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Kurds in Iran

April 07, 2024

See also: Iranian Kurdistan

Kurds in Iran (Kurdish: کورد لە ئێران, romanized: Kurdên Îranê,[5] Persian: کردها در ایران)[6] constitute a large minority in the country with a population of around 9 and 10 million people.[7][8]

Kurds in Iran
Total population
9–10 million
Languages
Kurdish, Gorani and Persian
Religion
Shia Islam (Twelver)[1][2]
Sunni Islam (Shafi'i)[3]
(Sufi order Qadiriyya also present)[4]
Yarsanism
Related ethnic groups
see Iranian peoples

Geography

 
Iranian Kurds in Marivan protest against ISIL during the Siege of Kobanî, 6 October 2014

Iranian Kurdistan or Eastern Kurdistan (Kurdish: Rojhilatê Kurdistanê), refers to the parts of western Iran inhabited by Kurds which borders Iraq and Turkey.[9] It includes the Kurdistan Province, Kermanshah Province, West Azerbaijan Province, Ilam Province, and Lorestan Province.[10][11]

Shia Feyli Kurds inhabit Kermanshah Province, except for those parts where people are Jaff, and Ilam Province; as well as some parts of Kurdistan and Hamadan provinces. The Kurds of Khorasan, in the North Khorasan Province of northeastern Iran, are Shi'ite Muslims.[12][13] The Lak tribe populate parts of Ilam Province and Lorestan Province, while Chegini Kurds reside in central Lorestan.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Kurdistan

The two major religions among Kurds in Iran are Islam and Yarsanism, while fewer Kurds adhere to Baháʼí Faith and Judaism.[14] There is disagreement on which is the largest denomination among Kurds; experts such as Richard N. Frye and Martin van Bruinessen argue that Sunni Islam (the Shafi'i branch[3]) is the majority religion,[15][16] while researcher Anu Leinonen believes it is the Twelver branch of Shia Islam.[17]

Pockets of Sunni Kurds belong to the Qadiriyya tariqa (around Marivan and Sanandaj). These orders have experienced repression from the state, including the destruction of their places of worship.[4][18] Yarsanis are also targeted by the central government.[19]

Political history

Emergence of Kurdish nationalism

While Ottoman Kurdistan has been identified as the source of Kurdish national inspiration, Iranian Kurdistan has been identified as the ideological cradle for the emergence of Kurdish nationalism.[20]

In Iran, Kurdish intellectual writings and poetry from the 16th and 17th century indicate that the Kurdish population in the country was aware of the necessity of Kurdish unity and the need to form political and administrative entities for Kurds. However, these calls for Kurdish unity did not reach the broader Kurdish population until the 20th century when it awakened and diffused as a response to the implementation of nation-state policies (Persianization) by changing Iranian rulers. These policies not only alienated Kurds but also excluded them from equal access to citizenship. An example was the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911, which elevated Persian above Kurdish by asserting it as official language, language of administration and language of education.[21]

Cross-border interaction (1918–1979)

Kurds have a strong cross-border ethnic linkage and few historical Kurdish rebellions were limited to the borders of a single country. For example, the rebellion of Sheikh Ubeydullah in Turkish Kurdistan around 1880 inspired Simko Shikak to rebel in 1918, while the various Barzani rebellions in Iraqi Kurdistan became a source of support for the Republic of Mahabad.[22] Other examples of cross-border interaction include the subjugation of the Simko Shikak revolt forcing Simko to flee to Rawandiz in Iraqi Kurdistan – where he sought the support of Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji.[23] Following the fall of the Republic of Mahabad in 1946, some of its leaders also fled to Iraqi Kurdistan where they were sheltered by the son of Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji. Mustafa Barzani had also supported the Republic of Mahabad by sending 2,100 soldiers which in turn also increased Kurdish self-confidence. Many teachers and military officers from Iraqi Kurdistan moreover crossed the border to support the republic.[23]

In 1944, the Society for the Revival of the Kurds/Kurdistan (JK) considered the first Kurdish nationalist movement met with a Turkish Kurdish delegation and an Iraqi Kurdish delegation at the border area near Mount Dalanpar where they signed the Pact of Three Borders which demonstrated the existence of a strong Kurdish sense of cross-border solidarity and sentiment.[24]

Cross-border interaction became difficult to sustain in the 1950s due to repression from SAVAK on the Iranian side. However, Kurds were able to reinforce the cross-border political activity, when the First Iraqi–Kurdish War commenced in 1961, as the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI) gave financial support and loyalty to their counterpart in Iraq, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), while KDPI themselves accessed spatial resources. Relations between KDP and KDPI would later deteriorate greatly as KDP became a close ally of SAVAK against Iraq. CIA documents from 1963 show that the KDP rebuffed support from KDPI due to the desire to maintain close relations with Iran.[25]

In the 1970s, KDPI with Komalah and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) fought around Piranshahr, Sardasht, Baneh in the northern parts of Iranian Kurdistan against Iranian forces who received support from KDP.[26]

Cross-border interaction after 1979

After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, political infighting among Kurds increased and KDPI and Komala fought over political and spatial influence in Iranian Kurdistan as they were fighting Iran together. In the 1980s, the two political and military groups had become powerful and cross-border interaction was therefore less important.[27]

Separatism

Main articles: Kurdish separatism in Iran, Republic of Mahabad, and Western Iran clashes (2016–present)

Kurdish separatism in Iran[28] or the Kurdish–Iranian conflict[29][30] is an ongoing,[31][32][28][33] long running, separatist dispute between the Kurdish opposition in Western Iran and the governments of Iran,[28] lasting since the emergence of Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1918.[31]

During the Iranian Revolution, Kurdish nationalist political parties were unsuccessful in attracting support, who at that time had no interest in autonomy.[34][35] However, since the 1990s, Kurdish nationalism in the region has grown, partly due to outrage at the government's violent suppression of Kurdish activism.[36]

Tribes

Main article: Kurdish tribes
Tribe Kurdish and Persian
names		 Geography Notes
Ali Sherwan Kurdish: عه‌لی شیروان
Persian: ئایل علیشروان		 Ilam Province[37] Southern Kurdish–speaking[37]
Amar Kurdish: عمار
Persian: عمارلو		 Gilan Province, Greater Khorasan and Qazvin Province[38][39] Kurmanji–speaking[39]
Arkawâzi Kurdish: ئه‌رکه‌وازی
Persian: ارکوازی		 Ilam Province[37] Southern Kurdish–speaking[37]
Badreh Kurdish: بەدرە
Persian: بدره‌ای		 Ilam Province[40]
Balavand Persian: بالاوند Ilam Province[37]
Beiranvand Kurdish: Bîranwend ,بیرانوەند
Persian: بیرانوند		 Between Aleshtar and Khorramabad; Bayranshahr.[41] Laki–speaking.[41]
Chahardoli Persian: چاردولی Hamadan Province and West Azerbaijan Province[42] Laki–speaking[42]
Chalabianlu Persian: چلبیانلو East Azerbaijan Province[43]
Chegini Kurdish: Çengînî ,چەگینی
Persian: چگنی		 Between Khorramabad and the Kashgan river.[44] Chegini dialect (Mixture of Laki and Luri)[45]
Dehbalai Persian: بالایی Ilam Province[37]
Delikan Persian: دلیکانلو Ardabil Province[46] Turkophone[46]
Dilfan Kurdish: Dilfan ,دیلفان
Persian: دلفان		 Around Delfan County. Present in Ilam and Mazandaran provinces as well.[47] Laki–speaking[47]
Donboli Kurdish: Dimilî ,دونبەلی
Persian: دنبلی		 Khoy and Salmas area.[48] Turkophone[49]
Falak al-Din Persian: فلک ئالدین Hamadan Province[50] Laki–speaking[50]
Eyvan Kurdish: ئه‌یوان
Persian: ايوان		 Ilam Province[37]
Feyli Kurdish: Feylî ,فه‌یلی
Persian: فیلی		 Ilam Province (Ilam, Chardoval, Mehran, Malekshahi, Abdanan, Dehloran).[51] Southern Kurdish–speaking.[51]
Ghiasvand Persian: قیاسوند Hamadan Province[50] Laki–speaking[50]
Guran Kurdish: Goran ,گۆران
Persian: گوران		 Hawraman region Gorani–speaking.[52]
Hasanvand Kurdish: حەسەنوەند
Persian: حسنوند		 Around Aligudarz, Khorramabad and Borujerd.[53] Laki–speaking.[54]
Herki Kurdish: Herkî ,ھەرکی
Persian: هرکی		 Western countryside of Urmia in the Targavar and Margavar valleys.[55][56] Kurmanji–speaking.[57]
Jaff Kurdish: Caf ,جاف
Persian: جاف		 From Sanandaj to Kermanshah with Javanrud as area of origin.[58] Sorani–speaking.[59]
Jalali Kurdish: Celalî ,جەلالیان
Persian: جلالی		 Around Maku.[60] Kurmanji–speaking.[61]
Jalilavand Kurdish: Celalwend ,جەلیلوەند
Persian: جلیلوند		 Around Dinavar and in Lorestan Province.[62] Laki–speaking.[62]
Kakavand Kurdish: Kakewend ,کاکەوەن
Persian: کاکاوند		 Kermanshah, Harsin area,[63] and Kakavand District, Delfan.[64] Laki–speaking.[63]
Kalhori Kurdish: Kelhûr ,کەڵھوڕ
Persian: کلهر		 Around Eslamabad-e Gharb, Qasr-e Shirin and Gilan-e Gharb.[65]
Ilam Province (Chardoval and Eyvan)[51]		 Southern Kurdish–speaking.[51]
Khezel Kurdish: خه‌زه‌ل
Persian: خزل		 Ilam Province[37] Southern Kurdish–speaking[37]
Kolivand Persian: كليوند Ilam Province[37]
Kordshuli Kurdish: Kurdşûlî
Persian: کردشولی		 Fars Province[66] Laki–speaking[67]
Kuruni Kurdish: Kûranî
Persian: کورونی		 Fars Province[68]
Malekshahi Kurdish: Melekşahî
Persian: ملکشاهی		 Ilam Province[37] Southern Kurdish–speaking[51]
Mamash Kurdish: Mamaş ,مامش
Persian: مامش		 Southern parts of West Azerbaijan.[69] Sorani–speaking.[69]
Mangur Kurdish: Mangûr ,مەنگوڕ
Persian: منگور		 Around Piranshahr, Mahabad, Sardasht and Bukan in West Azerbaijan.[70] Sorani–speaking.[71]
Milan Kurdish: Mîlan ,میلان
Persian: میلان		 North of Zurabad in northern West Azerbaijan[72] Kurmanji–speaking.[72]
Mukri Kurdish: Mukrî ,موکری
Persian: مکری		 Around Baneh, Mahabad, Piranshahr and Saqqez.[73] Sorani–speaking.[74]
Musavand Persian: موسی وند Hamadan Province[50] Laki–speaking[50]
Qolugjan Ardabil Province[46]
Reşwan Kurdish: Reşwan ,ڕەشوان
Persian: رشوند		 Gilan Province, Greater Khorasan and Qazvin Province[38][39] Kurmanji–speaking[39]
Rizehvand Persian: ریزه وند Ilam Province[75]
Sanjâbi Kurdish: Sencabî ,سنجاوی
Persian: سنجابی		 Western parts of Kermanshah Province.[76] Southern Kurdish-speaking.[77]
Shaqaqi Kurdish: Şeqaqî ,شەقاقی
Persian: شقاقی		 East Azerbaijan Province[78]
Shatran Persian: شاترانلو Ardabil Province[46]
Shekak Kurdish: Şikak ,شکاک
Persian: شکاک		 Western countryside of Urmia.[79] Kurmanji–speaking.[80]
Shuhan Persian: شوهان Ilam Province[37] Southern Kurdish–speaking[37]
Torkashvand Persian: ترکاشوند Hamadan Province[50] Laki–speaking[50]
Uriad Persian: اوریاد Fars Province[66]
Zangana Kurdish: Zengine ,زەنگەنە
Persian: زنگنه		 South of Kermanshah.[65] Southern Kurdish–speaking.[65]
Zola Kurdish: زۆلا
Persian: زوله		 Hamadan Province[50] Laki–speaking[50]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Sebastian Maisel (2018). The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society. p. 54.
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Bibliography

Further reading

  • Bayani, Farhad; Serajzadeh, Seyed Hossein (2021). "Islamic Fundamentalism as a lifestyle? a Sociological Study of Islamic Fundamentalism among Sunni Kurds of Iran". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 50: 123–141. doi:10.1080/13530194.2021.1937517. S2CID 236293538.
  • Cabi, Marouf (2021). The Formation of Modern Kurdish Society in Iran: Modernity, Modernization and Social Change 1921-1979. I.B. Tauris. pp. 1–232. ISBN 978-0755642243.

April 07, 2024
kurds, iran, also, iranian, kurdistan, kurdish, کورد, لە, ئێران, romanized, kurdên, Îranê, persian, کردها, در, ایران, constitute, large, minority, country, with, population, around, million, people, total, population9, millionlanguageskurdish, gorani, persianr. See also Iranian Kurdistan Kurds in Iran Kurdish کورد لە ئێران romanized Kurden Irane 5 Persian کردها در ایران 6 constitute a large minority in the country with a population of around 9 and 10 million people 7 8 Kurds in IranTotal population9 10 millionLanguagesKurdish Gorani and PersianReligionShia Islam Twelver 1 2 Sunni Islam Shafi i 3 Sufi order Qadiriyya also present 4 YarsanismRelated ethnic groupssee Iranian peoples Contents 1 Geography 2 Religion 3 Political history 3 1 Emergence of Kurdish nationalism 3 2 Cross border interaction 1918 1979 3 3 Cross border interaction after 1979 4 Separatism 5 Tribes 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further readingGeography nbsp Iranian Kurds in Marivan protest against ISIL during the Siege of Kobani 6 October 2014Iranian Kurdistan or Eastern Kurdistan Kurdish Rojhilate Kurdistane refers to the parts of western Iran inhabited by Kurds which borders Iraq and Turkey 9 It includes the Kurdistan Province Kermanshah Province West Azerbaijan Province Ilam Province and Lorestan Province 10 11 Shia Feyli Kurds inhabit Kermanshah Province except for those parts where people are Jaff and Ilam Province as well as some parts of Kurdistan and Hamadan provinces The Kurds of Khorasan in the North Khorasan Province of northeastern Iran are Shi ite Muslims 12 13 The Lak tribe populate parts of Ilam Province and Lorestan Province while Chegini Kurds reside in central Lorestan ReligionMain article Religion in Kurdistan The two major religions among Kurds in Iran are Islam and Yarsanism while fewer Kurds adhere to Bahaʼi Faith and Judaism 14 There is disagreement on which is the largest denomination among Kurds experts such as Richard N Frye and Martin van Bruinessen argue that Sunni Islam the Shafi i branch 3 is the majority religion 15 16 while researcher Anu Leinonen believes it is the Twelver branch of Shia Islam 17 Pockets of Sunni Kurds belong to the Qadiriyya tariqa around Marivan and Sanandaj These orders have experienced repression from the state including the destruction of their places of worship 4 18 Yarsanis are also targeted by the central government 19 Political historyEmergence of Kurdish nationalism While Ottoman Kurdistan has been identified as the source of Kurdish national inspiration Iranian Kurdistan has been identified as the ideological cradle for the emergence of Kurdish nationalism 20 In Iran Kurdish intellectual writings and poetry from the 16th and 17th century indicate that the Kurdish population in the country was aware of the necessity of Kurdish unity and the need to form political and administrative entities for Kurds However these calls for Kurdish unity did not reach the broader Kurdish population until the 20th century when it awakened and diffused as a response to the implementation of nation state policies Persianization by changing Iranian rulers These policies not only alienated Kurds but also excluded them from equal access to citizenship An example was the Constitutional Revolution of 1905 1911 which elevated Persian above Kurdish by asserting it as official language language of administration and language of education 21 Cross border interaction 1918 1979 Kurds have a strong cross border ethnic linkage and few historical Kurdish rebellions were limited to the borders of a single country For example the rebellion of Sheikh Ubeydullah in Turkish Kurdistan around 1880 inspired Simko Shikak to rebel in 1918 while the various Barzani rebellions in Iraqi Kurdistan became a source of support for the Republic of Mahabad 22 Other examples of cross border interaction include the subjugation of the Simko Shikak revolt forcing Simko to flee to Rawandiz in Iraqi Kurdistan where he sought the support of Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji 23 Following the fall of the Republic of Mahabad in 1946 some of its leaders also fled to Iraqi Kurdistan where they were sheltered by the son of Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji Mustafa Barzani had also supported the Republic of Mahabad by sending 2 100 soldiers which in turn also increased Kurdish self confidence Many teachers and military officers from Iraqi Kurdistan moreover crossed the border to support the republic 23 In 1944 the Society for the Revival of the Kurds Kurdistan JK considered the first Kurdish nationalist movement met with a Turkish Kurdish delegation and an Iraqi Kurdish delegation at the border area near Mount Dalanpar where they signed the Pact of Three Borders which demonstrated the existence of a strong Kurdish sense of cross border solidarity and sentiment 24 Cross border interaction became difficult to sustain in the 1950s due to repression from SAVAK on the Iranian side However Kurds were able to reinforce the cross border political activity when the First Iraqi Kurdish War commenced in 1961 as the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan KDPI gave financial support and loyalty to their counterpart in Iraq the Kurdistan Democratic Party KDP while KDPI themselves accessed spatial resources Relations between KDP and KDPI would later deteriorate greatly as KDP became a close ally of SAVAK against Iraq CIA documents from 1963 show that the KDP rebuffed support from KDPI due to the desire to maintain close relations with Iran 25 In the 1970s KDPI with Komalah and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan PUK fought around Piranshahr Sardasht Baneh in the northern parts of Iranian Kurdistan against Iranian forces who received support from KDP 26 Cross border interaction after 1979 After the Iranian Revolution in 1979 political infighting among Kurds increased and KDPI and Komala fought over political and spatial influence in Iranian Kurdistan as they were fighting Iran together In the 1980s the two political and military groups had become powerful and cross border interaction was therefore less important 27 SeparatismMain articles Kurdish separatism in Iran Republic of Mahabad and Western Iran clashes 2016 present Kurdish separatism in Iran 28 or the Kurdish Iranian conflict 29 30 is an ongoing 31 32 28 33 long running separatist dispute between the Kurdish opposition in Western Iran and the governments of Iran 28 lasting since the emergence of Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1918 31 During the Iranian Revolution Kurdish nationalist political parties were unsuccessful in attracting support who at that time had no interest in autonomy 34 35 However since the 1990s Kurdish nationalism in the region has grown partly due to outrage at the government s violent suppression of Kurdish activism 36 TribesThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it April 2020 Main article Kurdish tribes Tribe Kurdish and Persiannames Geography NotesAli Sherwan Kurdish عه لی شیروان Persian ئایل علیشروان Ilam Province 37 Southern Kurdish speaking 37 Amar Kurdish عمار Persian عمارلو Gilan Province Greater Khorasan and Qazvin Province 38 39 Kurmanji speaking 39 Arkawazi Kurdish ئه رکه وازی Persian ارکوازی Ilam Province 37 Southern Kurdish speaking 37 Badreh Kurdish بەدرە Persian بدره ای Ilam Province 40 Balavand Persian بالاوند Ilam Province 37 Beiranvand Kurdish Biranwend بیرانوەند Persian بیرانوند Between Aleshtar and Khorramabad Bayranshahr 41 Laki speaking 41 Chahardoli Persian چاردولی Hamadan Province and West Azerbaijan Province 42 Laki speaking 42 Chalabianlu Persian چلبیانلو East Azerbaijan Province 43 Chegini Kurdish Cengini چەگینی Persian چگنی Between Khorramabad and the Kashgan river 44 Chegini dialect Mixture of Laki and Luri 45 Dehbalai Persian بالایی Ilam Province 37 Delikan Persian دلیکانلو Ardabil Province 46 Turkophone 46 Dilfan Kurdish Dilfan دیلفان Persian دلفان Around Delfan County Present in Ilam and Mazandaran provinces as well 47 Laki speaking 47 Donboli Kurdish Dimili دونبەلی Persian دنبلی Khoy and Salmas area 48 Turkophone 49 Falak al Din Persian فلک ئالدین Hamadan Province 50 Laki speaking 50 Eyvan Kurdish ئه یوان Persian ايوان Ilam Province 37 Feyli Kurdish Feyli فه یلی Persian فیلی Ilam Province Ilam Chardoval Mehran Malekshahi Abdanan Dehloran 51 Southern Kurdish speaking 51 Ghiasvand Persian قیاسوند Hamadan Province 50 Laki speaking 50 Guran Kurdish Goran گۆران Persian گوران Hawraman region Gorani speaking 52 Hasanvand Kurdish حەسەنوەند Persian حسنوند Around Aligudarz Khorramabad and Borujerd 53 Laki speaking 54 Herki Kurdish Herki ھەرکی Persian هرکی Western countryside of Urmia in the Targavar and Margavar valleys 55 56 Kurmanji speaking 57 Jaff Kurdish Caf جاف Persian جاف From Sanandaj to Kermanshah with Javanrud as area of origin 58 Sorani speaking 59 Jalali Kurdish Celali جەلالیان Persian جلالی Around Maku 60 Kurmanji speaking 61 Jalilavand Kurdish Celalwend جەلیلوەند Persian جلیلوند Around Dinavar and in Lorestan Province 62 Laki speaking 62 Kakavand Kurdish Kakewend کاکەوەن Persian کاکاوند Kermanshah Harsin area 63 and Kakavand District Delfan 64 Laki speaking 63 Kalhori Kurdish Kelhur کەڵھوڕ Persian کلهر Around Eslamabad e Gharb Qasr e Shirin and Gilan e Gharb 65 Ilam Province Chardoval and Eyvan 51 Southern Kurdish speaking 51 Khezel Kurdish خه زه ل Persian خزل Ilam Province 37 Southern Kurdish speaking 37 Kolivand Persian كليوند Ilam Province 37 Kordshuli Kurdish Kurdsuli Persian کردشولی Fars Province 66 Laki speaking 67 Kuruni Kurdish Kurani Persian کورونی Fars Province 68 Malekshahi Kurdish Meleksahi Persian ملکشاهی Ilam Province 37 Southern Kurdish speaking 51 Mamash Kurdish Mamas مامش Persian مامش Southern parts of West Azerbaijan 69 Sorani speaking 69 Mangur Kurdish Mangur مەنگوڕ Persian منگور Around Piranshahr Mahabad Sardasht and Bukan in West Azerbaijan 70 Sorani speaking 71 Milan Kurdish Milan میلان Persian میلان North of Zurabad in northern West Azerbaijan 72 Kurmanji speaking 72 Mukri Kurdish Mukri موکری Persian مکری Around Baneh Mahabad Piranshahr and Saqqez 73 Sorani speaking 74 Musavand Persian موسی وند Hamadan Province 50 Laki speaking 50 Qolugjan Ardabil Province 46 Reswan Kurdish Reswan ڕەشوان Persian رشوند Gilan Province Greater Khorasan and Qazvin Province 38 39 Kurmanji speaking 39 Rizehvand Persian ریزه وند Ilam Province 75 Sanjabi Kurdish Sencabi سنجاوی Persian سنجابی Western parts of Kermanshah Province 76 Southern Kurdish speaking 77 Shaqaqi Kurdish Seqaqi شەقاقی Persian شقاقی East Azerbaijan Province 78 Shatran Persian شاترانلو Ardabil Province 46 Shekak Kurdish Sikak شکاک Persian شکاک Western countryside of Urmia 79 Kurmanji speaking 80 Shuhan Persian شوهان Ilam Province 37 Southern Kurdish speaking 37 Torkashvand Persian ترکاشوند Hamadan Province 50 Laki speaking 50 Uriad Persian اوریاد Fars Province 66 Zangana Kurdish Zengine زەنگەنە Persian زنگنه South of Kermanshah 65 Southern Kurdish speaking 65 Zola Kurdish زۆلا Persian زوله Hamadan Province 50 Laki speaking 50 See alsoArdalan Mokryan List of Iranian Kurds A Modern History of the Kurds by David McDowallReferences Leinonen Anu 2017 Unity or Diversity Turkish Nationalism Kurds and the Turkish Mainstream Press PDF Helsinki University of Helsinki p 66 ISBN 978 951 51 2890 4 Most Iranian Kurds are Shi a of Twelver Shi ism Sebastian Maisel 2018 The Kurds An Encyclopedia of Life Culture and Society p 54 a b Ali Ezzatyar 2016 The Last Mufti of Iranian Kurdistan Ethnic and Religious Implications in the Greater Middle East Springer p 29 ISBN 9781137563248 a b Dervish practice Sufism on a yearly 30 day journey through Kurdistan Rudaw 27 February 2019 Retrieved 22 April 2020 خوێندکارانی کورد لە ئێران zheen org in Kurdish Retrieved 22 April 2020 محم دعلی چلونگر کیومرث عظیمی 2012 پراکندگی فرق و مذاهب تشی ع در کردستان فصلنامه علمی شیعه شناسی in Persian 10 39 81 100 Retrieved 22 April 2020 Brown Sara E Smith Stephen D 2021 The Routledge Handbook of Religion Mass Atrocity and Genocide Routledge p 345 Sebastian Maisel 2018 The Kurds An Encyclopedia of Life Culture and Society p xii Kurdish Awakening Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland 2014 by Ofra Bengio University of Texas Press Federal Research Division 2004 Iran A Country Study Kessinger Publishing ISBN 1 4191 2670 9 ISBN 978 1 4191 2670 3 p 121 The Kurdish area of Iran includes most of West Azerbaijan Youssef Courbage Emmanuel Todd 2011 A Convergence of Civilizations The Transformation of Muslim Societies Around the World p 74 Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 15002 4 ISBN 978 0 231 15002 6 Kurds are also a majority of the population in the provinces of Kermanshah West Azerbaijan and Ilam ایل هاوطوایف کرد ایران rangvarehayeyekrang ir Archived from the original on 2017 12 17 Retrieved 2017 08 12 عشایر کرد خراسان گردشگری عشایری in Persian 29 October 2016 Retrieved 22 April 2020 Helen Chapin Metz ed 1989 Iran a country study Federal Research Division p 126 R N Frye Iran v Peoples of Iran Iranica Online Retrieved 24 April 2020 Martin Van Bruinessen 1991 Religion in Kurdistan Kurdish Times 4 Istanbul The Isis Press 8 doi 10 31826 9781463229887 003 ISBN 9781463229887 Anu Leinonen 2017 Unity or Diversity Turkish Nationalism Kurds and the Turkish Mainstream Press Helsinki p 66 ISBN 978 951 51 2890 4 Retrieved 24 April 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Iran s Sufis Under Pressure RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty 26 February 2009 Retrieved 24 April 2020 Yarsan under attack in Iran Kurdistan24 8 March 2016 Retrieved 24 April 2020 Hassaniyan 2021 pp 21 22 Hassaniyan 2021 pp 18 20 Hassaniyan 2021 p 21 a b Hassaniyan 2021 p 58 59 Hassaniyan 2021 p 58 Hassaniyan 2021 p 62 63 Hassaniyan 2021 p 64 Hassaniyan 2021 p 64 65 a b c Habeeb William Mark Frankel Rafael D Al Oraibi Mina 2012 The Middle East in Turmoil Conflict Revolution and Change Santa Barbara Greenwood Publishing Group p 46 ISBN 978 0 313 33914 1 OCLC 753913763 Bhutani Surendra 1980 Contemporary Gulf Academic Press p 32 Near East North Africa report 1994 a b Smith Benjamin The Kurds of Iran Opportunistic and Failed Resistance 1918 PDF Land and Rebellion Kurdish Separatism in Comparative Perspective Cornell p 10 archived from the original PDF on 2012 06 15 University of Arkansas Political Science department Iran Kurds 1943 present Retrieved 9 September 2012 1 Elling Rasmus Christian 2013 Minorities in Iran Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini New York Palgrave Macmillan p 312 ISBN 978 0 230 11584 2 OCLC 714725127 Romano David 2006 The Kurdish Nationalist Movement New York Cambridge University Press p 235 ISBN 0 521 85041 X McDowall 1996 A Modern History of the Kurds London I B Tauris p 270 ISBN 1 85043 653 3 McDowall 1996 A Modern History of the Kurds London I B Tauris p 278 ISBN 1 85043 653 3 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ghasemi Pirbalouti Momeni Bahmani 31 December 2012 Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by Kurd Tribe in Dehloran and Abdanan Districts Ilam Province Iran African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines 10 2 368 385 doi 10 4314 ajtcam v10i2 24 ISSN 0189 6016 PMC 3746586 PMID 24146463 a b Kurdish tribes Iranica Online Retrieved 12 May 2020 a b c d The Kurds of Khorasan Iran amp the Caucasus 11 1 17 2007 ايلها وطوايف مستقل استان in Persian Retrieved 12 May 2020 a b Soraya Kornokar Zarife Kazemi 2016 مبارزات ایالت لرستان در برابر سیاستهای ضد ایلی رضاشاه با تکیه بر ایل بیرانوند PDF پژوهشنامه تاریخهای محلی ایران in Persian 160 ۱۶۰ Retrieved 25 April 2020 a b پژوهشی در تاریخ و فرهنگ و ادبیات ك ردهای چهاردولی پایگاه خبری ریکار in Persian Archived from the original on 25 July 2020 Retrieved 12 May 2020 Oberling Pierre 1964 12 31 The Tribes of Qaraca Dag A Brief History Oriens 17 60 95 doi 10 2307 1580019 ISSN 0078 6527 JSTOR 1580019 Oberling 1990 Cegini Iranica Online Retrieved 23 April 2020 دائرة المعارف بزرگ اسلامى in Persian Vol 3 1978 p 373 ISBN 9789647025041 a b c d Delikanlu Iranica Online Retrieved 15 May 2020 a b دلفان Encyclopedia of the World of Islam in Persian Retrieved 25 April 2020 John R Perry 2015 Karim Khan Zand A History of Iran 1747 1779 University of Chicago Press p 91 ISBN 9780226661025 Dawud Oberling Donboli Iranica Online Retrieved 23 April 2020 a b c d e f g h i j نگاهی به تغییرات زیستی و اسمی قوم لک به گواهی قدمت تاریخ in Persian ILNA Retrieved 6 July 2020 a b c d e Mohammad Aliakbari Mojtaba Gheitasi Erik Anonby September 2014 On Language Distribution in Ilam Province Iran Iranian Studies 48 6 835 850 doi 10 1080 00210862 2014 913423 S2CID 162337795 Retrieved 25 May 2019 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Oberling Guran Iranica Online Retrieved 23 April 2020 سیمای عشایر استان لرستان PDF in Persian تهیه وتنظیم اداره مطالعات وبرنامه ریزی 3 Archived from the original PDF on 20 April 2021 Retrieved 26 April 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help حمیدرضا دالوند حسنوند Great Islamic Encyclopedia in Persian 20 1 Retrieved 26 April 2020 Koohi Kamali 2003 The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran Pastoral Nationalism Springer p 34 ISBN 9780230535725 Borhanedin A Yassin 1995 Vision Or Reality The Kurds in the Policy of the Great Powers 1941 1947 Lund University Press p 72 ISBN 9780862383893 Natural Language Studies Phonetics Laboratory 22 11 1976 جاف Great Islamic Encyclopedia in Persian 17 6358 Retrieved 27 April 2020 جاف ها و ریشه های مردمانش in Persian Noryaw 26 February 2017 Archived from the original on 11 April 2018 Retrieved 27 April 2020 Jalali iranicaonline org Iranica Online Retrieved 23 April 2020 J Sheyholislami 2011 Kurdish Identity Discourse and New Media Springer ISBN 9780230119307 Retrieved 23 April 2020 a b Oberling Jalilavand Iranica Online Retrieved 25 April 2020 a b Mohammad Reza Faribors Hamzeh ee 2015 Lak Tribe Iranica Online Retrieved 23 April 2020 Kakavand iranicaonline org Iranica Online Retrieved 23 April 2020 a b c Borjian 2017 Kermanshah vii languages Iranica Online Retrieved 23 April 2020 a b Fars vii Ethnography Iranica Online Retrieved 15 May 2020 Kurdsuli Kurdshuli Kurdica in German 12 September 2012 Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 4 July 2020 Kuruni Iranica Online Retrieved 13 May 2020 a b غلامعلي شاملو با هم ميهنان خود آشنا شويم ايل مامش in Persian 1 7 21 25 Archived from the original on 22 July 2006 Retrieved 29 April 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help منگور ایل in Persian Portal nlai ir Archived from the original on 26 July 2020 Retrieved 28 April 2020 Nashriyah ʼi Danishkadah ʼi Adabiyat va ʻUlum i Insani 15 in Persian Danishgah i Tabriz Danishkadah ʼi Adabiyat va ʻUlum i Insani p 24 Retrieved 28 April 2020 a b Bagher Hoseinpour 2017 Conflict dynamics in communal pastoral lands a case study in Milan in north west region of Iran PDF Retrieved 25 April 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Oskar Mann 1906 Die Mundart der Mukri Kurden PDF in German 1 Berlin Verlag Georg Reimer xviii xix Retrieved 23 April 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Michael L Chyet 1991 And a Thornbush Sprang Up Between Them Studies on Mem U Zin a Kurdish Romance p 29 ایل ریزه وند ریزوند ilamtoday com Retrieved 15 May 2020 رحمتی محسن نظری پیرحسین 23 August 2015 ایل سنجابی و سیاست های انگلیس در غرب ایران در جنگ جهانی اول PDF پژوهشهای علوم تاریخی in Persian 7 1 21 39 doi 10 22059 jhss 2015 57831 ISSN 2251 9254 Retrieved 24 April 2020 Vahid Ranjbar Chaghakaboudi 2019 تفاوت های کردی کرمانشاهی و کلهری in Persian and Kurdish Retrieved 24 April 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Shahsevan Iranica Online Retrieved 15 May 2020 انزلى حسن 2005 اورميه در گذر زمان in Persian p 411 Sebastian Maisel 2018 The Kurds An Encyclopedia of Life Culture and Society p 236 BibliographyHassaniyan Allan 2021 Kurdish Politics in Iran Cambridge University Press doi 10 1017 9781009029971 ISBN 9781009029971 S2CID 241171409Further readingBayani Farhad Serajzadeh Seyed Hossein 2021 Islamic Fundamentalism as a lifestyle a Sociological Study of Islamic Fundamentalism among Sunni Kurds of Iran British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 50 123 141 doi 10 1080 13530194 2021 1937517 S2CID 236293538 Cabi Marouf 2021 The Formation of Modern Kurdish Society in Iran Modernity Modernization and Social Change 1921 1979 I B Tauris pp 1 232 ISBN 978 0755642243 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kurds in Iran amp oldid 1204828378, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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