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Karen Horney

Karen Horney (/ˈhɔːrn/;[3][4] née Danielsen; 16 September 1885 – 4 December 1952) was a German psychoanalyst who practiced in the United States during her later career. Her theories questioned some traditional Freudian views. This was particularly true of her theories of sexuality and of the instinct orientation of psychoanalysis. She is credited with founding feminist psychology in response to Freud's theory of penis envy. She disagreed with Freud about inherent differences in the psychology of men and women, and like Adler, she traced such differences to society and culture rather than biology.[5]

Karen Horney
Born
Karen Danielsen

(1885-09-16)16 September 1885
Died4 December 1952(1952-12-04) (aged 67)
New York City, U.S.
NationalityGerman
SpouseOskar Horney
Children3, including Brigitte[1][2]
Scientific career
FieldsPsychoanalysis

Theoretical orientation edit

Those in The Cultural School of thought include Horney, Erich Fromm, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Clara Thompson.[6]

Horney is often classified as neo-Freudian but may also be seen as neo-Adlerian (Ansbacher, 1979), although it is contended neither Horney nor Adler directly influenced one another (Mosak, 1989).[7][8]

Early life edit

Horney was born Karen Danielsen on 16 September 1885 in Blankenese, Germany, near Hamburg. Her father, Berndt Wackels Danielsen (1836–1910), was Norwegian but had German citizenship. He was a ship's captain in the merchant marine, and a Protestant traditionalist (his children nicknamed him "the Bible-thrower", as he did indeed throw Bibles).[1]

Her mother, Clotilde, née van Ronzelen (1853–1911), known as "Sonni", was also Protestant, of Dutch origin. She was said to be more open-minded than Berndt, and yet she was "depressed, irritable, and domineering toward Karen".[9]

Karen's elder brother was also named Berndt, and Karen cared for him deeply. She also had four elder half-siblings[10][11][12] from her father's previous marriage. However, there was no contact between the children of her father's two marriages.

Horney kept diaries beginning at the age of thirteen. These journals showed Horney's confidence in her path for the future. She considered becoming a doctor, even though, at that time, women were not allowed to attend universities.[13] According to Horney's adolescent diaries her father was "a cruel disciplinary figure," who also held his son Berndt in higher regard than Karen. Instead of being offended or feeling indignation over Karen's perceptions of him, her father brought her gifts from far-away countries. Despite this, Karen always felt deprived of her father's affection and instead became attached to her mother.[notes 1]

From roughly the age of nine Karen became ambitious and somewhat rebellious. She felt she could not become pretty, and instead decided to vest her energies into her intellectual qualities — despite the fact she was seen by most as pretty. At this time she developed a crush on her older brother, who became embarrassed by her attentions — soon pushing her away. She suffered the first of several bouts of depression — an issue that would plague her for the rest of her life.[10]

In 1904, when Karen was 19, her mother left her father (without divorcing him), taking the children with her.

Education edit

Against her parents' wishes, Horney entered medical school in 1906.[14] The University of Freiburg was in fact one of the first institutions in Germany to enroll women in medical courses—with higher education only becoming available to women in Germany in 1900. By 1908, Horney had transferred to the University of Göttingen, and would transfer once more to the University of Berlin before graduating with an M.D. in 1913. Attending several universities was common at the time to gain a basic medical education.

Through her fellow student Carl Müller-Braunschweig—who later became a psychoanalyst—she met the business student Oskar Horney. They married in 1909.[1][14] The couple moved to Berlin together, where Oskar worked in industry while Karen continued her studies at the Charité. Within the space of one year, Karen gave birth to her first child and lost both of her parents. She entered psychoanalysis to help herself cope. Her first analyst was Karl Abraham in 1910, then she moved to Hanns Sachs.[15]

Karen and Oskar had three daughters. The first, born in 1911, was Brigitte Horney, who became a famous actress.

Career and works edit

Horney is often thought of primarily as a neo-Freudian member of "the cultural school," which also includes Erich Fromm, Harry Stack Sullivan, Clara Thompson, and Abraham Kardiner.[6]

— Bernard J. Paris

In 1920, Horney was a founding member of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute. She then took up a teaching position within the Institute.[14] She helped design and eventually directed the Society's training program, taught students, and conducted psychoanalytic research. She also saw patients for private psychoanalytic sessions, and continued to work at the hospital.[15]

By 1923, Oskar Horney's firm became insolvent, and Oskar developed meningitis soon after. He rapidly became embittered, morose and argumentative. That same year, Horney's brother died of a pulmonary infection. Both events contributed to a worsening of Horney's mental health. She entered into a second period of deep depression; she swam out to sea during a vacation and considered committing suicide.

In 1926, Horney and her husband separated; they would divorce in 1937. She and their three daughters moved out of Oskar's house. Oskar had proven to be very similar to Horney's father, with an authoritarian personality. After studying more psychoanalytic theory, Horney regretted not objecting to her husband ruling over their children when they were younger.

Despite her increasing deviation from orthodox Freudian doctrine, she practised and taught at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society until 1932. Freud's increasing coolness toward her and her concern over the rise of Nazism in Germany motivated her to accept an invitation by Franz Alexander to become his assistant at the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis, and in 1932, she and her daughters moved to the United States.[15]

Two years after moving to Chicago, Horney relocated to Brooklyn. Brooklyn was home to a large Jewish community, including a growing number of refugees from Nazi Germany, and psychoanalysis thrived there. It was in Brooklyn Horney became friends with analysts such as Harry Stack Sullivan and Erich Fromm. She had a sexual relationship with Fromm that ended bitterly.

While living in Brooklyn, Horney taught and trained psychoanalysts in New York City, working both at the New School for Social Research and the New York Psychoanalytic Institute.[15]

It was in Brooklyn Horney developed and advanced her composite theories regarding neurosis and personality, based on experiences gained from working in psychotherapy. In 1937 she published The Neurotic Personality of Our Time, which had wide popular readership. By 1941, Horney was Dean of the American Institute of Psychoanalysis, a training institute for those who were interested in Horney's own organization, the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis. She founded this organization after becoming dissatisfied with the generally strict, orthodox nature of the prevailing psychoanalytic community.

Horney's deviation from Freudian psychology led to her resigning from her post, and she soon took up teaching in the New York Medical College. She also founded a journal, the American Journal of Psychoanalysis. She taught at the New York Medical College and continued practising as a psychiatrist until her death in 1952.

Theory of neurosis edit

Horney looked at neurosis in a different light from other psychoanalysts of the time.[10] Her expansive interest in the subject led her to compile a detailed theory of neurosis, with data from her patients. Horney believed neurosis to be a continuous process—with neuroses commonly occurring sporadically in a person's lifetime. This was in contrast to the opinions of her contemporaries who believed neurosis was, like more severe mental conditions, a negative malfunction of the mind in response to external stimuli, such as bereavement, divorce or negative experiences during childhood and adolescence. This has been debated widely by contemporary psychologists.

Horney believed these stimuli to be less important, except for influences during childhood. Rather, she placed significant emphasis on parental indifference towards the child, believing a child's perception of events, as opposed to the parent's intentions, is the key to understanding a person's neurosis. For instance, a child might feel a lack of warmth and affection should a parent make fun of the child's feelings. The parent may also casually neglect to fulfill promises, which in turn could have a detrimental effect on the child's mental state.

From her experiences as a psychiatrist, Horney named ten patterns of neurotic needs.[16] These ten needs are based upon things which she thought all humans require to succeed in life. Horney modified these needs somewhat to correspond with what she believed were individuals' neuroses. A neurotic person could theoretically exhibit all of these needs, though in practice fewer than the ten here need to be present for a person to be considered a neurotic.

Ten neurotic needs edit

The ten needs, as set out by Horney, (classified according to her so-called coping strategies) are as follows:[17]

Moving Toward People (Compliance)

  • 1. The need for affection and approval; pleasing others and being liked by them.
  • 2. The need for a partner; one whom they can love and who will solve all problems.
  • 3. The need for social recognition; prestige and limelight.
  • 4. The need for personal admiration; for both inner and outer qualities—to be valued.

Moving Against People (Aggression)

  • 5. The need for power; the ability to bend wills and achieve control over others—while most persons seek strength, the neurotic may be desperate for it.
  • 6. The need to exploit others; to get the better of them. To become manipulative, fostering the belief that people are there simply to be used.

Moving Away from People (Withdrawal)

  • 7. The need for personal achievement; though virtually all persons wish to make achievements, as with No. 3, the neurotic may be desperate for achievement.
  • 8. The need for self-sufficiency and independence; while most desire some autonomy, the neurotic may simply wish to discard other individuals entirely.
  • 9. The need for perfection; while many are driven to perfect their lives in the form of well being, the neurotic may display a fear of being slightly flawed.
  • 10. Lastly, the need to restrict life practices to within narrow borders; to live as inconspicuous a life as possible.

Three categories of needs edit

Upon investigating the ten needs further, Horney found she was able to condense them into three broad categories:

Compliance
Needs one, two and three (affection and approval, partner, "power") were assimilated into the compliance category, also called moving toward people. This category is seen as a process of joining, submitting, or self-effacement. Under Horney's theory children facing difficulties with parents often use this strategy. Fear of helplessness and abandonment occurs—phenomena Horney refers to as "basic anxiety". Those within the compliance category tend to exhibit a need for affection and approval on the part of their peers. They may also seek out a partner, somebody to confide in, fostering the belief that, in turn, all of life's problems would be solved by the new cohort. A lack of demands and a desire for inconspicuousness both occur in these individuals.
Expansion/Aggression
Needs four through eight (exploit others, social recognition, personal admiration, personal achievement, "self sufficiency") were assimilated into the expansion category, also called moving against people, or the expansive solution. Neurotic children or adults within this category often exhibit anger or basic hostility to those around them. That is, there is a need for power, a need for control and exploitation, and a maintenance of a facade of omnipotence. Manipulative qualities aside, under Horney's assertions the expansive individual may also wish for social recognition, not necessarily in terms of limelight, but in terms of simply being known (perhaps feared) by subordinates and peers alike. In addition, the individual has needs for a degree of personal admiration by those within this person's social circle and, lastly, for raw personal achievement. These characteristics comprise the "expansive" neurotic type. Expansive types also tend to keep people around them. On the other hand, they only care about their wants and needs. They would do whatever they can to satisfy their needs and wouldn't desist from hurting anyone in the obtainment of them.
Detachment/Withdrawal
Needs nine through ten (perfection, restrict life practices) are assimilated into the detachment category, also called moving-away-from or resigning solution or a detached personality. As neither aggression nor compliance solve parental indifference, Horney recognized children might simply try to become self-sufficient. The withdrawing neurotic may disregard others in a non-aggressive manner, regarding solitude and independence as the way forth. The stringent needs for perfection comprise another part of this category; those withdrawing may strive for perfection above all else, to the point where being flawed is utterly unacceptable. Everything the "detached" type does must be unassailable and refined. They suppress or deny all feelings towards others, particularly love and hate.

Horney delves into a detailed explanation of the above needs (and their corresponding neurotic solutions) in her book Neurosis and Human Growth.

Narcissism edit

Horney saw narcissism quite differently from Freud, Kohut, and other mainstream psychoanalytic theorists in that she did not posit a primary narcissism but saw the narcissistic personality as the product of a certain kind of early environment acting on a certain kind of temperament. For her, narcissistic needs and tendencies are not inherent in human nature.

Narcissism is different from Horney's other major defensive strategies or solutions in that it is not compensatory. Self-idealization is compensatory in her theory, but it differs from narcissism. All the defensive strategies involve self-idealization, but in the narcissistic solution, it tends to be the product of indulgence rather than deprivation. The narcissist's self-esteem is not strong, however, because it is not based on genuine accomplishments.[18]

Neo-psychoanalytic theories edit

Mosak (1989) states that while there is no direct evidence Alfred Adler and Horney influenced one another, they landed at similar theoretical understandings.[8]

While Horney acknowledged and agreed with Freud on many issues, she was also critical of him on several key beliefs.

Like others whose views differed from that of Freud, Horney felt sex and aggression were not the primary factors that shape personality. Horney, along with Adler, believed there were greater influences on personality, including social relationship factors during childhood, rather than just repressed sexual passions. The two focused more on how the conscious mind plays a role in human personality, not just subconscious repression.[19] Freud's notion of "penis envy" was particularly subject to criticism, as well.[20] She thought Freud had merely stumbled upon women's jealousy of men's generic power in the world. Horney accepted penis envy might occur occasionally in neurotic women, but stated that "womb envy" occurs just as much in men: Horney felt men were envious of a woman's ability to bear children. The degree to which men are driven to success may be merely a substitute for the fact they cannot carry, bear, and nurture children. Horney also thought men were envious of women because they fulfill their position in society by simply "being", whereas men achieve their manhood according to their ability to provide and succeed.[citation needed]

Horney was bewildered by psychiatrists' tendency to place so much emphasis on the male sexual organ. Horney also reworked the Freudian Oedipal complex of the sexual elements, claiming the clinging to one parent and jealousy of the other was simply the result of anxiety, caused by a disturbance in the parent-child relationship.

Despite these variances with the prevalent Freudian view, Horney strove to reformulate Freudian thought, presenting a holistic, humanistic view of the individual psyche which placed much emphasis on cultural and social differences worldwide.

Feminine psychology edit

Horney was also a pioneer in the discipline of feminine psychiatry.[21][22] As one of the first female psychiatrists, she was the first known woman to present a paper regarding feminine psychiatry. Fourteen of the papers she wrote between 1922 and 1937 were amalgamated into a single volume titled Feminine Psychology (1967). As a woman, she felt the mapping out of trends in female behaviour was a neglected issue. Women were regarded as objects of charm and beauty—at variance with every human being's ultimate purpose of self-actualization.

Women, according to Horney, traditionally gain value only through their children and the wider family. She de-romanticized the Victorian concept of how a marriage bond should be. Horney explained that the "monogamous demand represents the fulfillment of narcissistic and sadistic impulses far more than it indicates the wishes of genuine love”.[23] Most notably, her work "The Problem of the Monogamous Ideal" was fixed upon marriage, as were six other of Horney's papers. Her essay "Maternal Conflicts" attempted to shed new light on the problems women experience when raising adolescents.

Horney believed both men and women have a drive to be ingenious and productive. Women are able to satisfy this need normally and internally—to do this they become pregnant and give birth. Men satisfy this need only through external ways; Horney proposed that the striking accomplishments of men in work or some other field can be viewed as compensation for their inability to give birth to children.

Horney developed her ideas to the extent that she released one of the first "self-help" books in 1946, entitled Are You Considering Psychoanalysis?. The book asserted that those, both male and female, with relatively minor neurotic problems could, in effect, be their own psychiatrists. She continually stressed self-awareness was a part of becoming a better, stronger, richer human being.

Mature theory edit

In the mid-1930s, Horney stopped writing on the topic of feminine psychology and never resumed. Her biographer B.J. Paris writes:

Horney's apparent loss of interest in feminine psychology has led some to contend she was never really a feminist, despite the fact she was far ahead of her time in her trenchant critique of the patriarchal ideology of her culture and the phallocentricity of psychoanalysis. Janet Sayers argues that although Horney's "rejection of Freud's work in the name of women's self-esteem has certainly inspired many feminists," she herself "was far too much of an individualist ever to engage in collective political struggle—feminist or otherwise."[24]

Instead, she became increasingly interested in the subject of neurosis. Horney's mature theory of neurosis, according to Paris, "makes a major contribution to psychological thought—particularly the study of personality—that deserves to be more widely known and applied than it is."[25]

Self-realization edit

Near the end of her career, Karen Horney summarized her ideas in Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self-Realization, her major work published in 1950. It's in this book she summarizes her ideas regarding neurosis, clarifying her three neurotic "solutions" to the stresses of life.[26] The expansive solution became a tripartite combination of narcissistic, perfectionistic and arrogant-vindictive approaches to life. (Horney had previously focused on the psychiatric concept of narcissism in a book published in 1939, New Ways in Psychoanalysis.) Her other two neurotic "solutions" were also a refinement of her previous views: self-effacement, or submission to others, and resignation, or detachment from others. She described case studies of symbiotic relationships between arrogant-vindictive and self-effacing individuals, labeling such a relationship bordering on sadomasochism as a morbid dependency. She believed individuals in the neurotic categories of narcissism and resignation were much less susceptible to such relationships of co-dependency with an arrogant-vindictive neurotic.

While non-neurotic individuals may strive for these needs, neurotics exhibit a much deeper, more willful and concentrated desire to fulfill the said needs.

Theory of the self edit

Horney also shared Abraham Maslow's view that self-actualization is something that all people strive for. By "self" she understood the core of one's own being and potential.[27] Horney believed that if we have an accurate conception of our own self, then we are free to realize our potential and achieve what we wish, within reasonable boundaries. Thus, she believed self-actualization is the healthy person's aim through life—as opposed to the neurotic's clinging to a set of key needs.

According to Horney we can have two views of our self: the "real self" and the "ideal self". The real self is who and what we actually are. The ideal self is the type of person we feel we should be. The real self has the potential for growth, happiness, will power, realization of gifts, etc., but it also has deficiencies. The ideal self is used as a model to assist the real self in developing its potential and achieving self-actualization. (Engler 125) But it is important to know the differences between our ideal and real self.

The neurotic person's self is split between an idealized self and a real self. As a result, neurotic individuals feel they somehow do not live up to the ideal self. They feel there is a flaw somewhere in comparison to what they "should" be. The goals set out by the neurotic are not realistic, or indeed possible. The real self then degenerates into a "despised self", and the neurotic person assumes this is the "true" self. Thus, the neurotic is like a clock's pendulum, oscillating between a fallacious "perfection" and a manifestation of self-hate. Horney referred to this phenomenon as the "tyranny of the shoulds" and the neurotic's hopeless "search for glory".[28][29] She concluded these ingrained traits of the psyche forever prevent an individual's potential from being actualized unless the cycle of neurosis is somehow broken, through treatment or, in less severe cases, life lesson.

Karen Horney Clinic edit

 
Clinic on East 62nd Street

The Karen Horney Clinic opened on May 6, 1955 in New York City, in honor of Horney's achievements. The institution seeks to research and train medical professionals, particularly in the psychiatric fields, as well as serving as a low-cost treatment center. Patients that are not suitable for psychoanalysis are treated with psychotherapeutic modalities such as supportive psychotherapy, and psychoanalytic psychotherapy, all based on Horney's ideas.[30]

Works edit

The following are all still in print:

  • Neurosis and Human Growth, Norton, New York, 1950. ISBN 0393001350
  • Are You Considering Psychoanalysis? Norton, 1946. ISBN 0393001318
  • Our Inner Conflicts, Norton, 1945. ISBN 0393001334
  • Self-analysis, Norton, 1942. ISBN 0393001342
  • New Ways in Psychoanalysis, Norton, 1939. ISBN 0393001326 (alternate link)
  • The Neurotic Personality of our Time, Norton, 1937. ISBN 0393010120
  • Feminine Psychology (reprint of papers written between 1922 and 1937), Norton, 1967. ISBN 0393006867
  • The Collected Works of Karen Horney (2 vols.), Norton, 1950. ISBN 1199366358
  • The Adolescent Diaries of Karen Horney, Basic Books, New York, 1980. ISBN 046500055X
  • The Therapeutic Process: Essays and Lectures, ed. Bernard J. Paris, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1999. ISBN 0300075278
  • The Unknown Karen Horney: Essays on Gender, Culture, and Psychoanalysis, ed. Bernard J. Paris, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2000. ISBN 0300080425
  • Final Lectures, ed. Douglas H. Ingram, Norton, 1991. 128 pp.  ISBN 978-0393307559

See also edit

Further reading edit

  • Paris, Bernard J. (1973). "Notes from Underground: A Horneyan Analysis". PMLA. 88 (3): 511–522. doi:10.2307/461530. JSTOR 461530. S2CID 163467535. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
  • Walstedt, Joyce Jennings (1976). "Beyond Freud: Towards a New Psychotherapy for Women". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 1 (3): 1–9. doi:10.2307/3346162. JSTOR 3346162. Retrieved 2022-10-30.

Notes edit

  1. ^ This is to a large extent due to the fact that her father was hardly ever present. The ship of which he was a captain went back and forth to South America. A son and a daughter from the captain's first marriage died in Chile and Bolivia respectively.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Boeree, Dr. C. George. "Karen Horney". Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  2. ^ Paris, Bernard J. (1994). Karen Horney: A Psychoanalyst's Search for Self-Understanding. Yale University Press. p. xxiii. ISBN 0-300-06860-3.
  3. ^ "Say How? A Pronunciation Guide to Names of Public Figures". loc.gov. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
  4. ^ "Merriam-Webster online". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
  5. ^ Schacter, Gilbert Wegner, Daniel (2011). Psychology (1. publ., 3. print. ed.). Cambridge: Worth Publishers. pp. 180. ISBN 978-1429241076.
  6. ^ a b Paris, Bernard J. (1994). Karen Horney: A Psychoanalyst's Search for Self-Understanding. Yale University Press. p. xviii. ISBN 0-300-06860-3. Horney is often thought of primarily as a neo-Freudian member of 'the cultural school,' which also includes Eric Fromm, Harry Stack Sullivan, Clara Thompson, and Abraham Kardiner
  7. ^ Corey, G. (2020). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (10 ed.). Cengage Limited. p. 98. These Freudian revisionists—including Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Harry Stack Sullivan—agreed that relational, social, and cultural factors were of great significance in shaping personality. Even though these three therapists are typically called neo-Freudians, it would be more appropriate, as Heinz Ansbacher (1979) has suggested, to refer to them as neo-Adlerians because they moved away from Freud's biological and deterministic point of view and toward Adler's social-psychological and teleological (or goal-oriented) view of human nature.
  8. ^ a b Oberst, Ursula E.; Stewart, Alan E. (2003). "Adlerian therapy and its relationship to other psychotherapeutic approaches: Neo-psychoanalytic theories: Horney's psychoanalytic approach". Adlerian Psychotherapy: An Advanced Approach to Individual Psychology. Routledge. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-5839-1122-8. Although we do not have any evidence Adler and Horney may have influenced each other directly, the two theories share some striking similarities at theoretical and practical levels regarding the development of psychological problems (Mosak 1989).
  9. ^ Marcia Westcott, The feminist legacy of Karen Horney, New Haven, Conn. 1986, pp. 7–8.
  10. ^ a b c Paris, Karen Horney: a psychoanalyst's search.
  11. ^ Quinn, Mind of her own.
  12. ^ Rubins, Karen Horney: gentle rebel.
  13. ^ Eckardt,M.H.(2006) Karen Horney: a portrait. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 2, 105. doi:10.1007/s11231-006-9008-4
  14. ^ a b c . Langenderfer, Gretchen. Archived from the original on 2010-07-09. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  15. ^ a b c d "Karen Horney", Feministvoices.com
  16. ^ Horney, Self-Analysis.
  17. ^ Horney, Our inner conflicts.
  18. ^ Paris, Bernard J, Personality and Personal Growth, edited by Robert Frager and James Fadiman, 1998
  19. ^ Myers, Psychology 10th edition
  20. ^ Paris, Karen Horney: a psychoanalyst's search. Chapter 10. The masculinity complex
  21. ^ Paris, Karen Horney: a psychoanalyst's search. Part 2. The Freudian phase and feminine psychology.
  22. ^ Marcia Westcott, The feminist legacy of Karen Horney, New Haven, Conn. 1986.
  23. ^ Dee Garrison, (Summer 1981) "Karen Horney and Feminism," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 6, no.4
  24. ^ Paris, p. 92.
  25. ^ Paris, p. xvi.
  26. ^ Paris, Karen Horney: a psychoanalyst's search. Part 5. Horney's mature theory.
  27. ^ Horney, Neurosis and human growth. Chapter 6. Alienation from self.
  28. ^ Horney, Neurosis and human growth. Chaps. 1–5.
  29. ^ "Codependency Is About Your Relationship With Yourself". psychcentral.com. 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2020-08-23.
  30. ^ Paul, Henry (1991). "A report on the Karen Horney Clinic". The American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 51 (51:3): 341–342. doi:10.1007/BF01249256. PMID 1962703. S2CID 27891903.

Further reading edit

  • Carlson, N.R. & Heth, C.D. (2007). Psychology the science of behaviour. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 459.
  • DeMartino, R. (1991). Karen Horney, Daisetz T. Suzuki, and Zen Buddhism. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, September, 51(3), 267–83.
  • Herzog, Dagmar (2017). Cold War Freud: Psychoanalysis in an Age of Catastrophes. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107072398.
  • Kondo, A. (1961). The therapist-patient relationship in psychotherapy: On Horney's school and Morita therapy. Seishin Bunseki Kenyu. (Japanese Journal of Psychoanalytic Research), (7), 30–35.
  • LeVine, P. (1994). Impressions of Karen Horney's final lectures. Australian Psychologist. 29 (1), 153–57.
  • Paris, Bernard J. Karen Horney: a Psychoanalyst's Search for Self-understanding, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1994. ISBN 0300068603
  • Quinn, Susan. Mind of Her Own: the Life of Karen Horney, Summit Books, New York, 1987. ISBN 0201155737
  • Rubins, Jack L. Karen Horney: Gentle Rebel of Psychoanalysis, Summit Books, New York, 1978. ISBN 0803744250
  • Westkott, Marcia. The Feminist Legacy of Karen Horney, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1986. ISBN 0300042043
  • Dr. C. George Boeree (Psychology Department, Shippensburg University) Personality Theories. Karen Horney (HTML)
    • The same article in PDF format
  • Lead Article: Health and Growth (The article is devoted to Karen Horney's Neurosis and Human Growth) // MANAS Journal Volume XXIII, 1970 No. 16 April 22.

External links edit

  • Psychoanalytic Social Theory – Karen Horney
  • The Dynamic Self Searching for Growth and Authenticity: Karen Horney's Contribution to Humanistic Psychology
  • The American Institute for Psychoanalysis
  • International Karen Horney Society
  • NYC Municipal Archives / WNYC audio recording of Karen Horney
  • Lecture notes alongside psychological opinions at Sonoma.edu
  • from 50 Psychology Classics (2007)
  • Books by Karen Horney at the Internet Archive
  • Karen Horney Papers (MS 1604). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library

karen, horney, ɔːr, née, danielsen, september, 1885, december, 1952, german, psychoanalyst, practiced, united, states, during, later, career, theories, questioned, some, traditional, freudian, views, this, particularly, true, theories, sexuality, instinct, ori. Karen Horney ˈ h ɔːr n aɪ 3 4 nee Danielsen 16 September 1885 4 December 1952 was a German psychoanalyst who practiced in the United States during her later career Her theories questioned some traditional Freudian views This was particularly true of her theories of sexuality and of the instinct orientation of psychoanalysis She is credited with founding feminist psychology in response to Freud s theory of penis envy She disagreed with Freud about inherent differences in the psychology of men and women and like Adler she traced such differences to society and culture rather than biology 5 Karen HorneyBornKaren Danielsen 1885 09 16 16 September 1885Blankenese Schleswig Holstein Prussia German Empire now Blankenese Hamburg Germany Died4 December 1952 1952 12 04 aged 67 New York City U S NationalityGermanSpouseOskar HorneyChildren3 including Brigitte 1 2 Scientific careerFieldsPsychoanalysis Contents 1 Theoretical orientation 2 Early life 3 Education 4 Career and works 5 Theory of neurosis 5 1 Ten neurotic needs 5 2 Three categories of needs 6 Narcissism 7 Neo psychoanalytic theories 8 Feminine psychology 9 Mature theory 9 1 Self realization 9 2 Theory of the self 10 Karen Horney Clinic 11 Works 12 See also 13 Further reading 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External linksTheoretical orientation editThose in The Cultural School of thought include Horney Erich Fromm Harry Stack Sullivan and Clara Thompson 6 Horney is often classified as neo Freudian but may also be seen as neo Adlerian Ansbacher 1979 although it is contended neither Horney nor Adler directly influenced one another Mosak 1989 7 8 Early life editHorney was born Karen Danielsen on 16 September 1885 in Blankenese Germany near Hamburg Her father Berndt Wackels Danielsen 1836 1910 was Norwegian but had German citizenship He was a ship s captain in the merchant marine and a Protestant traditionalist his children nicknamed him the Bible thrower as he did indeed throw Bibles 1 Her mother Clotilde nee van Ronzelen 1853 1911 known as Sonni was also Protestant of Dutch origin She was said to be more open minded than Berndt and yet she was depressed irritable and domineering toward Karen 9 Karen s elder brother was also named Berndt and Karen cared for him deeply She also had four elder half siblings 10 11 12 from her father s previous marriage However there was no contact between the children of her father s two marriages Horney kept diaries beginning at the age of thirteen These journals showed Horney s confidence in her path for the future She considered becoming a doctor even though at that time women were not allowed to attend universities 13 According to Horney s adolescent diaries her father was a cruel disciplinary figure who also held his son Berndt in higher regard than Karen Instead of being offended or feeling indignation over Karen s perceptions of him her father brought her gifts from far away countries Despite this Karen always felt deprived of her father s affection and instead became attached to her mother notes 1 From roughly the age of nine Karen became ambitious and somewhat rebellious She felt she could not become pretty and instead decided to vest her energies into her intellectual qualities despite the fact she was seen by most as pretty At this time she developed a crush on her older brother who became embarrassed by her attentions soon pushing her away She suffered the first of several bouts of depression an issue that would plague her for the rest of her life 10 In 1904 when Karen was 19 her mother left her father without divorcing him taking the children with her Education editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Karen Horney news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Against her parents wishes Horney entered medical school in 1906 14 The University of Freiburg was in fact one of the first institutions in Germany to enroll women in medical courses with higher education only becoming available to women in Germany in 1900 By 1908 Horney had transferred to the University of Gottingen and would transfer once more to the University of Berlin before graduating with an M D in 1913 Attending several universities was common at the time to gain a basic medical education Through her fellow student Carl Muller Braunschweig who later became a psychoanalyst she met the business student Oskar Horney They married in 1909 1 14 The couple moved to Berlin together where Oskar worked in industry while Karen continued her studies at the Charite Within the space of one year Karen gave birth to her first child and lost both of her parents She entered psychoanalysis to help herself cope Her first analyst was Karl Abraham in 1910 then she moved to Hanns Sachs 15 Karen and Oskar had three daughters The first born in 1911 was Brigitte Horney who became a famous actress Career and works editHorney is often thought of primarily as a neo Freudian member of the cultural school which also includes Erich Fromm Harry Stack Sullivan Clara Thompson and Abraham Kardiner 6 Bernard J Paris In 1920 Horney was a founding member of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute She then took up a teaching position within the Institute 14 She helped design and eventually directed the Society s training program taught students and conducted psychoanalytic research She also saw patients for private psychoanalytic sessions and continued to work at the hospital 15 By 1923 Oskar Horney s firm became insolvent and Oskar developed meningitis soon after He rapidly became embittered morose and argumentative That same year Horney s brother died of a pulmonary infection Both events contributed to a worsening of Horney s mental health She entered into a second period of deep depression she swam out to sea during a vacation and considered committing suicide In 1926 Horney and her husband separated they would divorce in 1937 She and their three daughters moved out of Oskar s house Oskar had proven to be very similar to Horney s father with an authoritarian personality After studying more psychoanalytic theory Horney regretted not objecting to her husband ruling over their children when they were younger Despite her increasing deviation from orthodox Freudian doctrine she practised and taught at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society until 1932 Freud s increasing coolness toward her and her concern over the rise of Nazism in Germany motivated her to accept an invitation by Franz Alexander to become his assistant at the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis and in 1932 she and her daughters moved to the United States 15 Two years after moving to Chicago Horney relocated to Brooklyn Brooklyn was home to a large Jewish community including a growing number of refugees from Nazi Germany and psychoanalysis thrived there It was in Brooklyn Horney became friends with analysts such as Harry Stack Sullivan and Erich Fromm She had a sexual relationship with Fromm that ended bitterly While living in Brooklyn Horney taught and trained psychoanalysts in New York City working both at the New School for Social Research and the New York Psychoanalytic Institute 15 It was in Brooklyn Horney developed and advanced her composite theories regarding neurosis and personality based on experiences gained from working in psychotherapy In 1937 she published The Neurotic Personality of Our Time which had wide popular readership By 1941 Horney was Dean of the American Institute of Psychoanalysis a training institute for those who were interested in Horney s own organization the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis She founded this organization after becoming dissatisfied with the generally strict orthodox nature of the prevailing psychoanalytic community Horney s deviation from Freudian psychology led to her resigning from her post and she soon took up teaching in the New York Medical College She also founded a journal the American Journal of Psychoanalysis She taught at the New York Medical College and continued practising as a psychiatrist until her death in 1952 Theory of neurosis editHorney looked at neurosis in a different light from other psychoanalysts of the time 10 Her expansive interest in the subject led her to compile a detailed theory of neurosis with data from her patients Horney believed neurosis to be a continuous process with neuroses commonly occurring sporadically in a person s lifetime This was in contrast to the opinions of her contemporaries who believed neurosis was like more severe mental conditions a negative malfunction of the mind in response to external stimuli such as bereavement divorce or negative experiences during childhood and adolescence This has been debated widely by contemporary psychologists Horney believed these stimuli to be less important except for influences during childhood Rather she placed significant emphasis on parental indifference towards the child believing a child s perception of events as opposed to the parent s intentions is the key to understanding a person s neurosis For instance a child might feel a lack of warmth and affection should a parent make fun of the child s feelings The parent may also casually neglect to fulfill promises which in turn could have a detrimental effect on the child s mental state From her experiences as a psychiatrist Horney named ten patterns of neurotic needs 16 These ten needs are based upon things which she thought all humans require to succeed in life Horney modified these needs somewhat to correspond with what she believed were individuals neuroses A neurotic person could theoretically exhibit all of these needs though in practice fewer than the ten here need to be present for a person to be considered a neurotic Ten neurotic needs edit The ten needs as set out by Horney classified according to her so called coping strategies are as follows 17 Moving Toward People Compliance 1 The need for affection and approval pleasing others and being liked by them 2 The need for a partner one whom they can love and who will solve all problems 3 The need for social recognition prestige and limelight 4 The need for personal admiration for both inner and outer qualities to be valued Moving Against People Aggression 5 The need for power the ability to bend wills and achieve control over others while most persons seek strength the neurotic may be desperate for it 6 The need to exploit others to get the better of them To become manipulative fostering the belief that people are there simply to be used Moving Away from People Withdrawal 7 The need for personal achievement though virtually all persons wish to make achievements as with No 3 the neurotic may be desperate for achievement 8 The need for self sufficiency and independence while most desire some autonomy the neurotic may simply wish to discard other individuals entirely 9 The need for perfection while many are driven to perfect their lives in the form of well being the neurotic may display a fear of being slightly flawed 10 Lastly the need to restrict life practices to within narrow borders to live as inconspicuous a life as possible Three categories of needs edit Upon investigating the ten needs further Horney found she was able to condense them into three broad categories Compliance Needs one two and three affection and approval partner power were assimilated into the compliance category also called moving toward people This category is seen as a process of joining submitting or self effacement Under Horney s theory children facing difficulties with parents often use this strategy Fear of helplessness and abandonment occurs phenomena Horney refers to as basic anxiety Those within the compliance category tend to exhibit a need for affection and approval on the part of their peers They may also seek out a partner somebody to confide in fostering the belief that in turn all of life s problems would be solved by the new cohort A lack of demands and a desire for inconspicuousness both occur in these individuals Expansion Aggression Needs four through eight exploit others social recognition personal admiration personal achievement self sufficiency were assimilated into the expansion category also called moving against people or the expansive solution Neurotic children or adults within this category often exhibit anger or basic hostility to those around them That is there is a need for power a need for control and exploitation and a maintenance of a facade of omnipotence Manipulative qualities aside under Horney s assertions the expansive individual may also wish for social recognition not necessarily in terms of limelight but in terms of simply being known perhaps feared by subordinates and peers alike In addition the individual has needs for a degree of personal admiration by those within this person s social circle and lastly for raw personal achievement These characteristics comprise the expansive neurotic type Expansive types also tend to keep people around them On the other hand they only care about their wants and needs They would do whatever they can to satisfy their needs and wouldn t desist from hurting anyone in the obtainment of them Detachment Withdrawal Needs nine through ten perfection restrict life practices are assimilated into the detachment category also called moving away from or resigning solution or a detached personality As neither aggression nor compliance solve parental indifference Horney recognized children might simply try to become self sufficient The withdrawing neurotic may disregard others in a non aggressive manner regarding solitude and independence as the way forth The stringent needs for perfection comprise another part of this category those withdrawing may strive for perfection above all else to the point where being flawed is utterly unacceptable Everything the detached type does must be unassailable and refined They suppress or deny all feelings towards others particularly love and hate Horney delves into a detailed explanation of the above needs and their corresponding neurotic solutions in her book Neurosis and Human Growth Narcissism editHorney saw narcissism quite differently from Freud Kohut and other mainstream psychoanalytic theorists in that she did not posit a primary narcissism but saw the narcissistic personality as the product of a certain kind of early environment acting on a certain kind of temperament For her narcissistic needs and tendencies are not inherent in human nature Narcissism is different from Horney s other major defensive strategies or solutions in that it is not compensatory Self idealization is compensatory in her theory but it differs from narcissism All the defensive strategies involve self idealization but in the narcissistic solution it tends to be the product of indulgence rather than deprivation The narcissist s self esteem is not strong however because it is not based on genuine accomplishments 18 Neo psychoanalytic theories editFor broader coverage of this topic see Neo Freudianism Mosak 1989 states that while there is no direct evidence Alfred Adler and Horney influenced one another they landed at similar theoretical understandings 8 While Horney acknowledged and agreed with Freud on many issues she was also critical of him on several key beliefs Like others whose views differed from that of Freud Horney felt sex and aggression were not the primary factors that shape personality Horney along with Adler believed there were greater influences on personality including social relationship factors during childhood rather than just repressed sexual passions The two focused more on how the conscious mind plays a role in human personality not just subconscious repression 19 Freud s notion of penis envy was particularly subject to criticism as well 20 She thought Freud had merely stumbled upon women s jealousy of men s generic power in the world Horney accepted penis envy might occur occasionally in neurotic women but stated that womb envy occurs just as much in men Horney felt men were envious of a woman s ability to bear children The degree to which men are driven to success may be merely a substitute for the fact they cannot carry bear and nurture children Horney also thought men were envious of women because they fulfill their position in society by simply being whereas men achieve their manhood according to their ability to provide and succeed citation needed Horney was bewildered by psychiatrists tendency to place so much emphasis on the male sexual organ Horney also reworked the Freudian Oedipal complex of the sexual elements claiming the clinging to one parent and jealousy of the other was simply the result of anxiety caused by a disturbance in the parent child relationship Despite these variances with the prevalent Freudian view Horney strove to reformulate Freudian thought presenting a holistic humanistic view of the individual psyche which placed much emphasis on cultural and social differences worldwide Feminine psychology editFurther information Feminine psychology Horney was also a pioneer in the discipline of feminine psychiatry 21 22 As one of the first female psychiatrists she was the first known woman to present a paper regarding feminine psychiatry Fourteen of the papers she wrote between 1922 and 1937 were amalgamated into a single volume titled Feminine Psychology 1967 As a woman she felt the mapping out of trends in female behaviour was a neglected issue Women were regarded as objects of charm and beauty at variance with every human being s ultimate purpose of self actualization Women according to Horney traditionally gain value only through their children and the wider family She de romanticized the Victorian concept of how a marriage bond should be Horney explained that the monogamous demand represents the fulfillment of narcissistic and sadistic impulses far more than it indicates the wishes of genuine love 23 Most notably her work The Problem of the Monogamous Ideal was fixed upon marriage as were six other of Horney s papers Her essay Maternal Conflicts attempted to shed new light on the problems women experience when raising adolescents Horney believed both men and women have a drive to be ingenious and productive Women are able to satisfy this need normally and internally to do this they become pregnant and give birth Men satisfy this need only through external ways Horney proposed that the striking accomplishments of men in work or some other field can be viewed as compensation for their inability to give birth to children Horney developed her ideas to the extent that she released one of the first self help books in 1946 entitled Are You Considering Psychoanalysis The book asserted that those both male and female with relatively minor neurotic problems could in effect be their own psychiatrists She continually stressed self awareness was a part of becoming a better stronger richer human being Mature theory editIn the mid 1930s Horney stopped writing on the topic of feminine psychology and never resumed Her biographer B J Paris writes Horney s apparent loss of interest in feminine psychology has led some to contend she was never really a feminist despite the fact she was far ahead of her time in her trenchant critique of the patriarchal ideology of her culture and the phallocentricity of psychoanalysis Janet Sayers argues that although Horney s rejection of Freud s work in the name of women s self esteem has certainly inspired many feminists she herself was far too much of an individualist ever to engage in collective political struggle feminist or otherwise 24 Instead she became increasingly interested in the subject of neurosis Horney s mature theory of neurosis according to Paris makes a major contribution to psychological thought particularly the study of personality that deserves to be more widely known and applied than it is 25 Self realization edit Near the end of her career Karen Horney summarized her ideas in Neurosis and Human Growth The Struggle Toward Self Realization her major work published in 1950 It s in this book she summarizes her ideas regarding neurosis clarifying her three neurotic solutions to the stresses of life 26 The expansive solution became a tripartite combination of narcissistic perfectionistic and arrogant vindictive approaches to life Horney had previously focused on the psychiatric concept of narcissism in a book published in 1939 New Ways in Psychoanalysis Her other two neurotic solutions were also a refinement of her previous views self effacement or submission to others and resignation or detachment from others She described case studies of symbiotic relationships between arrogant vindictive and self effacing individuals labeling such a relationship bordering on sadomasochism as a morbid dependency She believed individuals in the neurotic categories of narcissism and resignation were much less susceptible to such relationships of co dependency with an arrogant vindictive neurotic While non neurotic individuals may strive for these needs neurotics exhibit a much deeper more willful and concentrated desire to fulfill the said needs Theory of the self edit See also True self and false self Horney also shared Abraham Maslow s view that self actualization is something that all people strive for By self she understood the core of one s own being and potential 27 Horney believed that if we have an accurate conception of our own self then we are free to realize our potential and achieve what we wish within reasonable boundaries Thus she believed self actualization is the healthy person s aim through life as opposed to the neurotic s clinging to a set of key needs According to Horney we can have two views of our self the real self and the ideal self The real self is who and what we actually are The ideal self is the type of person we feel we should be The real self has the potential for growth happiness will power realization of gifts etc but it also has deficiencies The ideal self is used as a model to assist the real self in developing its potential and achieving self actualization Engler 125 But it is important to know the differences between our ideal and real self The neurotic person s self is split between an idealized self and a real self As a result neurotic individuals feel they somehow do not live up to the ideal self They feel there is a flaw somewhere in comparison to what they should be The goals set out by the neurotic are not realistic or indeed possible The real self then degenerates into a despised self and the neurotic person assumes this is the true self Thus the neurotic is like a clock s pendulum oscillating between a fallacious perfection and a manifestation of self hate Horney referred to this phenomenon as the tyranny of the shoulds and the neurotic s hopeless search for glory 28 29 She concluded these ingrained traits of the psyche forever prevent an individual s potential from being actualized unless the cycle of neurosis is somehow broken through treatment or in less severe cases life lesson Karen Horney Clinic edit nbsp Clinic on East 62nd StreetThe Karen Horney Clinic opened on May 6 1955 in New York City in honor of Horney s achievements The institution seeks to research and train medical professionals particularly in the psychiatric fields as well as serving as a low cost treatment center Patients that are not suitable for psychoanalysis are treated with psychotherapeutic modalities such as supportive psychotherapy and psychoanalytic psychotherapy all based on Horney s ideas 30 Works editThe following are all still in print Neurosis and Human Growth Norton New York 1950 ISBN 0393001350 Are You Considering Psychoanalysis Norton 1946 ISBN 0393001318 Our Inner Conflicts Norton 1945 ISBN 0393001334 Self analysis Norton 1942 ISBN 0393001342 New Ways in Psychoanalysis Norton 1939 ISBN 0393001326 alternate link The Neurotic Personality of our Time Norton 1937 ISBN 0393010120 Feminine Psychology reprint of papers written between 1922 and 1937 Norton 1967 ISBN 0393006867 The Collected Works of Karen Horney 2 vols Norton 1950 ISBN 1199366358 The Adolescent Diaries of Karen Horney Basic Books New York 1980 ISBN 046500055X The Therapeutic Process Essays and Lectures ed Bernard J Paris Yale University Press New Haven 1999 ISBN 0300075278 The Unknown Karen Horney Essays on Gender Culture and Psychoanalysis ed Bernard J Paris Yale University Press New Haven 2000 ISBN 0300080425 Final Lectures ed Douglas H Ingram Norton 1991 128 pp ISBN 978 0393307559See also edit nbsp Psychology portalAuto psychotherapy History of psychology History of narcissism Mental illness Narcissistic abuse Phallic monism Unconscious mindFurther reading editParis Bernard J 1973 Notes from Underground A Horneyan Analysis PMLA 88 3 511 522 doi 10 2307 461530 JSTOR 461530 S2CID 163467535 Retrieved 2022 10 30 Walstedt Joyce Jennings 1976 Beyond Freud Towards a New Psychotherapy for Women Frontiers A Journal of Women Studies 1 3 1 9 doi 10 2307 3346162 JSTOR 3346162 Retrieved 2022 10 30 Notes edit This is to a large extent due to the fact that her father was hardly ever present The ship of which he was a captain went back and forth to South America A son and a daughter from the captain s first marriage died in Chile and Bolivia respectively References edit a b c Boeree Dr C George Karen Horney Retrieved 17 February 2016 Paris Bernard J 1994 Karen Horney A Psychoanalyst s Search for Self Understanding Yale University Press p xxiii ISBN 0 300 06860 3 Say How A Pronunciation Guide to Names of Public Figures loc gov Retrieved 2010 04 07 Merriam Webster online merriam webster com Retrieved 2010 04 07 Schacter Gilbert Wegner Daniel 2011 Psychology 1 publ 3 print ed Cambridge Worth Publishers pp 180 ISBN 978 1429241076 a b Paris Bernard J 1994 Karen Horney A Psychoanalyst s Search for Self Understanding Yale University Press p xviii ISBN 0 300 06860 3 Horney is often thought of primarily as a neo Freudian member of the cultural school which also includes Eric Fromm Harry Stack Sullivan Clara Thompson and Abraham Kardiner Corey G 2020 Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy 10 ed Cengage Limited p 98 These Freudian revisionists including Karen Horney Erich Fromm and Harry Stack Sullivan agreed that relational social and cultural factors were of great significance in shaping personality Even though these three therapists are typically called neo Freudians it would be more appropriate as Heinz Ansbacher 1979 has suggested to refer to them as neo Adlerians because they moved away from Freud s biological and deterministic point of view and toward Adler s social psychological and teleological or goal oriented view of human nature a b Oberst Ursula E Stewart Alan E 2003 Adlerian therapy and its relationship to other psychotherapeutic approaches Neo psychoanalytic theories Horney s psychoanalytic approach Adlerian Psychotherapy An Advanced Approach to Individual Psychology Routledge p 124 ISBN 978 1 5839 1122 8 Although we do not have any evidence Adler and Horney may have influenced each other directly the two theories share some striking similarities at theoretical and practical levels regarding the development of psychological problems Mosak 1989 Marcia Westcott The feminist legacy of Karen Horney New Haven Conn 1986 pp 7 8 a b c Paris Karen Horney a psychoanalyst s search Quinn Mind of her own Rubins Karen Horney gentle rebel Eckardt M H 2006 Karen Horney a portrait The American Journal of Psychoanalysis 2 105 doi 10 1007 s11231 006 9008 4 a b c Psychology History Langenderfer Gretchen Archived from the original on 2010 07 09 Retrieved 2010 10 14 a b c d Karen Horney Feministvoices com Horney Self Analysis Horney Our inner conflicts Paris Bernard J Personality and Personal Growth edited by Robert Frager and James Fadiman 1998 Myers Psychology 10th edition Paris Karen Horney a psychoanalyst s search Chapter 10 The masculinity complex Paris Karen Horney a psychoanalyst s search Part 2 The Freudian phase and feminine psychology Marcia Westcott The feminist legacy of Karen Horney New Haven Conn 1986 Dee Garrison Summer 1981 Karen Horney and Feminism Signs Journal of Women in Culture and Society 6 no 4 Paris p 92 Paris p xvi Paris Karen Horney a psychoanalyst s search Part 5 Horney s mature theory Horney Neurosis and human growth Chapter 6 Alienation from self Horney Neurosis and human growth Chaps 1 5 Codependency Is About Your Relationship With Yourself psychcentral com 2017 09 13 Retrieved 2020 08 23 Paul Henry 1991 A report on the Karen Horney Clinic The American Journal of Psychoanalysis 51 51 3 341 342 doi 10 1007 BF01249256 PMID 1962703 S2CID 27891903 Further reading editCarlson N R amp Heth C D 2007 Psychology the science of behaviour 4th ed Upper Saddle River New Jersey Pearson Education Inc 459 DeMartino R 1991 Karen Horney Daisetz T Suzuki and Zen Buddhism The American Journal of Psychoanalysis September 51 3 267 83 Herzog Dagmar 2017 Cold War Freud Psychoanalysis in an Age of Catastrophes New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1107072398 Kondo A 1961 The therapist patient relationship in psychotherapy On Horney s school and Morita therapy Seishin Bunseki Kenyu Japanese Journal of Psychoanalytic Research 7 30 35 LeVine P 1994 Impressions of Karen Horney s final lectures Australian Psychologist 29 1 153 57 Paris Bernard J Karen Horney a Psychoanalyst s Search for Self understanding Yale University Press New Haven 1994 ISBN 0300068603 Quinn Susan Mind of Her Own the Life of Karen Horney Summit Books New York 1987 ISBN 0201155737 Rubins Jack L Karen Horney Gentle Rebel of Psychoanalysis Summit Books New York 1978 ISBN 0803744250 Westkott Marcia The Feminist Legacy of Karen Horney Yale University Press New Haven 1986 ISBN 0300042043 Dr C George Boeree Psychology Department Shippensburg University Personality Theories Karen Horney HTML The same article in PDF format Lead Article Health and Growth The article is devoted to Karen Horney s Neurosis and Human Growth MANAS Journal Volume XXIII 1970 No 16 April 22 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Karen Horney Psychoanalytic Social Theory Karen Horney The Dynamic Self Searching for Growth and Authenticity Karen Horney s Contribution to Humanistic Psychology The American Institute for Psychoanalysis International Karen Horney Society NYC Municipal Archives WNYC audio recording of Karen Horney Biography at Webster edu Lecture notes alongside psychological opinions at Sonoma edu Our Inner Conflicts excerpts Commentary on Our Inner Conflicts from 50 Psychology Classics 2007 Books by Karen Horney at the Internet Archive Karen Horney Papers MS 1604 Manuscripts and Archives Yale University Library Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Karen Horney amp oldid 1189395590, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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