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Feminine psychology

January 29, 2023

Feminine psychology or the psychology of women is an approach that focuses on social, economic, and political issues confronting women all throughout their lives. It emerged as a reaction to male-dominated developmental theories such as Sigmund Freud's view of female sexuality. The original work of Karen Horney argued that male realities cannot describe female psychology or define their gender because they are not informed by girls' or women's experiences.[1] Theorists[who?] claimed this new feminist approach was required, and that women's social existence was crucial in understanding their psychology.[2] It is suggested in Dr. Carol Gilligan's research that some characteristics of female psychology emerge to comply with the given social order defined by men and not necessarily because it is the nature of their gender or psychology.[3]

Horney's theory

The "feminine psychology" approach is often attributed to the pioneering work of Karen Horney, a psychologist from the late 19th century.[4] She contradicted Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, arguing that it is male-dominated and, therefore, harbored biases and phallocentric views.[5] Horney claimed that for this reason, Freud's theory cannot describe femininity because it is informed by male reality and not by actual female experience.[5] An example of this is Freud's proposition that the female personality tends to exhibit penis envy, whereby a girl interprets her failure to possess a penis as a punishment for wrongdoing and later blames her mother.[6] As Freud stated, "she has seen it and knows that she is without it and wants to have it."[7] Horney argued that it is not penis envy but basic anxiety, hostility, and anger towards the opposite-sex parent, whom she views as competition for the affection of the same-sex parent, and thus views her as a direct threat to her safety and security.[8] She believed as part of her feminine psychology theory, that this aspect should be resolved based on interpersonal dynamics (e.g. differences in social power) rather than sexual dynamics.[citation needed]

Horney countered the Freudian concept: she deconstructed penis envy and described it as nothing more than women wanting to express their own natural needs for success and the security that is characteristic of both sexes.[9] There is an analogy that describes Horney's feminine psychology as optimistic of the world and life affirmation in comparison with Freud's pessimism oriented towards world and life negation.[10]

Motherhood vs. Career

One dynamic outlined by feminine psychologists is the balancing act between more traditional roles of motherhood and the more modern role of a career woman. The roles do not necessarily contradict each other: additional income helps provide for the family and working mothers may feel as though they are making a contribution to society beyond the family.

Both mothers and fathers feel the pressure of balancing both work and family life, and fathers spend more time at home and engage in child care and housework more than they did a century ago. A study conducted by the Pew Research Center indicates that 42% of respondents believe that a mother who works part-time is an ideal scenario while 16% think that working full-time is ideal for mothers, and the rest think that mothers should stay at home. 46% of fathers also reported that they felt they were not spending enough time with their children: fathers who responded to this Pew research survey were spending about half as much time providing child care as the mothers. 15% of working fathers stated that it is very difficult to balance work and take care of their children.[11] The same study found that 50% of working fathers say that it is at least somewhat difficult to balance work and child care responsibilities. However, fathers who are able to assist in child care report that they like doing so, often even more-so than mothers.[12] The Pew Research Center also asked parents to rate how good of a job they are doing as parents. It was found that most mothers and women rated themselves as doing an excellent or very good job, but that working mothers rated themselves a lot higher than non-working mothers did-despite the fact that parents who felt they spent too little time with their children were less likely to rate themselves as doing an excellent job.[11] The Pew Research Center has taken on several studies and surveys in order to research and investigate the differences[13] associated with feminine psychology[14] and the people’s views on the progression of women in the workplace[15] and their place in the home.

According to a study conducted by Dr. Jennifer Stuart,[16] sometimes the history of the woman affects how she chooses to balance the two roles, or if she will balance them at all. Specifically, Stuart asserts that the primary determinant is a woman's "quality of her relationship with her mother. Women whose mothers fostered feelings of both warm attachment and confident autonomy may find ways to enjoy their children and/or work, often modifying work and family environments in ways that favor both".[16]

Working women sometimes make compromises in their careers so that they can balance paid work and motherhood responsibilities. These compromises include cutting back hours and accepting lower pay or a lower job status, which can prevent women from becoming the top performers in a workplace.[17]

According to Dr. Ramon Resa, mothers have to remember that "children are fairly resilient and will adapt to whatever changes are required. They are also astute at sensing unhappiness, disappointment and apathy".[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Miletic, Michelle Price (October 2013). "The Introduction of a Feminine Psychology to Psychoanalysis". Contemporary Psychoanalysis. 38 (2): 287–299. doi:10.1080/00107530.2002.10747102. ISSN 0010-7530. S2CID 143402363.
  2. ^ Roazen, Paul (2003). Cultural Foundations of Political Psychology (Clt). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 259. ISBN 978-0765801821.
  3. ^ Berger, Milton (1994). Women Beyond Freud: New Concepts Of Feminine Psychology. New York: Brunner/Mazel. pp. 150. ISBN 978-0876307090.
  4. ^ Gilman, Sander L. (1 August 2001). "Karen Horney, M.D., 1885–1952". American Journal of Psychiatry. 158 (8): 1205. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1205. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 11481151.
  5. ^ a b Miletic, Michelle Price (2002). "The Introduction of a Feminine Psychology to Psychoanalysis". Contemporary Psychoanalysis. 38 (2): 287–299. doi:10.1080/00107530.2002.10747102. ISSN 0010-7530. S2CID 143402363.
  6. ^ Erwin, Edward (2002). The Freud Encyclopedia: Theory, Therapy, and Culture. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 179. ISBN 978-0415936774.
  7. ^ Klages, Mary (2017). Literary Theory: The Complete Guide. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 9781472592750.
  8. ^ Carducci, Bernardo (2009). The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 184. ISBN 9781405136358.
  9. ^ Winch, Robert F.; Horney, Karen (August 1946). "Our Inner Conflicts: A Constructive Theory of Neurosis". Marriage and Family Living. 8 (3): 56. doi:10.2307/348790. ISSN 0885-7059. JSTOR 348790.
  10. ^ Kelman, Harold (1967). "Karen Horney on feminine psychology". The American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 27 (1–2): 163–183. doi:10.1007/bf01873051. ISSN 0002-9548. PMID 4862394. S2CID 41571809.
  11. ^ a b "Nothing found for 2013 03 14 Modern Parenthood Roles Of Moms And Dads Converge As They Balance Work And Family %3E". Retrieved 22 February 2016.
  12. ^ Connelly, R; Kimmel, J (2015). "If You're Happy and You Know It: How Do Mothers and Fathers in the US Really Feel about Caring for Their Children?". Feminist Economics. 21: 1–34. doi:10.1080/13545701.2014.970210. S2CID 144510572.
  13. ^ Parker, Kim; Horowitz, Juliana Menasce; Stepler, Renee (5 December 2017). "2. Americans see different expectations for men and women". Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  14. ^ "Women Can't Do Math...Or Can They?". Pew Research Center. 31 August 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  15. ^ "Women are better at creating safe, respectful workplaces, say many in US". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  16. ^ a b Stuart, Jennifer J. (7 October 2008). "Work and motherhood: a clinical study". The American Psychoanalyst. Vol.42, No.1. Pp.22–23. Reprinted by Wellsphere (Archived version available here via Internet Archive. Archive date 5 October 2011.) Access date 9 February 2015.
  17. ^ Kapur, M (5 August 2005). "Balancing motherhood and a career". CNN.com International.
  18. ^ Resa, R (8 December 2009). "Give up a career or give up motherhood". The Huffington Post.

Sources

External links

  • Family and career path characteristics as predictors of women’s objective and subjective career success: Integrating traditional and protean career explanations 31 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  • an online exhibition by Yad Vashem

January 29, 2023
feminine, psychology, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, require, cleanup, meet, wikipedia, quality, standards, cleanup, reason, been, speci. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards No cleanup reason has been specified Please help improve this article if you can August 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article is written like a personal reflection personal essay or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor s personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style August 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas incidents or controversies Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view August 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Feminine psychology or the psychology of women is an approach that focuses on social economic and political issues confronting women all throughout their lives It emerged as a reaction to male dominated developmental theories such as Sigmund Freud s view of female sexuality The original work of Karen Horney argued that male realities cannot describe female psychology or define their gender because they are not informed by girls or women s experiences 1 Theorists who claimed this new feminist approach was required and that women s social existence was crucial in understanding their psychology 2 It is suggested in Dr Carol Gilligan s research that some characteristics of female psychology emerge to comply with the given social order defined by men and not necessarily because it is the nature of their gender or psychology 3 Contents 1 Horney s theory 2 Motherhood vs Career 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External linksHorney s theory EditThe feminine psychology approach is often attributed to the pioneering work of Karen Horney a psychologist from the late 19th century 4 She contradicted Sigmund Freud s psychoanalytic theory arguing that it is male dominated and therefore harbored biases and phallocentric views 5 Horney claimed that for this reason Freud s theory cannot describe femininity because it is informed by male reality and not by actual female experience 5 An example of this is Freud s proposition that the female personality tends to exhibit penis envy whereby a girl interprets her failure to possess a penis as a punishment for wrongdoing and later blames her mother 6 As Freud stated she has seen it and knows that she is without it and wants to have it 7 Horney argued that it is not penis envy but basic anxiety hostility and anger towards the opposite sex parent whom she views as competition for the affection of the same sex parent and thus views her as a direct threat to her safety and security 8 She believed as part of her feminine psychology theory that this aspect should be resolved based on interpersonal dynamics e g differences in social power rather than sexual dynamics citation needed Horney countered the Freudian concept she deconstructed penis envy and described it as nothing more than women wanting to express their own natural needs for success and the security that is characteristic of both sexes 9 There is an analogy that describes Horney s feminine psychology as optimistic of the world and life affirmation in comparison with Freud s pessimism oriented towards world and life negation 10 Motherhood vs Career EditOne dynamic outlined by feminine psychologists is the balancing act between more traditional roles of motherhood and the more modern role of a career woman The roles do not necessarily contradict each other additional income helps provide for the family and working mothers may feel as though they are making a contribution to society beyond the family Both mothers and fathers feel the pressure of balancing both work and family life and fathers spend more time at home and engage in child care and housework more than they did a century ago A study conducted by the Pew Research Center indicates that 42 of respondents believe that a mother who works part time is an ideal scenario while 16 think that working full time is ideal for mothers and the rest think that mothers should stay at home 46 of fathers also reported that they felt they were not spending enough time with their children fathers who responded to this Pew research survey were spending about half as much time providing child care as the mothers 15 of working fathers stated that it is very difficult to balance work and take care of their children 11 The same study found that 50 of working fathers say that it is at least somewhat difficult to balance work and child care responsibilities However fathers who are able to assist in child care report that they like doing so often even more so than mothers 12 The Pew Research Center also asked parents to rate how good of a job they are doing as parents It was found that most mothers and women rated themselves as doing an excellent or very good job but that working mothers rated themselves a lot higher than non working mothers did despite the fact that parents who felt they spent too little time with their children were less likely to rate themselves as doing an excellent job 11 The Pew Research Center has taken on several studies and surveys in order to research and investigate the differences 13 associated with feminine psychology 14 and the people s views on the progression of women in the workplace 15 and their place in the home According to a study conducted by Dr Jennifer Stuart 16 sometimes the history of the woman affects how she chooses to balance the two roles or if she will balance them at all Specifically Stuart asserts that the primary determinant is a woman s quality of her relationship with her mother Women whose mothers fostered feelings of both warm attachment and confident autonomy may find ways to enjoy their children and or work often modifying work and family environments in ways that favor both 16 Working women sometimes make compromises in their careers so that they can balance paid work and motherhood responsibilities These compromises include cutting back hours and accepting lower pay or a lower job status which can prevent women from becoming the top performers in a workplace 17 According to Dr Ramon Resa mothers have to remember that children are fairly resilient and will adapt to whatever changes are required They are also astute at sensing unhappiness disappointment and apathy 18 See also EditAnalytical psychology Feminization sociology Feminist psychologyReferences Edit Miletic Michelle Price October 2013 The Introduction of a Feminine Psychology to Psychoanalysis Contemporary Psychoanalysis 38 2 287 299 doi 10 1080 00107530 2002 10747102 ISSN 0010 7530 S2CID 143402363 Roazen Paul 2003 Cultural Foundations of Political Psychology Clt New Brunswick NJ Transaction Publishers p 259 ISBN 978 0765801821 Berger Milton 1994 Women Beyond Freud New Concepts Of Feminine Psychology New York Brunner Mazel pp 150 ISBN 978 0876307090 Gilman Sander L 1 August 2001 Karen Horney M D 1885 1952 American Journal of Psychiatry 158 8 1205 doi 10 1176 appi ajp 158 8 1205 ISSN 0002 953X PMID 11481151 a b Miletic Michelle Price 2002 The Introduction of a Feminine Psychology to Psychoanalysis Contemporary Psychoanalysis 38 2 287 299 doi 10 1080 00107530 2002 10747102 ISSN 0010 7530 S2CID 143402363 Erwin Edward 2002 The Freud Encyclopedia Theory Therapy and Culture London Taylor amp Francis p 179 ISBN 978 0415936774 Klages Mary 2017 Literary Theory The Complete Guide London Bloomsbury Publishing p 45 ISBN 9781472592750 Carducci Bernardo 2009 The Psychology of Personality Viewpoints Research and Applications Malden MA Wiley Blackwell p 184 ISBN 9781405136358 Winch Robert F Horney Karen August 1946 Our Inner Conflicts A Constructive Theory of Neurosis Marriage and Family Living 8 3 56 doi 10 2307 348790 ISSN 0885 7059 JSTOR 348790 Kelman Harold 1967 Karen Horney on feminine psychology The American Journal of Psychoanalysis 27 1 2 163 183 doi 10 1007 bf01873051 ISSN 0002 9548 PMID 4862394 S2CID 41571809 a b Nothing found for 2013 03 14 Modern Parenthood Roles Of Moms And Dads Converge As They Balance Work And Family 3E Retrieved 22 February 2016 Connelly R Kimmel J 2015 If You re Happy and You Know It How Do Mothers and Fathers in the US Really Feel about Caring for Their Children Feminist Economics 21 1 34 doi 10 1080 13545701 2014 970210 S2CID 144510572 Parker Kim Horowitz Juliana Menasce Stepler Renee 5 December 2017 2 Americans see different expectations for men and women Pew Research Center s Social amp Demographic Trends Project Retrieved 27 June 2022 Women Can t Do Math Or Can They Pew Research Center 31 August 2006 Retrieved 27 June 2022 Women are better at creating safe respectful workplaces say many in US Pew Research Center Retrieved 27 June 2022 a b Stuart Jennifer J 7 October 2008 Work and motherhood a clinical study The American Psychoanalyst Vol 42 No 1 Pp 22 23 Reprinted by Wellsphere Archived version available here via Internet Archive Archive date 5 October 2011 Access date 9 February 2015 Kapur M 5 August 2005 Balancing motherhood and a career CNN com International Resa R 8 December 2009 Give up a career or give up motherhood The Huffington Post Sources EditBrinjikji Hiam 1999 Property Rights of Women in Nineteenth Century England Unpublished manuscript Department of English University of Maryland College Park M D Retrieved from http www umd umich edu casl hum eng classes 434 geweb PROPERTY htmhttp webspace ship edu cgboer horney html permanent dead link Engler Barbara 2009 Personality Theories 8th Ed Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Print Horney amp Humanistic Psychoanalysis Major Concepts International Karen Horney Society N p 18JUN2002 Web 21 October 2010 Retrieved from https web archive org web 20110523100527 http plaza ufl edu bjparis horney fadiman 04 major html Perron Roger Inferiority Feeling of Encyclopedia com N p 2005 Web 21 October 2010 Retrieved from http www encyclopedia com doc 1G2 3435300700 html Lambert Tim n d 16th Century Women Retrieved from http www localhistories org women html Lowe Maggie 1989 Early College Women Determined to be Educated Unpublished manuscript Department of History State University of New York Potsdam NY Retrieved from https web archive org web 20101207145451 http www northnet org stlawrenceaauw college htm The Woman Suffrage Timeline 2007 Retrieved from http www thelizlibrary org suffrage Women in the Senate n d Retrieved from https www senate gov artandhistory history common briefing women senators htm Horney K 1967 The Flight from Womanhood The masculinity complex in women as viewed by men and by women In H Kelman Ed Feminine psychology New York Norton Schultz D Schultz S 2009 Theories of Personality 9th Ed New York Wadsworth Cengage Learning Hansen R Hansen J Pollycove R 2002 Mother nurture a mother s guide to health in body mind and intimate relationships New York Viking Penguin Kapur M 5 August 2005 Balancing motherhood and a career CNN com International Retrieved from http edition cnn com 2004 BUSINESS 08 04 maternity leave index html Resa R 8 December 2009 Give up a career or give up motherhood The Huffington Post Retrieved from http www huffingtonpost com ramon resa md give up a career or give b 383645 html Parker Kim Modern Parenthood Pew Research Center s Social Demographic Trends Project RSS Social and Demographic Trends 13 March 2013 Web 15 February 2016 Retrieved from http www pewsocialtrends org 2013 03 14 modern parenthood roles of moms and dads converge as they balance work and family Livingston Gretchen For most highly educated women motherhood doesn t start until the 30s Pew Research Center s Social Demographic Trends Project RSS Social and Demographic Trends 15 January 2015 Web 15 February 2016 Retrieved from http www pewresearch org fact tank 2015 01 15 for most highly educated women motherhood doesnt start until the 30s Jorge M Aguero and Mindy S Marks Motherhood and Female Labor Force Participation Evidence from Infertility Shocks The American Economic Review 98 no 2 2008 500 504 External links EditFamily and career path characteristics as predictors of women s objective and subjective career success Integrating traditional and protean career explanations Archived 31 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Spots of Light Women in the Holocaust an online exhibition by Yad Vashem Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Feminine psychology amp oldid 1125045520, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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