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Kadu language

March 03, 2023

For the Kadu languages of east Africa, see Kadu languages. For the Southern Loloish language of Yunnan, see Kaduo language.

Kadu or Kado is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Sal branch spoken in Sagaing Region, Myanmar. Dialects are Settaw, Mawkhwin, and Mawteik [extinct], with 30,000 speakers total.

Kadu
Asak
Native toMyanmar
RegionSagaing Region
EthnicityKadu
Native speakers
30,000 (2007)[1]
Dialects
  • Mawteik
  • Settaw
  • Mawkhwin
Language codes
ISO 639-3zkd
Glottologkadu1254
ELPKadu

Names

Alternate names for Kadu listed in Ethnologue are Gadu, Ka’do, Kadu-Ganaan, Kantu’, Kato, Kudo, Maw, Mawteik, Puteik, and Thet; the autonym is Asak.

Geographical distribution

Statistics for Kadu-speaking villages are as follows:[1]

  • Over 30 villages speaking the Mawteik dialect (nearly extinct)
  • Over 30 villages speaking the Settaw dialect
  • 5 villages speaking the Mawkhwin dialect

The speakers of the Kadu language live in Banmauk, Indaw, and Pinlebu, which are three townships in the Katha District, Sagaing Region, Myanmar. Among these three, Banmauk has the largest Kadu population and Pinlebu has the smallest Kadu population.[2]

There is low mutual intelligibility among the Kadu dialects.

History

The Kadu were the dominant ethnic group in the Chindwin River valley at the beginning of the early 2nd millennium A.D. until the Chin people and subsequently the Shan people migrated into the Chindwin Valley (Matisoff 2013:13).[3]

Phonology

Vowels

Kadu vowels consist of eight monophthongs and a diphthong /ai/.[4]

Consonants

Kadu has 20 consonants.

Bilabial Alveolar Alveolo-palatal Palatal Velar Glottal
plain aspirated plain aspirated plain aspirated plain aspirated
Stop p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ ʔ
Affricate t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰ
Fricative s sʰ ɕ h
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Approximant l j w

The final consonants need to be nasals /m, n, ŋ/ or voiceless stops /p, t, k, ʔ/.[2]

Tone

Kadu has three tones; high, mid, and low.

Syllabic structure

C1C2V1V2C3

C: Consonant

V: Vowel

C1: necessary, this can be any Kadu consonant except unvoiced nasals.

C2: optional, this can be only /l, w, y/.

V1: necessary, this can be any Kadu vowel, however, /ɘ/ appears only in the form of CɘC.

V2: optional.

C3: optional, this can be only /p, t, m, n, ʔ, ŋ/.[4]

Grammar

Kadu is an SOV language.[4]

Nouns

Abstract nouns such as freedom, love, experience, and anger are not attested in the Kadu noun class. They are usually expressed by verbs or adjectival verbs.

The language has two categories of nouns:

1, So called "simple nouns" are treated as monomorphemic by the native speakers.

2, Nouns known as "complex nouns" are polymorphemic, and most of the complex nouns come from the process of compounding.

Verbs

Adjectives that expresses dimensions and qualities such as "tong" (=big) and "lom" (=warm) function as verbs, and are categorized as verbs.

The verbs are structurally categorized as:

1, Simple verbs, which are treated as monomorphemic words by the native speakers.

and

2, Polymorphemic complex verbs.

Kadu verbs may be reduplicated using the same morpheme or may take attendant words to express the repeated or frequent actions.

V-V constructions function as resultative, directional, evaluative, explanatory, or manner.

Adverbs

The adverbs are also "simple" or "complex" like nouns and verbs.

One thing to point up is that the complex adverbs are derived from verbs or nominals by the processes of reduplication or semi-reduplication.

Numerals

Most of the native numerals in Kadu are lost.

Numerals are always attached to classifiers, although classifiers do not occur with multiples of ten.

As for ordinal numbers, Burmese ordinal numbers are used because the original ordinal numbers are already lost.

Pronouns

singular plural
1st person nga maleq
2nd person nang haning
3rd person hing antak, matak

Quantifiers

Quantifiers follow the head noun they quantify.

Particles

There are nominal relational markers, verbal particles, clausal particles, utterance final particles, and speaker attitude particles.

Interrogatives

Yes/no interrogatives

Yes/no questions are formed by simply adding either of the two interrogative particles "la" and "ka" at the end of the phrase.

Alternative questions

Yes/no questions can also be expressed by an alternative interrogative expression like "is it A or not A", which can be found in Mandarin Chinese as well.

Tag questions

Interrogative sentences can be made by adding "chi" (=true) at the end of sentences, like "right?" in English language.

Wh- questions

Wh- questions are formed by attaching the Wh-word forming morphemes, "ma" or "ha", to specific nomials or nominal postpositions.

Wh- question words also may function as indefinite pronouns such as "whatever", "anyone" and so on.

Negation

Verbs can be negated by negative proclitics, "a-" and "in-".[2]

Words

English Kadu
iron /shen/
sweet /ti=ma/
tie /hop=ma/
child/son /sha/
salt /sum/
earth /ka/
seven /set/
eat /youʔ=ma/
give /ʔi=ma/
star /ʔuluɕi/

[4]

References

  1. ^ a b Kadu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)  
  2. ^ a b c Sangdong, David (2012). A grammar of the Kadu (Asak) language (Ph.D. thesis). La Trobe University. hdl:1959.9/528876.
  3. ^ Matisoff, James A. 2013. Re-examining the genetic position of Jingpho: putting flesh on the bones of the Jingpho/Luish relationship. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 36(2). 1–106.
  4. ^ a b c d Huziwara, Keisuke (2013). "カドゥー語音韻論" (PDF). 東南アジア研究. Retrieved 1 May 2016.

Further reading

  • Benedict, P. K. (1939). Semantic differentiation in Indo-Chinese. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 4(3/4), 213–229. Retrieved February 12, 2016 JSTOR 2717775
  • Brown, R. G. (1920). Kadus of Burma. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 1(3), 1-28. Retrieved February 12, 2016 JSTOR 607587
  • Driem, G. V. (1993). The proto-Tibeto-Burman verbal agreement system. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 56(2), 292–334. Retrieved February 12, 2016 JSTOR 619904
  • Grierson, G. (1921). Kadu and its relatives. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 2(1), 39–41. Retrieved February 12, 2016 JSTOR 607735
  • Shafer, R. (1940). The vocalism of Sino-Tibetan. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 60(3), 302–337. Retrieved February 12, 2016, JSTOR 594419
  • Thurgood, G., & LaPolla, R. J. (2003). The Sino-Tibetan languages.
  • Voegelin, C. F., & Voegelin, F. M. (1965). Languages of the world: Sino-Tibetan fascicle five. Anthropological Linguistics, 7(6), 1-58. Retrieved February 12, 2016 JSTOR 30022507

External links

  • Sample of Spoken Kadu

March 03, 2023
kadu, language, east, africa, southern, loloish, language, yunnan, kaduo, language, kadu, kado, sino, tibetan, language, branch, spoken, sagaing, region, myanmar, dialects, settaw, mawkhwin, mawteik, extinct, with, speakers, total, kaduasaknative, tomyanmarreg. For the Kadu languages of east Africa see Kadu languages For the Southern Loloish language of Yunnan see Kaduo language Kadu or Kado is a Sino Tibetan language of the Sal branch spoken in Sagaing Region Myanmar Dialects are Settaw Mawkhwin and Mawteik extinct with 30 000 speakers total KaduAsakNative toMyanmarRegionSagaing RegionEthnicityKaduNative speakers30 000 2007 1 Language familySino Tibetan SalJingpho LuishLuishKaduDialectsMawteik Settaw MawkhwinLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code zkd class extiw title iso639 3 zkd zkd a Glottologkadu1254ELPKadu Contents 1 Names 2 Geographical distribution 3 History 4 Phonology 4 1 Vowels 4 2 Consonants 4 3 Tone 4 4 Syllabic structure 5 Grammar 5 1 Nouns 5 2 Verbs 5 3 Adverbs 5 4 Numerals 5 5 Pronouns 5 6 Quantifiers 5 7 Particles 5 8 Interrogatives 5 8 1 Yes no interrogatives 5 8 2 Alternative questions 5 8 3 Tag questions 5 8 4 Wh questions 5 9 Negation 6 Words 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksNames EditAlternate names for Kadu listed in Ethnologue are Gadu Ka do Kadu Ganaan Kantu Kato Kudo Maw Mawteik Puteik and Thet the autonym is Asak Geographical distribution EditStatistics for Kadu speaking villages are as follows 1 Over 30 villages speaking the Mawteik dialect nearly extinct Over 30 villages speaking the Settaw dialect 5 villages speaking the Mawkhwin dialectThe speakers of the Kadu language live in Banmauk Indaw and Pinlebu which are three townships in the Katha District Sagaing Region Myanmar Among these three Banmauk has the largest Kadu population and Pinlebu has the smallest Kadu population 2 There is low mutual intelligibility among the Kadu dialects History EditThe Kadu were the dominant ethnic group in the Chindwin River valley at the beginning of the early 2nd millennium A D until the Chin people and subsequently the Shan people migrated into the Chindwin Valley Matisoff 2013 13 3 Phonology EditVowels Edit Kadu vowels consist of eight monophthongs and a diphthong ai 4 Front Central BackClose i uClose mid e ɘ oOpen mid ɛ ɔOpen aConsonants Edit Kadu has 20 consonants Bilabial Alveolar Alveolo palatal Palatal Velar Glottalplain aspirated plain aspirated plain aspirated plain aspiratedStop p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ ʔAffricate t ɕ t ɕʰFricative s sʰ ɕ hNasal m n ɲ ŋApproximant l j wThe final consonants need to be nasals m n ŋ or voiceless stops p t k ʔ 2 Tone Edit Kadu has three tones high mid and low Syllabic structure Edit C1C2V1V2C3C ConsonantV VowelC1 necessary this can be any Kadu consonant except unvoiced nasals C2 optional this can be only l w y V1 necessary this can be any Kadu vowel however ɘ appears only in the form of CɘC V2 optional C3 optional this can be only p t m n ʔ ŋ 4 Grammar EditKadu is an SOV language 4 Nouns Edit Abstract nouns such as freedom love experience and anger are not attested in the Kadu noun class They are usually expressed by verbs or adjectival verbs The language has two categories of nouns 1 So called simple nouns are treated as monomorphemic by the native speakers 2 Nouns known as complex nouns are polymorphemic and most of the complex nouns come from the process of compounding Verbs Edit Adjectives that expresses dimensions and qualities such as tong big and lom warm function as verbs and are categorized as verbs The verbs are structurally categorized as 1 Simple verbs which are treated as monomorphemic words by the native speakers and2 Polymorphemic complex verbs Kadu verbs may be reduplicated using the same morpheme or may take attendant words to express the repeated or frequent actions V V constructions function as resultative directional evaluative explanatory or manner Adverbs Edit The adverbs are also simple or complex like nouns and verbs One thing to point up is that the complex adverbs are derived from verbs or nominals by the processes of reduplication or semi reduplication Numerals Edit Most of the native numerals in Kadu are lost Numerals are always attached to classifiers although classifiers do not occur with multiples of ten As for ordinal numbers Burmese ordinal numbers are used because the original ordinal numbers are already lost Pronouns Edit singular plural1st person nga maleq2nd person nang haning3rd person hing antak matakQuantifiers Edit Quantifiers follow the head noun they quantify Particles Edit There are nominal relational markers verbal particles clausal particles utterance final particles and speaker attitude particles Interrogatives Edit Yes no interrogatives Edit Yes no questions are formed by simply adding either of the two interrogative particles la and ka at the end of the phrase Alternative questions Edit Yes no questions can also be expressed by an alternative interrogative expression like is it A or not A which can be found in Mandarin Chinese as well Tag questions Edit Interrogative sentences can be made by adding chi true at the end of sentences like right in English language Wh questions Edit Wh questions are formed by attaching the Wh word forming morphemes ma or ha to specific nomials or nominal postpositions Wh question words also may function as indefinite pronouns such as whatever anyone and so on Negation Edit Verbs can be negated by negative proclitics a and in 2 Words EditEnglish Kaduiron shen sweet ti ma tie hop ma child son sha salt sum earth ka seven set eat youʔ ma give ʔi ma star ʔuluɕi 4 References Edit a b Kadu at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 a b c Sangdong David 2012 A grammar of the Kadu Asak language Ph D thesis La Trobe University hdl 1959 9 528876 Matisoff James A 2013 Re examining the genetic position of Jingpho putting flesh on the bones of the Jingpho Luish relationship Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area 36 2 1 106 a b c d Huziwara Keisuke 2013 カドゥー語音韻論 PDF 東南アジア研究 Retrieved 1 May 2016 Further reading EditBenedict P K 1939 Semantic differentiation in Indo Chinese Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 4 3 4 213 229 Retrieved February 12 2016 JSTOR 2717775 Brown R G 1920 Kadus of Burma Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 1 3 1 28 Retrieved February 12 2016 JSTOR 607587 Driem G V 1993 The proto Tibeto Burman verbal agreement system Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 56 2 292 334 Retrieved February 12 2016 JSTOR 619904 Grierson G 1921 Kadu and its relatives Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 2 1 39 41 Retrieved February 12 2016 JSTOR 607735 Shafer R 1940 The vocalism of Sino Tibetan Journal of the American Oriental Society 60 3 302 337 Retrieved February 12 2016 JSTOR 594419 Thurgood G amp LaPolla R J 2003 The Sino Tibetan languages Voegelin C F amp Voegelin F M 1965 Languages of the world Sino Tibetan fascicle five Anthropological Linguistics 7 6 1 58 Retrieved February 12 2016 JSTOR 30022507External links EditSample of Spoken Kadu Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kadu language amp oldid 1137887795, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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