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KALIBAPI

March 19, 2023

The Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (Association for Service to the New Philippines),[5][7][8] or KALIBAPI, was a fascist[1][2][3][4] Filipino political party that served as the sole party of state during the Japanese occupation. It was intended to be a Filipino version of Japan's governing Imperial Rule Assistance Association.[9]

Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas
AbbreviationKALIBAPI
LeaderDirectors-General:
Benigno S. Aquino (1942–1943)
Camilo Osías (1943–1945)
Secretary-GeneralPio Duran
FounderPhilippine Executive Commission
FoundedDecember 8, 1942 (1942-12-08)
Dissolved1945 (1945)
HeadquartersManila, Second Philippine Republic
IdeologyFilipino nationalism
National conservatism
Fascism[1][2][3][4]
Pro-Japan[5]
Political positionFar-right[6]
Election symbol
Party flag

History

Formed by the Philippine Executive Commission (Komisyong Tagapagpaganap ng Pilipinas) under the leadership of Jorge Vargas, the party was created by Proclamation No. 109 of the PEC, a piece of legislation passed on December 8, 1942, banning all existing political parties and creating the new governing alliance.[10] The Japanese had already dissolved all political parties on the islands, even including the pro-Japanese Ganap Party, and established KALIBAPI as a mass movement designed to support the occupation whilst taking advantage of Filipino nationalism in the region.[11] Inaugurated on December 30, 1942, the death anniversary of Filipino writer and national hero José Rizal, "to emphasize the patriotic basis of the organization",[12] the party was headed by its Director-General Benigno S. Aquino with Pio Duran as Secretary-General and effective second in command and Ganap leader Benigno Ramos as a member of the executive committee.[13] The three toured the Philippines, setting up local party organisations and promoting the "new order in East Asia" at mass meetings.[14]

For the Japanese, KALIBAPI served as a labour recruitment service in its initial stages before taking on an expanded role in mid 1943. It was left to KALIBAPI to write the new constitution and establish the new National Assembly, resulting in Aquino's appointment as Speaker (as his replacement as Director-General by Camilo Osías).[14] All 54 members of the Assembly were KALIBAPI members, although 33 of them had held elected office before the invasion as well.[15] KALIBAPI soon claimed a membership that ran into the hundreds of thousands.[2] The islands were declared officially independent as the Second Philippine Republic on 14 October 1943 under the Presidency of José P. Laurel and his KALIBAPI government.[16] This had been accomplished through the Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence, which KALIBAPI had established in mid-1943 under Japanese direction.[17]

Taking a highly nationalistic standpoint, KALIBAPI was active in initiatives to promote the Tagalog language as a central feature of Filipino identity. To this end a pared-down, 1000 word version of the language was promoted to be learned rapidly by those not yet versed in the language.[18] The general nationalism of Laurel's government strained relations with Japan, particularly as Laurel had refused to declare war on the United States and United Kingdom.[16] As such the Japanese instructed Ramos to form a new group, Makapili, in November 1944 to give more tangible military support to the Japanese.[19]

KALIBAPI disappeared after the Japanese surrender with some of its leaders arrested for collaboration and treason. No former KALIBAPI candidates ran for office in the 1946 general election, and some of those not arrested went into hiding in Philippines, exile in Japan, or were executed by vengeful Filipinos or the communist-aligned Hukbalahap members.

Sources

  • Jose, Ricardo T. (2001), (PDF), The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies (19): 149–185, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-20
  • Pomeroy, William J. (1992), The Philippines: Colonialism, Collaboration, and Resistance, International Publishers Co., pp. 113–119

References

  1. ^ a b Peter de Mendelssohn, Japan's Political Welfare, Taylor & Francis US, 2010, p. 121
  2. ^ a b c David Bernstein, The Philippine Story, READ BOOKS, 2007, p. 163
  3. ^ a b Felixberto G. Bustos, And Now Comes Roxas: The Story of the First President of the Republic of the Philippines and the Occupation, C. Z. Bustos, 1945, p. 187
  4. ^ a b Augusto V. de Viana, Kulaboretor!: The Issue of Political Collaboration During World War II, University of Santo Tomas Publishing House, 2003, p. 46
  5. ^ a b Guillermo, Artemio R. (2012), "KALIBAPI", Historical Dictionary of the Philippines (Third ed.), Scarecrow Press, p. 223
  6. ^ Sven Matthiessen, Japanese Pan-Asianism and the Philippines from the Late Nineteenth Century to the End of World War II: Going to the Philippines Is Like Coming Home?, p. 134
  7. ^ Jose (2001), KALIBAPI
  8. ^ Pomeroy (1992), The Philippines, p. 113
  9. ^ Setsuho Ikehata, Lydia N. Yu-Jose, Philippines-Japan Relations, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2003, p. 196
  10. ^ Alphonso J. Aluit, By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World War II, 3 February-3 March 1945, Bookmark Inc., 1994
  11. ^ Pomeroy (1992), The Philippines, pp. 113–114
  12. ^ Romero, José V. (January 26, 2017). "Grandad Aquino's KALIBAPI". The Manila Times. Manila. Retrieved October 13, 2017. It was inaugurated on December 30, 1942, the death anniversary of Philippine national hero José Rizal, to emphasize the patriotic basis of the organization.
  13. ^ Pomeroy (1992), The Philippines, pp. 117–118
  14. ^ a b Pomeroy (1992), The Philippines, p. 118
  15. ^ Pomeroy (1992), The Philippines, p. 119
  16. ^ a b Ralph Bernard Smith, Chad J. Mitcham, Changing Visions of East Asia, 1943-93: Transformations and Continuities, Taylor & Francis, 2007, p. 22
  17. ^ Milton Walter Meyer, Asia: A Concise History, Rowman & Littlefield, 1997, p. 305
  18. ^ Robert B. Kaplan, Richard B. Baldauf, Language and Language-in-Education Planning in the Pacific Basin, Springer, 2003, p. 72
  19. ^ Ray C. Hunt, Bernard Norling, Behind Japanese Lines: An American Guerrilla in the Philippines, University Press of Kentucky, 2000, p. 142

March 19, 2023
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The Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas Association for Service to the New Philippines 5 7 8 or KALIBAPI was a fascist 1 2 3 4 Filipino political party that served as the sole party of state during the Japanese occupation It was intended to be a Filipino version of Japan s governing Imperial Rule Assistance Association 9 Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong PilipinasAbbreviationKALIBAPILeaderDirectors General Benigno S Aquino 1942 1943 Camilo Osias 1943 1945 Secretary GeneralPio DuranFounderPhilippine Executive CommissionFoundedDecember 8 1942 1942 12 08 Dissolved1945 1945 HeadquartersManila Second Philippine RepublicIdeologyFilipino nationalismNational conservatismFascism 1 2 3 4 Pro Japan 5 Political positionFar right 6 Election symbolParty flagPolitics of the PhilippinesPolitical partiesElectionsHistory EditFormed by the Philippine Executive Commission Komisyong Tagapagpaganap ng Pilipinas under the leadership of Jorge Vargas the party was created by Proclamation No 109 of the PEC a piece of legislation passed on December 8 1942 banning all existing political parties and creating the new governing alliance 10 The Japanese had already dissolved all political parties on the islands even including the pro Japanese Ganap Party and established KALIBAPI as a mass movement designed to support the occupation whilst taking advantage of Filipino nationalism in the region 11 Inaugurated on December 30 1942 the death anniversary of Filipino writer and national hero Jose Rizal to emphasize the patriotic basis of the organization 12 the party was headed by its Director General Benigno S Aquino with Pio Duran as Secretary General and effective second in command and Ganap leader Benigno Ramos as a member of the executive committee 13 The three toured the Philippines setting up local party organisations and promoting the new order in East Asia at mass meetings 14 For the Japanese KALIBAPI served as a labour recruitment service in its initial stages before taking on an expanded role in mid 1943 It was left to KALIBAPI to write the new constitution and establish the new National Assembly resulting in Aquino s appointment as Speaker as his replacement as Director General by Camilo Osias 14 All 54 members of the Assembly were KALIBAPI members although 33 of them had held elected office before the invasion as well 15 KALIBAPI soon claimed a membership that ran into the hundreds of thousands 2 The islands were declared officially independent as the Second Philippine Republic on 14 October 1943 under the Presidency of Jose P Laurel and his KALIBAPI government 16 This had been accomplished through the Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence which KALIBAPI had established in mid 1943 under Japanese direction 17 Taking a highly nationalistic standpoint KALIBAPI was active in initiatives to promote the Tagalog language as a central feature of Filipino identity To this end a pared down 1000 word version of the language was promoted to be learned rapidly by those not yet versed in the language 18 The general nationalism of Laurel s government strained relations with Japan particularly as Laurel had refused to declare war on the United States and United Kingdom 16 As such the Japanese instructed Ramos to form a new group Makapili in November 1944 to give more tangible military support to the Japanese 19 KALIBAPI disappeared after the Japanese surrender with some of its leaders arrested for collaboration and treason No former KALIBAPI candidates ran for office in the 1946 general election and some of those not arrested went into hiding in Philippines exile in Japan or were executed by vengeful Filipinos or the communist aligned Hukbalahap members Sources EditJose Ricardo T 2001 The Association for Service to the New Philippines KALIBAPI during the Japanese Occupation Attempting to Transplant a Japanese Wartime Concept to the Philippines PDF The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies 19 149 185 archived from the original PDF on 2014 10 20 Pomeroy William J 1992 The Philippines Colonialism Collaboration and Resistance International Publishers Co pp 113 119References Edit a b Peter de Mendelssohn Japan s Political Welfare Taylor amp Francis US 2010 p 121 a b c David Bernstein The Philippine Story READ BOOKS 2007 p 163 a b Felixberto G Bustos And Now Comes Roxas The Story of the First President of the Republic of the Philippines and the Occupation C Z Bustos 1945 p 187 a b Augusto V de Viana Kulaboretor The Issue of Political Collaboration During World War II University of Santo Tomas Publishing House 2003 p 46 a b Guillermo Artemio R 2012 KALIBAPI Historical Dictionary of the Philippines Third ed Scarecrow Press p 223 Sven Matthiessen Japanese Pan Asianism and the Philippines from the Late Nineteenth Century to the End of World War II Going to the Philippines Is Like Coming Home p 134 Jose 2001 KALIBAPI Pomeroy 1992 The Philippines p 113 Setsuho Ikehata Lydia N Yu Jose Philippines Japan Relations Ateneo de Manila University Press 2003 p 196 Alphonso J Aluit By Sword and Fire The Destruction of Manila in World War II 3 February 3 March 1945 Bookmark Inc 1994 Pomeroy 1992 The Philippines pp 113 114 Romero Jose V January 26 2017 Grandad Aquino s KALIBAPI The Manila Times Manila Retrieved October 13 2017 It was inaugurated on December 30 1942 the death anniversary of Philippine national hero Jose Rizal to emphasize the patriotic basis of the organization Pomeroy 1992 The Philippines pp 117 118 a b Pomeroy 1992 The Philippines p 118 Pomeroy 1992 The Philippines p 119 a b Ralph Bernard Smith Chad J Mitcham Changing Visions of East Asia 1943 93 Transformations and Continuities Taylor amp Francis 2007 p 22 Milton Walter Meyer Asia A Concise History Rowman amp Littlefield 1997 p 305 Robert B Kaplan Richard B Baldauf Language and Language in Education Planning in the Pacific Basin Springer 2003 p 72 Ray C Hunt Bernard Norling Behind Japanese Lines An American Guerrilla in the Philippines University Press of Kentucky 2000 p 142 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title KALIBAPI amp oldid 1142296815, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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