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Kam–Sui languages

January 01, 1970

The Kam–Sui languages (Chinese: 侗水語支; pinyin: Dòng-Shǔi) are a branch of the Kra–Dai languages spoken by the Kam–Sui peoples. They are spoken mainly in eastern Guizhou, western Hunan, and northern Guangxi in southern China. Small pockets of Kam–Sui speakers are also found in northern Vietnam and Laos.[1]

Kam–Sui
侗水語支
Dong–Shui
Geographic
distribution		eastern Guizhou, western Hunan, and northern Guangxi
Linguistic classificationKra–Dai
Proto-languageProto-Kam–Sui
Glottologkams1241

Classification edit

The Kam–Sui branch includes about a dozen languages. Solnit (1988)[2] considers Lakkia and Biao languages to be sister branches of Kam–Sui, rather than part of Kam–Sui itself.

The best known Kam–Sui languages are Dong (Kam), with over a million speakers, Mulam, Maonan, and Sui. Other Kam–Sui languages include Ai-Cham, Mak, and Tʻen, and Chadong, which is the most recently discovered Kam–Sui language. Yang (2000) considers Ai-Cham and Mak to be dialects of a single language.[3]

Thurgood (1988) edit

Graham Thurgood (1988) presents the following tentative classification for the Kam–Sui branch.[4] Chadong, a language that has been described only recently by Chinese linguist Jinfang Li, is also included below. It is most closely related to Maonan.[5] Cao Miao and Naxi Yao, which are closely related to Southern Dong, have also been added from Shi (2015).[6]

Norquest (2021) edit

Peter Norquest (2021:234) presents another classification for the Kam–Sui branch.[8]

Demographics edit

Nearly all speakers of Kam–Sui languages originate in the Qiandongnan (Dong) and Qiannan (Sui, Then, Mak, Ai-Cham) Prefectures of Guizhou, as well as the prefecture-level cities of Hechi (Mulam and Maonan) and Guilin (Chadong) in northern Guangxi. Many Kam–Sui speakers have also migrated to farther urban areas such as Guangzhou.

Small groups of Kam and Sui speakers also reside in Tuyên Quang Province, Vietnam, in the villages of Đồng Mộc and Hồng Quang, respectively.

By language edit

 
Population distribution of the Dong and other Kam-Sui ethnic groups in China

By location edit

(Listed counterclockwise: east to north to west to south)

By population edit

There is a total of about 2 million Kam–Sui speakers.

The four largest Kam–Sui ethnic groups, the Dong, Shui, Mulao, and Maonan, are officially recognized by the Chinese government. Non-recognized Kam–Sui ethnic groups (Chadong, Then, Mak, Ai-Cham) who can still speak their own languages number less than 50,000.

  1. Dong: about 1,500,000 speakers; 1.7 million in 1995
  2. Sui: 300,000 speakers
  3. Mulam: 86,000 speakers (ethnic population: 200,000)
  4. Maonan: 30,000 speakers (ethnic population: 100,000)
  5. Chadong: 20,000 speakers
  6. Then: 15,000 speakers
  7. Mak: 10,000 speakers
  8. Ai-Cham: 2,700 speakers

Other languages edit

Main article: List of unrecognized ethnic groups of Guizhou

The following language varieties are closely related to, or part of, Southern Dong.

  • Mjuniang 谬娘 or Cao Miao 草苗 (ISO 639-3: cov): 60,000 (1991) in Liping, Tongdao, and Sanjiang; closely related to Dong.[6][9] Speakers are classified as ethnic Miao.
  • Naxi Yao 那溪瑶 (autonym: mu2 ɲiu1) is spoken by 2,500 people in Naxi Township 那溪瑶族乡, Dongkou County, Hunan Province, China.[6]
  • Diao 调 (刁人): 2,000 (1999) in southeastern Guizhou around Liping and Congjiang; may speak Chinese or Dong.[10] Speakers are classified as ethnic Dong. Diao (tjau13) is a Cao Miao subgroup according to Shi (2015:43).[6]

The Sanqiao language (Qiaohua 锹话) is a mixed language of Miao, Dong, and Chinese origins.[11] Sanqiao 三锹 (三橇) is spoken by 5,000 people (1999) in Liping and Jinping counties, Guizhou.[12][11] Speakers are classified as either ethnic Miao or Dong.[13]

The following peoples may also speak Kam–Sui languages.[14]

  • Xialusi 下路司: 3,000 (1999) in southeastern Guizhou; classified as Dong, but their linguistic affiliation is unknown (possibly Kam-Sui).[15] Speakers are classified as ethnic Dong.
  • Shui of Yunnan: 6,800 (1990) in Huangnihe 黃泥河 and Gugan 古敢水族乡,[16] Fuyuan County, Yunnan; 490 (1990) in Dahe and Long'an of Yiliang County.[17] In Gugan, there is a village cluster known as the "Five Shui Villages" 水五寨,[18] consisting of Buzhang 补掌,[19] Dongla 咚喇,[20] Reshui 热水,[21] Dazhai 大寨,[22] and Duzhang 都章.[23] It is still spoken in Xinbao Village 新堡村, Laochang Township 老厂乡, Fuyuan County, Yunnan.[24][25] Also in Dacunzi 大村子, Geyi Township 格宜镇, Xuanwei City.[26][27] However, these are actually all Northern Tai languages (Bouyei) according to Hsiu (2013).[28]

There are also some languages in southeastern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, and southwestern Hunan that have been influenced by Kam–Sui languages, such as Suantang 酸汤 and Tongdao Pinghua, a Pinghua lect spoken in Tongdao Dong Autonomous County, Hunan.[29] Kam–Sui languages are also in contact with Suantang 酸汤, a Sinitic language spoken by about 80,000 ethnic Miao in Baibu 白布, Dihu 地湖, Dabaozi 大堡子, and Sanqiao 三锹 in Tianzhu, Huitong, and Jing counties (Chen Qiguang 2013:35).[30] Suantang is very similar to New Xiang (新湘语), but is unintelligible with Southwestern Mandarin.

Reconstruction edit

Main article: Proto-Kam–Sui language

The Proto-Kam–Sui language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Kam–Sui languages.

See also edit

  • Hunan Kam-Sui languages comparative vocabulary list (Wiktionary)

References edit

  1. ^ . Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  2. ^ Solnit, David B. (1988). "The Position of Lakkia Within Kadai". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B. (eds.). Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 219–238.
  3. ^ Yang, Tongyin 杨通银 (2000). Mò yǔ yánjiū 莫语研究 [A Study of Mak] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-81056-427-4.
  4. ^ Thurgood (1988)
  5. ^ a b Li, Jinfang (2008). "Chadong, a Newly-Discovered Kam–Sui Language in Northern Guangxi". In Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerold A.; Luo, Yongxian (eds.). The Tai–Kadai Languages. New York: Routledge. pp. 596–620.
  6. ^ a b c d Shi, Lin 石林 (2015). Xiāng-Qián-Guì biānqū de sān gè zúqún fāngyán dǎo 湘黔桂边区的三个族群方言岛 [Three Language Varieties of the Hunan-Guizhou-Guangxi Border Region] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-5161-6494-5.
  7. ^ Lin, Shi; Cui, Jianxin (1988). "An Investigation of the Ai-Cham Language". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B. (eds.). Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 59–85.
  8. ^ Norquest, Peter (2021). "Classification of (Tai-)Kadai/Kra-Dai languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 225–246. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-013. ISBN 9783110558142. S2CID 238672319.
  9. ^ "Mjuniang" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-08-31 – via Asia Harvest.
  10. ^ "Diao" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-08-31 – via Asia Harvest.
  11. ^ a b Lu, Xiangzhi 陆湘之 (2014-12-12). . 中国花苗网 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-09-16. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
  12. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2012-10-16 – via Asia Harvest.
  13. ^ Wu, Anbi 吴安毕; Ke, Zhenhao 柯震豪 (1992). . Rénkǒu yánjiū 人口研究 (in Chinese). 16 (4): 43–45. Archived from the original on 2017-09-16.
  14. ^ . Asia Harvest. Archived from the original on 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
  15. ^ "Xialusi" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-08-31 – via Asia Harvest.
  16. ^ [Gugan Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  17. ^ "Shui, Yunnan" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-08-31 – via Asia Harvest.
  18. ^ http://file.lw23.com/5/54/542/5426d856-8bbb-4108-a310-96caa7bace36.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  19. ^ [Buzhang Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  20. ^ [Dongla Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  21. ^ [Reshuilaozhai Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  22. ^ [Dazhai Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  23. ^ "Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Dōuzhāng Cūn" 富源县古敢水族乡补掌村委会都章村 [Duzhang Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  24. ^ Hai, Zuoliang 海佐良 (2006). . Jīnrì mínzú 今日民族 (in Chinese). 2006 (4): 32–33. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  25. ^ "Fùyuán Xiàn Lǎochǎng Xiāng Xīnbǎo Cūnwěihuì Lèé Cūn" 富源县老厂乡新堡村委会乐额村 [Le'e Village, Xinbao Village Committee, Laochang Township, Fuyuan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  26. ^ [Dacunzi Village, Daping Village Committee, Geyi Town, Xuanwei City]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  27. ^ "Qūjìng mínzú yuánliú gàishù" 曲靖民族源流概述 (in Chinese). from the original on 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2013-03-08 – via Baidu.
  28. ^ Hsiu, Andrew (2013). ""Shui" Varieties of Western Guizhou and Yunnan". doi:10.5281/zenodo.1133488. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  29. ^ Peng, Jianguo 彭建国; He, Yuna 何妤娜 (2010). [The Phonetic System and Belongingness of "Bendihua" of Tongdao]. Yúnmèng xué kān / Journal of Yunmeng (in Chinese). 31 (4): 138–141. Archived from the original on 2021-08-30 – via Baidu.
  30. ^ Chen, Qiguang 陈其光 (2013). Miáo Yáo yǔwén 苗瑶语文 [Miao and Yao Language] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.

Further reading edit

  • Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerold A.; Luo, Yongxian, eds. (2014) [First published 2005]. The Tai-Kadai Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-700-71457-5.
  • Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B., eds. (1988). Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. ISBN 0-88312-066-6.
  • Peiros, Ilia (1998). Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-C142. hdl:1885/146631. ISBN 0-85883-489-8.
  • Thurgood, Graham (1988). "Notes on the Reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B. (eds.). Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 179–218.

External links edit

    January 01, 1970
    languages, chinese, 侗水語支, pinyin, dòng, shǔi, branch, languages, spoken, peoples, they, spoken, mainly, eastern, guizhou, western, hunan, northern, guangxi, southern, china, small, pockets, speakers, also, found, northern, vietnam, laos, sui侗水語支dong, shuigeogr. The Kam Sui languages Chinese 侗水語支 pinyin Dong Shǔi are a branch of the Kra Dai languages spoken by the Kam Sui peoples They are spoken mainly in eastern Guizhou western Hunan and northern Guangxi in southern China Small pockets of Kam Sui speakers are also found in northern Vietnam and Laos 1 Kam Sui侗水語支Dong ShuiGeographicdistributioneastern Guizhou western Hunan and northern GuangxiLinguistic classificationKra DaiKam Tai Kam SuiProto languageProto Kam SuiGlottologkams1241 Contents 1 Classification 1 1 Thurgood 1988 1 2 Norquest 2021 2 Demographics 2 1 By language 2 2 By location 2 3 By population 3 Other languages 4 Reconstruction 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksClassification editThe Kam Sui branch includes about a dozen languages Solnit 1988 2 considers Lakkia and Biao languages to be sister branches of Kam Sui rather than part of Kam Sui itself The best known Kam Sui languages are Dong Kam with over a million speakers Mulam Maonan and Sui Other Kam Sui languages include Ai Cham Mak and Tʻen and Chadong which is the most recently discovered Kam Sui language Yang 2000 considers Ai Cham and Mak to be dialects of a single language 3 Thurgood 1988 edit Graham Thurgood 1988 presents the following tentative classification for the Kam Sui branch 4 Chadong a language that has been described only recently by Chinese linguist Jinfang Li is also included below It is most closely related to Maonan 5 Cao Miao and Naxi Yao which are closely related to Southern Dong have also been added from Shi 2015 6 Kam Sui Mulam Kam Dong Cao Miao Naxi Yao Then Maonan Chadong 5 Sui Mak Ai Cham 7 Norquest 2021 edit Peter Norquest 2021 234 presents another classification for the Kam Sui branch 8 Kam ui Mulam Northern Kam Sui Kam Macro Sui T en Greater Sui Sui Para Sui Chadong Maonan Ai Cham Mak Ai Cham MakDemographics editNearly all speakers of Kam Sui languages originate in the Qiandongnan Dong and Qiannan Sui Then Mak Ai Cham Prefectures of Guizhou as well as the prefecture level cities of Hechi Mulam and Maonan and Guilin Chadong in northern Guangxi Many Kam Sui speakers have also migrated to farther urban areas such as Guangzhou Small groups of Kam and Sui speakers also reside in Tuyen Quang Province Vietnam in the villages of Đồng Mộc and Hồng Quang respectively By language edit nbsp Population distribution of the Dong and other Kam Sui ethnic groups in China Mulam 佬 Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County 罗城仫佬族自治县 Hechi northern Guangxi Qiandongnan Prefecture southeastern Guizhou Dong 侗 Qiandongnan Prefecture southeastern Guizhou Then 佯僙 佯爷 Pingtang County 平塘县 Qiannan Prefecture southern Guizhou Maonan 毛南 Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County 环江毛南族自治县 Hechi northern Guangxi Chadong 茶洞 Chadong Township Lingui County 临桂县 Guilin northeastern Guangxi Sui 水 Sandu Shui Autonomous County 黔南布依族苗族自治州 Qiannan Prefecture southern Guizhou Mak Mojia 莫 Libo County 荔波县 Qiannan Prefecture southern Guizhou Ai Cham 锦 Libo County 荔波县 Qiannan Prefecture southern Guizhou By location edit Listed counterclockwise east to north to west to south Guizhou Qiandongnan Dong 1 500 000 speakers Qiannan Sandu County Sui 300 000 speakers Pingtang County Then 15 000 speakers Libo County Mak and Ai Cham 10 000 and 2 700 speakers Guangxi Hechi Luocheng County Mulam 86 000 speakers Huanjiang County Maonan 30 000 speakers Guilin Lingui County Chadong 20 000 speakers By population edit There is a total of about 2 million Kam Sui speakers The four largest Kam Sui ethnic groups the Dong Shui Mulao and Maonan are officially recognized by the Chinese government Non recognized Kam Sui ethnic groups Chadong Then Mak Ai Cham who can still speak their own languages number less than 50 000 Dong about 1 500 000 speakers 1 7 million in 1995 Sui 300 000 speakers Mulam 86 000 speakers ethnic population 200 000 Maonan 30 000 speakers ethnic population 100 000 Chadong 20 000 speakers Then 15 000 speakers Mak 10 000 speakers Ai Cham 2 700 speakersOther languages editMain article List of unrecognized ethnic groups of Guizhou The following language varieties are closely related to or part of Southern Dong Mjuniang 谬娘 or Cao Miao 草苗 ISO 639 3 cov 60 000 1991 in Liping Tongdao and Sanjiang closely related to Dong 6 9 Speakers are classified as ethnic Miao Naxi Yao 那溪瑶 autonym mu2 ɲiu1 is spoken by 2 500 people in Naxi Township 那溪瑶族乡 Dongkou County Hunan Province China 6 Diao 调 刁人 2 000 1999 in southeastern Guizhou around Liping and Congjiang may speak Chinese or Dong 10 Speakers are classified as ethnic Dong Diao tjau13 is a Cao Miao subgroup according to Shi 2015 43 6 The Sanqiao language Qiaohua 锹话 is a mixed language of Miao Dong and Chinese origins 11 Sanqiao 三锹 三橇 is spoken by 5 000 people 1999 in Liping and Jinping counties Guizhou 12 11 Speakers are classified as either ethnic Miao or Dong 13 The following peoples may also speak Kam Sui languages 14 Xialusi 下路司 3 000 1999 in southeastern Guizhou classified as Dong but their linguistic affiliation is unknown possibly Kam Sui 15 Speakers are classified as ethnic Dong Shui of Yunnan 6 800 1990 in Huangnihe 黃泥河 and Gugan 古敢水族乡 16 Fuyuan County Yunnan 490 1990 in Dahe and Long an of Yiliang County 17 In Gugan there is a village cluster known as the Five Shui Villages 水五寨 18 consisting of Buzhang 补掌 19 Dongla 咚喇 20 Reshui 热水 21 Dazhai 大寨 22 and Duzhang 都章 23 It is still spoken in Xinbao Village 新堡村 Laochang Township 老厂乡 Fuyuan County Yunnan 24 25 Also in Dacunzi 大村子 Geyi Township 格宜镇 Xuanwei City 26 27 However these are actually all Northern Tai languages Bouyei according to Hsiu 2013 28 There are also some languages in southeastern Guizhou northern Guangxi and southwestern Hunan that have been influenced by Kam Sui languages such as Suantang 酸汤 and Tongdao Pinghua a Pinghua lect spoken in Tongdao Dong Autonomous County Hunan 29 Kam Sui languages are also in contact with Suantang 酸汤 a Sinitic language spoken by about 80 000 ethnic Miao in Baibu 白布 Dihu 地湖 Dabaozi 大堡子 and Sanqiao 三锹 in Tianzhu Huitong and Jing counties Chen Qiguang 2013 35 30 Suantang is very similar to New Xiang 新湘语 but is unintelligible with Southwestern Mandarin Reconstruction editMain article Proto Kam Sui language The Proto Kam Sui language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Kam Sui languages See also editHunan Kam Sui languages comparative vocabulary list Wiktionary References edit Map amp Language Descriptions Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam Archived from the original on 2012 02 07 Retrieved 2010 12 02 Solnit David B 1988 The Position of Lakkia Within Kadai In Edmondson Jerold A Solnit David B eds Comparative Kadai Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86 Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington pp 219 238 Yang Tongyin 杨通银 2000 Mo yǔ yanjiu 莫语研究 A Study of Mak in Chinese Beijing Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe ISBN 978 7 81056 427 4 Thurgood 1988 a b Li Jinfang 2008 Chadong a Newly Discovered Kam Sui Language in Northern Guangxi In Diller Anthony Edmondson Jerold A Luo Yongxian eds The Tai Kadai Languages New York Routledge pp 596 620 a b c d Shi Lin 石林 2015 Xiang Qian Gui bianqu de san ge zuqun fangyan dǎo 湘黔桂边区的三个族群方言岛 Three Language Varieties of the Hunan Guizhou Guangxi Border Region in Chinese Beijing Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe ISBN 978 7 5161 6494 5 Lin Shi Cui Jianxin 1988 An Investigation of the Ai Cham Language In Edmondson Jerold A Solnit David B eds Comparative Kadai Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86 Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington pp 59 85 Norquest Peter 2021 Classification of Tai Kadai Kra Dai languages The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia De Gruyter pp 225 246 doi 10 1515 9783110558142 013 ISBN 9783110558142 S2CID 238672319 Mjuniang PDF Retrieved 2021 08 31 via Asia Harvest Diao PDF Retrieved 2021 08 31 via Asia Harvest a b Lu Xiangzhi 陆湘之 2014 12 12 Qiao ren shi kǎo 锹人 释考 中国花苗网 in Chinese Archived from the original on 2017 09 16 Retrieved 2015 03 25 Sanqiao PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2015 04 02 Retrieved 2012 10 16 via Asia Harvest Wu Anbi 吴安毕 Ke Zhenhao 柯震豪 1992 Guizhōu dai shibie minzu renkǒu de chubu fenxi 贵州待识别民族人口的初步分析 Renkǒu yanjiu 人口研究 in Chinese 16 4 43 45 Archived from the original on 2017 09 16 China Asia Harvest Archived from the original on 2013 08 01 Retrieved 2013 07 19 Xialusi PDF Retrieved 2021 08 31 via Asia Harvest Fuyuan Xian Gǔgǎn Shuǐzu Xiang Gǔgǎn Cunweihui 富源县古敢水族乡古敢村委会 Gugan Village Committee Gugan Shui Ethnic Township Fuyuan County ynszxc net in Chinese Archived from the original on 2018 12 30 Retrieved 2018 12 30 Shui Yunnan PDF Retrieved 2021 08 31 via Asia Harvest http file lw23 com 5 54 542 5426d856 8bbb 4108 a310 96caa7bace36 pdf bare URL PDF Fuyuan Xian Gǔgǎn Shuǐzu Xiang Bǔzhǎng Cunweihui Bǔzhǎng Cun 富源县古敢水族乡补掌村委会补掌村 Buzhang Village Buzhang Village Committee Gugan Shui Ethnic Township Fuyuan County ynszxc net in Chinese Archived from the original on 2018 12 30 Retrieved 2018 12 30 Fuyuan Xian Gǔgǎn Shuǐzu Xiang Bǔzhǎng Cunweihui Dōnglǎ Cun 富源县古敢水族乡补掌村委会咚喇村 Dongla Village Buzhang Village Committee Gugan Shui Ethnic Township Fuyuan County ynszxc net in Chinese Archived from the original on 2018 12 30 Retrieved 2018 12 30 Fuyuan Xian Gǔgǎn Shuǐzu Xiang Bǔzhǎng Cunweihui Reshuǐlǎozhai Cun 富源县古敢水族乡补掌村委会热水老寨村 Reshuilaozhai Village Buzhang Village Committee Gugan Shui Ethnic Township Fuyuan County ynszxc net in Chinese Archived from the original on 2018 12 30 Retrieved 2018 12 30 Fuyuan Xian Gǔgǎn Shuǐzu Xiang Bǔzhǎng Cunweihui Dazhai Cun 富源县古敢水族乡补掌村委会大寨村 Dazhai Village Buzhang Village Committee Gugan Shui Ethnic Township Fuyuan County ynszxc net in Chinese Archived from the original on 2018 12 30 Retrieved 2018 12 30 Fuyuan Xian Gǔgǎn Shuǐzu Xiang Bǔzhǎng Cunweihui Dōuzhang Cun 富源县古敢水族乡补掌村委会都章村 Duzhang Village Buzhang Village Committee Gugan Shui Ethnic Township Fuyuan County ynszxc net in Chinese Archived from the original on 2018 12 30 Retrieved 2018 12 30 Hai Zuoliang 海佐良 2006 Yunnan shuǐzu yǔyan zuihou de yuyin 云南水族语言最后的余音 Jinri minzu 今日民族 in Chinese 2006 4 32 33 Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Fuyuan Xian Lǎochǎng Xiang Xinbǎo Cunweihui Lee Cun 富源县老厂乡新堡村委会乐额村 Le e Village Xinbao Village Committee Laochang Township Fuyuan County ynszxc net in Chinese Archived from the original on 2018 12 30 Retrieved 2018 12 30 Xuanwei Shi Geyi Zhen Daping Cunweihui Dacunzi Cun 宣威市格宜镇大坪村委会大村子村 Dacunzi Village Daping Village Committee Geyi Town Xuanwei City ynszxc net in Chinese Archived from the original on 2018 12 30 Retrieved 2018 12 30 Qujing minzu yuanliu gaishu 曲靖民族源流概述 in Chinese Archived from the original on 2021 08 30 Retrieved 2013 03 08 via Baidu Hsiu Andrew 2013 Shui Varieties of Western Guizhou and Yunnan doi 10 5281 zenodo 1133488 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Peng Jianguo 彭建国 He Yuna 何妤娜 2010 Hunan Tōngdao dongzu Bendihua de yǔyin xitǒng ji qi guishǔ 湖南通道侗族 本地话 的语音系统及其归属 The Phonetic System and Belongingness of Bendihua of Tongdao Yunmeng xue kan Journal of Yunmeng in Chinese 31 4 138 141 Archived from the original on 2021 08 30 via Baidu Chen Qiguang 陈其光 2013 Miao Yao yǔwen 苗瑶语文 Miao and Yao Language in Chinese Beijing Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe Further reading editDiller Anthony Edmondson Jerold A Luo Yongxian eds 2014 First published 2005 The Tai Kadai Languages London Routledge ISBN 978 0 700 71457 5 Edmondson Jerold A Solnit David B eds 1988 Comparative Kadai Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86 Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington ISBN 0 88312 066 6 Peiros Ilia 1998 Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia Canberra Pacific Linguistics doi 10 15144 PL C142 hdl 1885 146631 ISBN 0 85883 489 8 Thurgood Graham 1988 Notes on the Reconstruction of Proto Kam Sui In Edmondson Jerold A Solnit David B eds Comparative Kadai Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86 Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington pp 179 218 External links editABVD Proto Kam Sui word list Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kam Sui languages amp oldid 1169488186, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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