pathogens that are introduced by transportation, traffic, and trade.[20] The elevated occurrence of pathogens is a driver of directional selection in which genetic variants that more efficiently resist infection are favored. The outcome of this selection can be seen in genetic divergence between urban and rural P. leucopus populations at loci that regulate the innate immune response and inflammation.[21] Furthermore, a study has found evidence of positive selection acting on genes that modulate pathogen recognition in urban mice.[21] Immunoregulatory proteins that are found on T lymphocytes are overexpressed in urban mice when compared to rural populations.[21] These findings suggest that the immune systems of NYC white-footed mice may be evolving to recognize and respond to pathogens more efficiently. The divergence between rural and urban white-footed mice is especially prominent due to impeded gene flow between these populations, which is caused by landscape barriers including roads, highways, and pedestrian sidewalks.[22] Monitoring the strength of immune defenses in P. leucopus is of special importance because they are commonly infected with dangerous pathogens such as hantaviruses and Borrelia burgdorferi.[22]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Linzey, A.V.; Matson, J. & Timm, R. (2008). "Peromyscus leucopus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  2. ^ Atlantic Interior, The Natural History of Nova Scotia
  3. ^ Mammalian models for research on aging (1981) ISBN 978-0-309-03094-6
  4. ^ RR5109-Front Cover-Hantavirus.p65
  5. ^ Ostfeld, Richard S. (2023-07-31). "I'm a tick biologist whose body seems to kill off ticks". STAT. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  6. ^ "WHITE-FOOTED AND DEER MICE". The Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  7. ^ "White-footed Deermouse | Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency". www.tn.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  8. ^ Donahue JG, Piesman J, Spielman A (January 1987). "Reservoir competence of white-footed mice for Lyme disease spirochetes". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 36 (1): 92–6. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1987.36.92. PMID 3812887.
  9. ^ Jennison CA, Rodas LR, Barrett GW (2006). "Cuterebra fontinella parasitism on Peromyscus leucopus and Ochrotomys nuttalli". Southeastern Naturalist. 5 (1): 157–168. doi:10.1656/1528-7092(2006)5[157:CFPOPL]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 87286185.
  10. ^ Sun Y, Desierto MJ, Ueda Y, Kajigaya S, Chen J, Young NS (2014). "Peromyscus leucopus mice: a potential animal model for haematological studies". International Journal of Experimental Pathology. 95 (5): 342–50. doi:10.1111/iep.12091. PMC 4209926. PMID 25116892.
  11. ^ "White-Footed & Deer Mice Care Sheet by Ann Vole".
  12. ^ Clive Roots; Domestication - page: 105
  13. ^ "Deer Mice and White-footed Mice". 2010-06-03.
  14. ^ a b Harris, Stephen E.; Xue, Alexander T.; Alvarado-Serrano, Diego; Boehm, Joel T.; Joseph, Tyler; Hickerson, Michael J.; Munshi-South, Jason (2016-04-01). "Urbanization shapes the demographic history of a native rodent (the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus ) in New York City". Biology Letters. 12 (4): 20150983. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0983. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 4881337. PMID 27072402.
  15. ^ Harris, Stephen E.; Munshi‐South, Jason (2017-10-05). "Signatures of positive selection and local adaptation to urbanization in white‐footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus )". Molecular Ecology. 26 (22): 6336–6350. doi:10.1111/mec.14369. ISSN 0962-1083. PMC 5716853. PMID 28980357.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Harris, Stephen E.; Munshi‐South, Jason (2017-10-05). "Signatures of positive selection and local adaptation to urbanization in white‐footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus )". Molecular Ecology. 26 (22): 6336–6350. doi:10.1111/mec.14369. ISSN 0962-1083. PMC 5716853. PMID 28980357.
  17. ^ a b Harris, Stephen E.; Munshi-South, Jason; Obergfell, Craig; O’Neill, Rachel (2013-08-28). Johnson, Norman (ed.). "Signatures of Rapid Evolution in Urban and Rural Transcriptomes of White-Footed Mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in the New York Metropolitan Area". PLOS ONE. 8 (8): e74938. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074938. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3756007. PMID 24015321.
  18. ^ a b c d Harris, Stephen E.; Munshi‐South, Jason (2017-10-05). "Signatures of positive selection and local adaptation to urbanization in white‐footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus )". Molecular Ecology. 26 (22): 6336–6350. doi:10.1111/mec.14369. ISSN 0962-1083. PMC 5716853. PMID 28980357.
  19. ^ a b Harris, Stephen E.; Munshi-South, Jason; Obergfell, Craig; O’Neill, Rachel (2013-08-28). Johnson, Norman (ed.). "Signatures of Rapid Evolution in Urban and Rural Transcriptomes of White-Footed Mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in the New York Metropolitan Area". PLOS ONE. 8 (8): e74938. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074938. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3756007. PMID 24015321.
  20. ^ Bradley, Catherine A.; Altizer, Sonia (2007-02-01). "Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (2): 95–102. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2006.11.001. ISSN 0169-5347. PMC 7114918. PMID 17113678.
  21. ^ a b c Harris, Stephen (2015-09-30). "Population Genomics of White-Footed Mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in New York City". Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects.
  22. ^ a b André, A.; Millien, V.; Galan, M.; Ribas, A.; Michaux, J. R. (2017-10-01). "Effects of parasite and historic driven selection on the diversity and structure of a MHC-II gene in a small mammal species (Peromyscus leucopus) undergoing range expansion". Evolutionary Ecology. 31 (5): 785–801. doi:10.1007/s10682-017-9898-z. hdl:2445/127939. ISSN 1573-8477. S2CID 254469373.
 
A captive white-footed mouse. She is at least 3 years and 8 months old.

General references Edit

  • Anderson JF, Johnson RC, Magnarelli LA (1987). "Seasonal prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in natural populations of white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 25 (8): 1564–1566. doi:10.1128/JCM.25.8.1564-1566.1987. PMC 269274. PMID 3624451.
  • Rogic A, Tessier N, Legendre P, Lapointe FJ, Millien V (2013). "Genetic structure of the white-footed mouse in the context of the emergence of Lyme disease in southern Québec". Ecology and Evolution. 3 (7): 2075–2088. doi:10.1002/ece3.620. PMC 3728948. PMID 23919153.
  • Barthold SW, Persing DH, Armstrong AL, Peeples RA (1991). "Kinetics of Borrelia burgdorferi dissemination and evolution of disease after intradermal inoculation of mice". The American Journal of Pathology. 139 (2): 263–273. PMC 1886084. PMID 1867318.
  • Bunikis J, Tsao J, Luke CJ, Luna MG, et al. (2004). "Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a natural population of Peromyscus leucopus mice: a longitudinal study in an area where Lyme borreliosis is highly endemic". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 189 (8): 1515–1523. doi:10.1086/382594. PMID 15073690.
  • Brunner JL, LoGiudice K, Ostfeld RS (2008). "Estimating reservoir competence of Borrelia burgdorferi hosts: prevalence and infectivity, sensitivity, and specificity". Journal of Medical Entomology. 45 (1): 139–147. doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[139:ercobb]2.0.co;2. PMID 18283955. S2CID 10702776.
  • Burgess EC, French JB Jr, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A (1990). "Systemic disease in Peromyscus leucopus associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 42 (3): 254–259. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1990.42.254. PMID 2316794.
  • Goodwin BJ, Ostfeld RS, Schauber EM (2001). "Spatiotemporal variation in a Lyme disease host and vector: black-legged ticks on white-footed mice". Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 1 (2): 129–138. doi:10.1089/153036601316977732. PMID 12653143.
  • Hofmeister EK, Ellis BA, Glass GE, Childs JE (1999). "Longitudinal study of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in a population of Peromyscus leucopus at a Lyme disease-enzootic site in Maryland". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 60 (4): 598–609. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.598. PMID 10348235.
  • Horka H, Cerna-kyckovaa K, Kallova A, Kopecky J (2009). "Tick saliva affects both proliferation and distribution of Borrelia burgdoferi spirochetes in mouse organs an increases transmission of spirochetes by ticks". International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 299 (5): 373–380. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2008.10.009. PMID 19147403.
  • Martin LB, Weil ZM, Kuhlman JR, Nelson RJ (2006). "Trade-offs within the immune systems of female white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus". Functional Ecology. 20 (4): 630–636. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01138.x.
  • Martin LB, Weil ZM, Nelson RJ (2007). "Immune defense and reproductive pace of life in Peromyscus mice". Ecology. 88 (10): 2516–2528. doi:10.1890/07-0060.1. PMC 7204533. PMID 18027755.
  • Ostfeld RS, Miller MC & Hazler KR (1996) Causes and consequences of tick (Ixodes scapularis) burdens on white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). J Mammal ; 77:266–273.
  • Ostfeld RS, Schauber EM, Canham CD, Keesing F & al. (2001) Effects of acorn production and mouse abundance on abundance and Borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalence of nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis ; 1:55–63
  • Pederson AB, Grieves TJ (2008) 'he interaction of parasites and resource cause crashes in wild mouse population. J Anim Ecol ; 77:370–377
  • Schwan, TG, Burgdorfer, W, Schrumpf, ME, Karstens, RH. (1988) The urinary bladder, a consistent source of Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). J Clin Microbiol ; 26:893–895
  • Schwan TG, Kime KK, Schrumpf ME, Coe JE, et al. (1989). "Antibody response in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) experimental infected with the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi)". Infection and Immunity. 57 (11): 3445–3451. doi:10.1128/IAI.57.11.3445-3451.1989. PMC 259851. PMID 2807530.
  • Schwanz LE, Voordouw MJ, Brisson D, Ostfeld RS (2011). (PDF). Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 11 (2): 117–124. doi:10.1089/vbz.2009.0215. PMID 20569016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2014-04-24.

External links Edit

  • White-footed Mouse, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry
  • White-footed Mouse, CanadianFauna.com
  • White-footed Mouse, Canadian Biodiversity Website
  • "Deer-mouse" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.

October 22, 2023
white, footed, mouse, white, footed, mouse, peromyscus, leucopus, rodent, native, north, america, from, ontario, quebec, labrador, maritime, provinces, excluding, island, newfoundland, southwestern, united, states, mexico, maritimes, only, location, disjunct, . The white footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus is a rodent native to North America from Ontario Quebec Labrador and the Maritime Provinces excluding the island of Newfoundland to the southwestern United States and Mexico 1 In the Maritimes its only location is a disjunct population in southern Nova Scotia 2 It is also known as the woodmouse particularly in Texas White footed mouseConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder RodentiaFamily CricetidaeSubfamily NeotominaeGenus PeromyscusSpecies P leucopusBinomial namePeromyscus leucopus Rafinesque 1818 Contents 1 Description 2 Behavior and diet 3 Diseases 4 Interactions with humans 5 Adaptations to urbanization in New York City 5 1 Metabolism 5 2 Detoxification 5 3 Reproduction 5 4 Immunity 6 See also 7 References 8 General references 9 External linksDescription EditAdults are 90 100 mm 3 5 3 9 in in length not counting the tail which can add another 63 97 mm 2 5 3 8 in A young adult weighs 20 30 g 0 7 1 1 oz While their maximum lifespan is 96 months the mean life expectancy for the species is 45 5 months for females and 47 5 for males In northern climates the average life expectancy is 12 24 months 3 The species is similar to Peromyscus maniculatus 4 nbsp In Quetico Provincial Park Ontario nbsp Female on a staghorn sumacBehavior and diet EditWhite footed mice are omnivorous and eat seeds and insects They are particularly voracious predators of the pupal stage of the invasive spongy moth formerly termed the gypsy moth 5 They are timid and generally avoid humans but they occasionally take up residence in ground floor walls of homes and apartments where they build nests and store food 6 White footed mice spend substantial time in trees and bushes sometimes taking unoccupied old bird nests and building roofs on them 7 nbsp Female with sucklingsDiseases EditLike the North American deer mouse this species may carry hantaviruses which can cause severe illness in humans It has also been found to be a competent reservoir for the Lyme disease causing spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi 8 The white footed mouse is the favored host for the parasitic botfly Cuterebra fontinella 9 Interactions with humans EditThe white footed mouse is one of the most common mouse species used as laboratory mice after the house mouse and their domesticated version is called Peromyscus leucopus linville 10 Such domesticated mice are also kept as pets 11 12 and have been bred to have many different colors 13 Adaptations to urbanization in New York City EditNative populations of P leucopus in New York city are isolated by dense human infrastructure and are largely confined to small urban forest islands such as Prospect Park and Central Park 14 The limited gene flow caused by human activities and coupled with a bottleneck event in urban populations has been powerful enough to lead to evolutionary divergence of urban white footed mice 14 15 Metabolism Edit New York City mice exhibit local adaptations to diet mediated selective pressures of urban habitats Being opportunistic feeders urban P leucopus populations subsist on food discarded by humans as a readily available source of nutriment thereby consuming a lot more fat and carbohydrates than rural populations 16 Results of a landscape genomics study showed evidence of positive selection in mitochondrial genes of urban mice that are responsible for lipid and carbohydrate breakdown and digestion 16 Isolated P leucopus populations inhabiting NYC parks show signs of molecular level adaptation to urban food resources 16 The differential evolution of metabolic processes in urban P leucopus populations is thought to contribute to their success and survival in NYC urban forests 16 Furthermore the morphology of urban white footed mice may be changing to adapt to alternative food sources For instance the teeth of white footed mice in New York City are shorter than the teeth of rural mice 16 This change in physical traits could be explained by the availability of higher quality food sources in urban forests which negates the need for long powerful teeth 16 Detoxification Edit Urban populations of P leucopus may be under unique selective pressures due to increased routine exposure to pollutants and toxins A comparative transcriptome study found evidence of positive selection acting on the genes of urban mice that play major roles in detoxification and xenobiotic metabolism 17 The genes under positive selection pressure include CYPA1A and Hsp90 which are known to be involved in the metabolism of foreign substances and drugs 18 High concentrations of heavy metals such as lead and mercury in NYC park soils pose a unique selective pressure that likely led urban populations of P leucopus to develop metabolic adaptations to the toxicity of urban forest environments 17 Furthermore exposure of pollutants is known to induce hypermethylation of DNA 18 A study showed that in urban white footed mice a gene coding for a demethylase enzyme is under positive selection 18 This means that urban populations of white food mice that live in highly polluted environments uniquely benefit from an active demethylase enzyme that removes methyl groups from DNA 18 Reproduction Edit City dwelling white footed mouse populations are densely concentrated in isolated urban parks which makes sperm competition a particularly powerful source of selection in urban environments 19 Genetic studies have identified signs of molecular level evolution of reproductive processes in urban white footed mouse populations Genes associated with spermatogenesis sperm locomotion and sperm egg interactions in urban mice show a divergent pattern of regulation compared to their rural counterparts 19 Therefore the intensified sperm competition of dense mouse populations in urban forests has driven them to develop faster more efficient sperm than that of rural mice Immunity Edit Urban environments are saturated with large numbers of novel and familiar pathogens that are introduced by transportation traffic and trade 20 The elevated occurrence of pathogens is a driver of directional selection in which genetic variants that more efficiently resist infection are favored The outcome of this selection can be seen in genetic divergence between urban and rural P leucopus populations at loci that regulate the innate immune response and inflammation 21 Furthermore a study has found evidence of positive selection acting on genes that modulate pathogen recognition in urban mice 21 Immunoregulatory proteins that are found on T lymphocytes are overexpressed in urban mice when compared to rural populations 21 These findings suggest that the immune systems of NYC white footed mice may be evolving to recognize and respond to pathogens more efficiently The divergence between rural and urban white footed mice is especially prominent due to impeded gene flow between these populations which is caused by landscape barriers including roads highways and pedestrian sidewalks 22 Monitoring the strength of immune defenses in P leucopus is of special importance because they are commonly infected with dangerous pathogens such as hantaviruses and Borrelia burgdorferi 22 See also EditMonongahela virusReferences Edit a b Linzey A V Matson J amp Timm R 2008 Peromyscus leucopus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 Retrieved 5 February 2010 old form url Atlantic Interior The Natural History of Nova Scotia Mammalian models for research on aging 1981 ISBN 978 0 309 03094 6 RR5109 Front Cover Hantavirus p65 Ostfeld Richard S 2023 07 31 I m a tick biologist whose body seems to kill off ticks STAT Retrieved 2023 08 01 WHITE FOOTED AND DEER MICE The Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management Retrieved 9 June 2016 White footed Deermouse Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency www tn gov Retrieved 2022 10 09 Donahue JG Piesman J Spielman A January 1987 Reservoir competence of white footed mice for Lyme disease spirochetes The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 36 1 92 6 doi 10 4269 ajtmh 1987 36 92 PMID 3812887 Jennison CA Rodas LR Barrett GW 2006 Cuterebra fontinella parasitism on Peromyscus leucopus and Ochrotomys nuttalli Southeastern Naturalist 5 1 157 168 doi 10 1656 1528 7092 2006 5 157 CFPOPL 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 87286185 Sun Y Desierto MJ Ueda Y Kajigaya S Chen J Young NS 2014 Peromyscus leucopus mice a potential animal model for haematological studies International Journal of Experimental Pathology 95 5 342 50 doi 10 1111 iep 12091 PMC 4209926 PMID 25116892 White Footed amp Deer Mice Care Sheet by Ann Vole Clive Roots Domestication page 105 Deer Mice and White footed Mice 2010 06 03 a b Harris Stephen E Xue Alexander T Alvarado Serrano Diego Boehm Joel T Joseph Tyler Hickerson Michael J Munshi South Jason 2016 04 01 Urbanization shapes the demographic history of a native rodent the white footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus in New York City Biology Letters 12 4 20150983 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2015 0983 ISSN 1744 9561 PMC 4881337 PMID 27072402 Harris Stephen E Munshi South Jason 2017 10 05 Signatures of positive selection and local adaptation to urbanization in white footed mice Peromyscus leucopus Molecular Ecology 26 22 6336 6350 doi 10 1111 mec 14369 ISSN 0962 1083 PMC 5716853 PMID 28980357 a b c d e f Harris Stephen E Munshi South Jason 2017 10 05 Signatures of positive selection and local adaptation to urbanization in white footed mice Peromyscus leucopus Molecular Ecology 26 22 6336 6350 doi 10 1111 mec 14369 ISSN 0962 1083 PMC 5716853 PMID 28980357 a b Harris Stephen E Munshi South Jason Obergfell Craig O Neill Rachel 2013 08 28 Johnson Norman ed Signatures of Rapid Evolution in Urban and Rural Transcriptomes of White Footed Mice Peromyscus leucopus in the New York Metropolitan Area PLOS ONE 8 8 e74938 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0074938 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3756007 PMID 24015321 a b c d Harris Stephen E Munshi South Jason 2017 10 05 Signatures of positive selection and local adaptation to urbanization in white footed mice Peromyscus leucopus Molecular Ecology 26 22 6336 6350 doi 10 1111 mec 14369 ISSN 0962 1083 PMC 5716853 PMID 28980357 a b Harris Stephen E Munshi South Jason Obergfell Craig O Neill Rachel 2013 08 28 Johnson Norman ed Signatures of Rapid Evolution in Urban and Rural Transcriptomes of White Footed Mice Peromyscus leucopus in the New York Metropolitan Area PLOS ONE 8 8 e74938 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0074938 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3756007 PMID 24015321 Bradley Catherine A Altizer Sonia 2007 02 01 Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases Trends in Ecology amp Evolution 22 2 95 102 doi 10 1016 j tree 2006 11 001 ISSN 0169 5347 PMC 7114918 PMID 17113678 a b c Harris Stephen 2015 09 30 Population Genomics of White Footed Mice Peromyscus leucopus in New York City Dissertations Theses and Capstone Projects a b Andre A Millien V Galan M Ribas A Michaux J R 2017 10 01 Effects of parasite and historic driven selection on the diversity and structure of a MHC II gene in a small mammal species Peromyscus leucopus undergoing range expansion Evolutionary Ecology 31 5 785 801 doi 10 1007 s10682 017 9898 z hdl 2445 127939 ISSN 1573 8477 S2CID 254469373 nbsp A captive white footed mouse She is at least 3 years and 8 months old General references EditAnderson JF Johnson RC Magnarelli LA 1987 Seasonal prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in natural populations of white footed mice Peromyscus leucopus Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25 8 1564 1566 doi 10 1128 JCM 25 8 1564 1566 1987 PMC 269274 PMID 3624451 Rogic A Tessier N Legendre P Lapointe FJ Millien V 2013 Genetic structure of the white footed mouse in the context of the emergence of Lyme disease in southern Quebec Ecology and Evolution 3 7 2075 2088 doi 10 1002 ece3 620 PMC 3728948 PMID 23919153 Barthold SW Persing DH Armstrong AL Peeples RA 1991 Kinetics of Borrelia burgdorferi dissemination and evolution of disease after intradermal inoculation of mice The American Journal of Pathology 139 2 263 273 PMC 1886084 PMID 1867318 Bunikis J Tsao J Luke CJ Luna MG et al 2004 Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a natural population of Peromyscus leucopus mice a longitudinal study in an area where Lyme borreliosis is highly endemic The Journal of Infectious Diseases 189 8 1515 1523 doi 10 1086 382594 PMID 15073690 Brunner JL LoGiudice K Ostfeld RS 2008 Estimating reservoir competence of Borrelia burgdorferi hosts prevalence and infectivity sensitivity and specificity Journal of Medical Entomology 45 1 139 147 doi 10 1603 0022 2585 2008 45 139 ercobb 2 0 co 2 PMID 18283955 S2CID 10702776 Burgess EC French JB Jr Gendron Fitzpatrick A 1990 Systemic disease in Peromyscus leucopus associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 42 3 254 259 doi 10 4269 ajtmh 1990 42 254 PMID 2316794 Goodwin BJ Ostfeld RS Schauber EM 2001 Spatiotemporal variation in a Lyme disease host and vector black legged ticks on white footed mice Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 1 2 129 138 doi 10 1089 153036601316977732 PMID 12653143 Hofmeister EK Ellis BA Glass GE Childs JE 1999 Longitudinal study of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in a population of Peromyscus leucopus at a Lyme disease enzootic site in Maryland The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60 4 598 609 doi 10 4269 ajtmh 1999 60 598 PMID 10348235 Horka H Cerna kyckovaa K Kallova A Kopecky J 2009 Tick saliva affects both proliferation and distribution of Borrelia burgdoferi spirochetes in mouse organs an increases transmission of spirochetes by ticks International Journal of Medical Microbiology 299 5 373 380 doi 10 1016 j ijmm 2008 10 009 PMID 19147403 Martin LB Weil ZM Kuhlman JR Nelson RJ 2006 Trade offs within the immune systems of female white footed mice Peromyscus leucopus Functional Ecology 20 4 630 636 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2435 2006 01138 x Martin LB Weil ZM Nelson RJ 2007 Immune defense and reproductive pace of life in Peromyscus mice Ecology 88 10 2516 2528 doi 10 1890 07 0060 1 PMC 7204533 PMID 18027755 Ostfeld RS Miller MC amp Hazler KR 1996 Causes and consequences of tick Ixodes scapularis burdens on white footed mice Peromyscus leucopus J Mammal 77 266 273 Ostfeld RS Schauber EM Canham CD Keesing F amp al 2001 Effects of acorn production and mouse abundance on abundance and Borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalence of nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks Vector Borne Zoonot Dis 1 55 63 Pederson AB Grieves TJ 2008 he interaction of parasites and resource cause crashes in wild mouse population J Anim Ecol 77 370 377 Schwan TG Burgdorfer W Schrumpf ME Karstens RH 1988 The urinary bladder a consistent source of Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected white footed mice Peromyscus leucopus J Clin Microbiol 26 893 895 Schwan TG Kime KK Schrumpf ME Coe JE et al 1989 Antibody response in white footed mice Peromyscus leucopus experimental infected with the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi Infection and Immunity 57 11 3445 3451 doi 10 1128 IAI 57 11 3445 3451 1989 PMC 259851 PMID 2807530 Schwanz LE Voordouw MJ Brisson D Ostfeld RS 2011 Borrelia burgdorferi has minimal impact on the Lyme disease reservoir host Peromyscus leucopus PDF Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 11 2 117 124 doi 10 1089 vbz 2009 0215 PMID 20569016 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 09 21 Retrieved 2014 04 24 External links EditWhite footed Mouse State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry White footed Mouse CanadianFauna com White footed Mouse Canadian Biodiversity Website Deer mouse Encyclopedia Americana 1920 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title White footed mouse amp oldid 1170397883, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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