This article is about the island on Dnipro within the Zaporizhzhia city. For the Russian Mennonite colony of 18-19th centuries, see Chortitza Colony. For other uses, see Khortytsia (disambiguation).
Khortytsia (Ukrainian: Хортиця, romanized: Xórtycja, pronounced [ˈxɔrtɪtsʲɐ]; Russian: Хортица, romanized: Xórtica, pronounced [ˈxortʲɪt͡sə]) is the largest island in the Dnipro river, and is 12.5 km (7.77 mi) long and up to 2.5 km (1.55 mi) wide.[1] The island forms part of the Khortytsia National Park.[1] This historic site is located within the city limits of Zaporizhzhia,[2]Ukraine.
The island has played an important role in the history of Ukraine, especially in the history of the Zaporozhian Cossacks. The island has unique flora and fauna, including oak groves, spruce woods, meadows, and steppe. The northern part of the island is very rocky and high (rising 30 m or 98 ft above the river bed) in comparison to the southern part, which is low, and often flooded by the waters of the Dnipro.
Zaporizhzhia (direct translation is "beyond the rapids") takes its name from a geographic area downstream of the Dnipro river past the ninth rapid (see Dnipro Rapids). In the 1930s when the Dnipro Hydroelectric Station was built, these rapids were flooded. Only granite cliffs, rising to the height of 50 m (160 ft), testify to the original rocky terrain of the region.
On Khortytsia at Savutyn summit, near a ravine of the same name, are three 74.5-metre-tall (244 ft) electrical transmission towers, called Zaporizhzhia Pylon Triple, which are part of a 150 kV powerline crossing the Dnipro river.[3]
History
Khortytsia has been continuously inhabited during the last five millennia. Other islands in the immediate vicinity also contain indications of intensive occupation during the Proto-Indo-European and Scythian periods. The island of Small Khortytsia is known for its Scythian remains and a derelict Cossack fortress. The islet of Sredeny Stih (to the northeast of Khortytsia), excavated during construction of the hydroelectric station in 1927, gave its name to the Sredny Stog culture.
The earliest record about a stronghold known as a sich refers to the one was located on the island of Small Khortytsia (Mala Khortytsia Island) and was established by the Volhynian prince Dmytro Vyshnevetsky. The Small Khortytsia Island is 20 times smaller than Khortytsia itself. The first Khortytsia Sich existed six years (1552–1558). There are a few other locations downstream past the rapids (Zaporozhia area) where the Zaporizhian Sich was located.
There are eight of them: Bazavluk (1593–1630), Mykytyn (1628–1652), Chortomlyk (1652–1709), Kamin (1709–1711), Oleshkiv (1711–1734), Pidpilna (1734–1775). All these places were at river crossings. The uprising led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky was started at the Mykytyn Sich in 1648. Legends state that Cossacks wrote the notorious Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of the Ottoman Empire on Khortytsia.
In 1775, the Sich was destroyed by the Russian general Tekhely on the order of Catherine II, resulting in the displacement of Zaporozhian Cossacks, many of whom eventually settled on the Kuban river in the Caucasus area. These Cossacks became known as Kuban cossacks. A part of the Zaporozhian Cossacks escaped to beyond the Danube to become vassals of the Ottoman Sultan. They dwelt at the mouth of the Danube river.
In 1830, many of these Cossacks moved and established a new sich on the Azov sea shore (between Mariupol and Berdiansk). The last Koshevoy Ataman (leader) of Zaporozhian Sich, Petro Kalnyshevsky, was imprisoned at Solovetsky Island Monastery at the age of 85. After 25 years in prison he was released and died almost blind at the monastery at the age of 113 years.
In 1789, Mennonites from the Baltic port city of Gdańsk (Danzig) were invited by the tsar to form settlements on the vast steppes of the Russian Empire. One of these settlements was located on the island of Khortytsia. They farmed on the rich island soil. Some of their profitable business was trade in lumber from the Khortytsia groves and woods. In 1916 the Mennonite colonists sold Khortytsia Island to the Alexandrovsk city council (see Chortitza Colony).
In 1965, Khortytsia Island was "proclaimed a historical and cultural reserve".[1] The Dnieper Rapids state historical and cultural reserve was established in 1974; this included both Khortytsia Island, adjacent islands and rocks, and part of the right bank of the Dnieper.[1] The total area of the reserve is 2,359 ha (5,830.1 acres; 9.1 sq mi).[1] The reserve was given national status in 1993.[1]
The major part of the reserve (historic park) covers the Zaporizhian Cossack Museum that includes the Cossack horse show. The museum building is modern, nestling low in the landscape with dramatic views of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station to the north. The museum was opened in October 1983, as the Museum of Zaporizhzhia History. The museum project was approved by the Ministry of Culture and Derzhbud of Ukraine in December 1970. The expo area of the museum was 1,600 m2 (17,000 sq ft), and portrayed the following themes: Khortytsia in ancient times, the history of the Zaporizhian Cossacks, and the history of Zaporizhzhia at times of construction of socialism.
There were four dioramas: "Battle of Sviatoslav at rapids" (author M. Oviechkin), "Uprising of the impoverished cossacks at Zaporizhian Sich in 1768" (M. Oviechkin), "Construction of Dnieper HES" (V. Trotsenko), "Night storm of Zaporizhzhia city in October 1943" (M. Oviechkin). Part of the museum became the Zaporizhzhian Oak located at the Upper Khortytsia. In 1992 the exposition of the museum was redesigned.
The museum contains exhibits dating from the Stone Age through the Scythian period (c. 750 – c. 250BCE) down to the 20th century.
Bürgers, Jana (2006). "Mythos und Museum. Kosakenmythos und Nationsbildung in der postsowjetischen Ukraine am Beispiel des Kosakengeschichtsmuseums auf der Insel Chortycja". In Pietrow-Ennker, Bianka (ed.). Kultur in der Geschichte Russlands (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN3-525-36293-5.
Ganzer, Christian (2005). Sowjetisches Erbe und ukrainische Nation. Das Museum der Geschichte des Zaporoger Kosakentums auf der Insel Chortycja. Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society (in German). Vol. 19. Preface by Frank Golczewski. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN3-89821-504-0.
References
^ abcdef (in Ukrainian). Zaporozhye Regional Tourist Information Centre, National Park Khortytsia. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ (in Ukrainian). Zaporozhye Regional Tourist Information Centre, Zaporozhye. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ (in Russian and English). PowerLiner. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
External links
Media related to Khortytsia at Wikimedia Commons
Official website of Khortytsia National Reserve
website of Lapidarium
March 11, 2023
khortytsia, this, article, about, island, dnipro, within, zaporizhzhia, city, russian, mennonite, colony, 19th, centuries, chortitza, colony, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inl. This article is about the island on Dnipro within the Zaporizhzhia city For the Russian Mennonite colony of 18 19th centuries see Chortitza Colony For other uses see Khortytsia disambiguation This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations June 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Khortytsia Ukrainian Horticya romanized Xortycja pronounced ˈxɔrtɪtsʲɐ Russian Hortica romanized Xortica pronounced ˈxortʲɪt se is the largest island in the Dnipro river and is 12 5 km 7 77 mi long and up to 2 5 km 1 55 mi wide 1 The island forms part of the Khortytsia National Park 1 This historic site is located within the city limits of Zaporizhzhia 2 Ukraine KhortytsiaNative name HorticyaKhortytsiaShow map of Zaporizhzhia OblastKhortytsiaShow map of UkraineGeographyLocationDnipro RiverCoordinates47 49 12 N 35 06 00 E 47 82000 N 35 10000 E 47 82000 35 10000 Coordinates 47 49 12 N 35 06 00 E 47 82000 N 35 10000 E 47 82000 35 10000Area23 59 km2 9 11 sq mi Length12 5 km 7 77 mi Width2 5 km 1 55 mi Highest elevation30 m 100 ft Highest pointN AAdministrationUkraineRegionZaporizhzhiaDistrictZaporizhzhia city Voznesenivskyi District The island has played an important role in the history of Ukraine especially in the history of the Zaporozhian Cossacks The island has unique flora and fauna including oak groves spruce woods meadows and steppe The northern part of the island is very rocky and high rising 30 m or 98 ft above the river bed in comparison to the southern part which is low and often flooded by the waters of the Dnipro Contents 1 Geography and location 2 History 3 National Reserve 4 See also 5 Bibliography 6 References 7 External linksGeography and location Edit A Neolithic altar reconstructed at Khortytsia The island from space Zaporizhzhia direct translation is beyond the rapids takes its name from a geographic area downstream of the Dnipro river past the ninth rapid see Dnipro Rapids In the 1930s when the Dnipro Hydroelectric Station was built these rapids were flooded Only granite cliffs rising to the height of 50 m 160 ft testify to the original rocky terrain of the region On Khortytsia at Savutyn summit near a ravine of the same name are three 74 5 metre tall 244 ft electrical transmission towers called Zaporizhzhia Pylon Triple which are part of a 150 kV powerline crossing the Dnipro river 3 History EditKhortytsia has been continuously inhabited during the last five millennia Other islands in the immediate vicinity also contain indications of intensive occupation during the Proto Indo European and Scythian periods The island of Small Khortytsia is known for its Scythian remains and a derelict Cossack fortress The islet of Sredeny Stih to the northeast of Khortytsia excavated during construction of the hydroelectric station in 1927 gave its name to the Sredny Stog culture In the Early Middle Ages Khortytsia was a key centre for the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks In his treatise De Administrando Imperio Emperor Constantine VII mentions the island of St George immediately downstream from the rapids He reports that while passing through the rapids the Rus would be easy prey for the nomadic Pechenegs The Kiev Rus prince Svyatoslav I was attacked and killed during his attempt to cross the rapids in 972 View of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station from Khortytsia The earliest record about a stronghold known as a sich refers to the one was located on the island of Small Khortytsia Mala Khortytsia Island and was established by the Volhynian prince Dmytro Vyshnevetsky The Small Khortytsia Island is 20 times smaller than Khortytsia itself The first Khortytsia Sich existed six years 1552 1558 There are a few other locations downstream past the rapids Zaporozhia area where the Zaporizhian Sich was located There are eight of them Bazavluk 1593 1630 Mykytyn 1628 1652 Chortomlyk 1652 1709 Kamin 1709 1711 Oleshkiv 1711 1734 Pidpilna 1734 1775 All these places were at river crossings The uprising led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky was started at the Mykytyn Sich in 1648 Legends state that Cossacks wrote the notorious Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of the Ottoman Empire on Khortytsia In 1775 the Sich was destroyed by the Russian general Tekhely on the order of Catherine II resulting in the displacement of Zaporozhian Cossacks many of whom eventually settled on the Kuban river in the Caucasus area These Cossacks became known as Kuban cossacks A part of the Zaporozhian Cossacks escaped to beyond the Danube to become vassals of the Ottoman Sultan They dwelt at the mouth of the Danube river In 1830 many of these Cossacks moved and established a new sich on the Azov sea shore between Mariupol and Berdiansk The last Koshevoy Ataman leader of Zaporozhian Sich Petro Kalnyshevsky was imprisoned at Solovetsky Island Monastery at the age of 85 After 25 years in prison he was released and died almost blind at the monastery at the age of 113 years In 1789 Mennonites from the Baltic port city of Gdansk Danzig were invited by the tsar to form settlements on the vast steppes of the Russian Empire One of these settlements was located on the island of Khortytsia They farmed on the rich island soil Some of their profitable business was trade in lumber from the Khortytsia groves and woods In 1916 the Mennonite colonists sold Khortytsia Island to the Alexandrovsk city council see Chortitza Colony In 1965 Khortytsia Island was proclaimed a historical and cultural reserve 1 The Dnieper Rapids state historical and cultural reserve was established in 1974 this included both Khortytsia Island adjacent islands and rocks and part of the right bank of the Dnieper 1 The total area of the reserve is 2 359 ha 5 830 1 acres 9 1 sq mi 1 The reserve was given national status in 1993 1 National Reserve Edit Museum of Zaporizhian Cossacks The major part of the reserve historic park covers the Zaporizhian Cossack Museum that includes the Cossack horse show The museum building is modern nestling low in the landscape with dramatic views of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station to the north The museum was opened in October 1983 as the Museum of Zaporizhzhia History The museum project was approved by the Ministry of Culture and Derzhbud of Ukraine in December 1970 The expo area of the museum was 1 600 m2 17 000 sq ft and portrayed the following themes Khortytsia in ancient times the history of the Zaporizhian Cossacks and the history of Zaporizhzhia at times of construction of socialism There were four dioramas Battle of Sviatoslav at rapids author M Oviechkin Uprising of the impoverished cossacks at Zaporizhian Sich in 1768 M Oviechkin Construction of Dnieper HES V Trotsenko Night storm of Zaporizhzhia city in October 1943 M Oviechkin Part of the museum became the Zaporizhzhian Oak located at the Upper Khortytsia In 1992 the exposition of the museum was redesigned The museum contains exhibits dating from the Stone Age through the Scythian period c 750 c 250 BCE down to the 20th century See also EditKhortytsia District Russian MennoniteBibliography EditBurgers Jana 2006 Mythos und Museum Kosakenmythos und Nationsbildung in der postsowjetischen Ukraine am Beispiel des Kosakengeschichtsmuseums auf der Insel Chortycja In Pietrow Ennker Bianka ed Kultur in der Geschichte Russlands in German Gottingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht ISBN 3 525 36293 5 Ganzer Christian 2005 Sowjetisches Erbe und ukrainische Nation Das Museum der Geschichte des Zaporoger Kosakentums auf der Insel Chortycja Soviet and Post Soviet Politics and Society in German Vol 19 Preface by Frank Golczewski Gottingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht ISBN 3 89821 504 0 References Edit a b c d e f ZAPORIZKIJ OBLASNIJ TURISTIChNO INFORMACIJNIJ CENTR in Ukrainian Zaporozhye Regional Tourist Information Centre National Park Khortytsia Archived from the original on 26 January 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2019 ZAPORIZKIJ OBLASNIJ TURISTIChNO INFORMACIJNIJ CENTR in Ukrainian Zaporozhye Regional Tourist Information Centre Zaporozhye Archived from the original on 16 February 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2019 Istoricheskie perehody LEP 150kV na Hortice Dnipro river crossing 150kV Zaporizhzhia Pylon Triple in Russian and English PowerLiner Archived from the original on 3 April 2019 Retrieved 3 April 2019 External links Edit Media related to Khortytsia at Wikimedia Commons Official website of Khortytsia National Reserve Official website of Historic Cultural Complex Zaporizhian Sich website of Lapidarium Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Khortytsia amp oldid 1143646318, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
