Judy Mikovits
Judy Anne Mikovits (born April 1, 1958[5]) is an American former research scientist who is known for her discredited medical claims, such as that murine endogenous retroviruses are linked to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). As an outgrowth of these claims, she has engaged in anti-vaccination activism, promoted conspiracy theories, and been accused of scientific misconduct. She has made false claims about vaccines, COVID-19, and CFS, among others.
Judy Mikovits | |
|---|---|
| Born | Judy Anne Mikovits April 1, 1958 |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | University of Virginia (BA, 1980) George Washington University (PhD, 1991) |
| Occupation(s) | Former biochemistry research scientist,[1][2][3] author of conspiracy literature[4] |
| Known for | Anti-vaccine activism, promotion of conspiracy theories |
As research director of CFS research organization Whittemore Peterson Institute (WPI) from 2006 to 2011, Mikovits led an effort that reported in 2009 that a retrovirus known as xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was associated with CFS and might have a causal role. However, following widespread criticism, the paper was retracted on December 22, 2011, by the journal Science. In November 2011, she was arrested and held on charges that she stole laboratory notebooks and a computer from WPI, but she was released after five days and the charges were later dropped.
In 2020, Mikovits promoted conspiracy theories about the COVID-19 pandemic via the internet video Plandemic, which made claims that are either false or not based on scientific evidence.
Education and early career
In 1980, Mikovits received her BA degree[6] in chemistry from the University of Virginia. According to Mikovits, she worked as a laboratory technician at Upjohn Pharmaceuticals in Kalamazoo, Michigan from 1986 to 1987, and departed after a dispute related to the company's bovine growth hormone product.[1] In 1988, she worked as a laboratory technician at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Frederick, Maryland under Francis Ruscetti, who later served as her PhD supervisor,[7][8] and in 1991[7] she received a PhD in biochemistry[1] from George Washington University.[6][9] Her PhD thesis was titled "Negative Regulation of HIV Expression in Monocytes".[7] Mikovits stated that she worked as postdoctoral researcher in the laboratory of David Derse from 1993 to 1994.[1] By 1996, Mikovits was employed as a scientist at Ruscetti's Laboratory of Leukocyte Biology at the NCI.[10]
In May 2001, Mikovits left the NCI to work at EpiGenX Biosciences in Santa Barbara, CA, a drug-discovery company.[11][12] By late 2005, Mikovits was working as a bartender at the Pierpont Bay Yacht Club in Ventura, California.[11][12] In 2006, she became the Research Director of the Whittemore Peterson Institute, located in Reno, Nevada.[11] After she published a paper in 2009, she became embroiled in controversy. She was fired from the Whittemore Peterson Institute in 2011.[13]
XMRV and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
Harvey Whittemore and his wife, Annette, were frustrated by lack of answers for myalgic encephalomyelitis/Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients, including their daughter. In an effort to solve the CFS problem, they created the Whittemore Peterson Institute in 2005; Mikovits became the research director in 2006.[11] Attempts to find a viral cause of CFS were unsuccessful.[14]
In 2007, Mikovits met a co-discoverer of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), Robert Silverman, at a conference. Silverman had found XMRV sequences, which are highly similar to mouse genomic sequences, in prostate cancer specimens several years earlier. Using tools obtained from Silverman, Mikovits began to look for XMRV in her CFS samples. In late 2008, a graduate student, who subsequently was hired as her technician,[citation needed] obtained two positive results from a group of twenty samples. He and Mikovits successively altered the experimental conditions until all samples gave a positive signal.[14]
In 2009, Mikovits and co-workers reported in the journal Science that they had detected XMRV DNA in CFS patients and control subjects.[14][15] Negative results were published soon after, disputing Mikovits's findings.[14][16] Silverman, who was a co-author of the original XMRV-CFS article, told the Chicago Tribune that he was "concerned about lab contamination, despite our best efforts to avoid it".[17]
Two of the original authors of this paper subsequently reanalyzed the samples used in the research and found that the samples were contaminated with XMRV plasmid DNA, leading them to publish a partial retraction of their original results.[13][8][18] In December 2011, after a request by Silverman, the editors of Science retracted the paper in its entirety.[19][20]
Lo and Alter, in their 2010 paper titled "Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors", stated "Although we find evidence of a broader group of MLV-related viruses, rather than just XMRV, in patients with CFS and healthy blood donors, our results clearly support the central argument by Lombardi et al. that MLV-related viruses are associated with CFS and are present in some blood donors." This paper was also later retracted by the authors.[21]
On September 29, 2011,[13] Mikovits was terminated by the WPI due to disputes over the control of lab samples and the integrity of her work; she subsequently came under investigation for alleged manipulation of data in her publications related to XMRV.[22][23][24] On November 18, 2011, she was arrested at her home in Ventura County, California, and jailed for five days based on WPI's allegations that she stole laboratory notebooks, a computer, and other material.[2][25] She was held temporarily pursuant to that case,[26] and her lawyer said the charges had no merit.[26] By November 28, after negotiations with the WPI, some lab notes were returned.[27] Later, the criminal charges brought against Mikovits in Washoe County, Nevada, were dismissed by the District Attorney and Assistant District Attorney in Reno, Nevada.[28][29][30][31] The Washington Post later reported that the Whittemore family's legal troubles prevented the Washoe County from pursuing the case.[32]
Mikovits and collaborators participated, with two other research groups, in a larger 2012 study with 147 CFS patients and 146 controls. The study concluded that there was no evidence of XMRV or MLV infection in either group, a result which Mikovits agreed was "the definitive answer" on the issue.[33][34]
Anti-vaccination activism and conspiracy theories
Mikovits has become a champion for believers in medical conspiracy theories, basing claims linking the XMRV to autism and cancer on other retracted papers, and claiming she had been jailed by the influence of the deep state and Big Pharma. This final claim refers to her arrest in 2011 for allegedly stealing research materials from WPI.[3][35][36]
Mikovits has spoken at anti-vaccination events.[37][38][39] She has claimed that retroviruses have contaminated 30 percent of vaccines.[40]
Mikovits has received criticism from scientists for stating that XMRV is a communicable infection which is "clearly circulating through the population, as is our fear and your fear". Virologist Vincent Racaniello said that Mikovits's assertion "is just inciting fear".[17][41] Mikovits showed slides at a conference linking XMRV to Parkinson's disease, autism, and multiple sclerosis. However, there is no published evidence that XMRV is associated with these conditions.[42][43][44][45]
COVID-19 conspiracy theories
Mikovits gained attention on social media for promoting her ideas about the COVID-19 pandemic. She does not believe that a vaccine is needed to prevent COVID-19, and claims that the coronavirus was "caused by a bad strain of flu vaccine that was circulating between 2013 and 2015". She also claimed masks will “activate” the virus and reinfect a mask-wearer over and over.[37]
One such circulating video gained notoriety in May 2020. Titled Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19, this film is a half-hour long documentary-styled interview of Mikovits's views on a variety of subjects.[46][47] YouTube removed this video from its website a number of times, citing its Community Guidelines.[48][49] It was later removed by Vimeo and Facebook for similar reasons.[4]
David Gorski reviewed the video for his blog and remarked that "the amount of nonsense, misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracy mongering in Mikovits' response to questions is truly epic".[50] The video was fact-checked by the website Maldita.es, which rated the claims she made as either false, or not based on evidence.[51] PolitiFact described the video as "a deep dive into conspiracy theories about COVID-19, public health and the pharmaceutical industry".[52] When asked to respond to eight questions prepared by the Center for Inquiry, Benjamin Radford and Paul Offit about the accuracy of Mikovits' claims, producer Mikki Willis initially agreed, but did not follow through when the questions were sent.[53] As of December 2020, Mikovits had still not provided answers to these questions with Benjamin Radford noting "For an expert and filmmaker who claim to have been censored and silenced, Mikovits and Willis were strangely silent about answering legitimate questions."[54]
When asked to comment on some of the allegations Mikovits makes against Anthony Fauci, the NIH and NIAID told NPR, "The National Institutes of Health and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases are focused on critical research aimed at ending the COVID-19 pandemic and preventing further deaths. We are not engaging in tactics by some seeking to derail our efforts."[55]
Published books
- Judy Mikovits et al. (2014), Plague: One Scientist’s Intrepid Search for the Truth About Human Retroviruses and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), Autism, and Other Diseases, Skyhorse Publishing[56]
- Kent Heckenlively and Judy Mikovits (2020), Plague of Corruption: Restoring Faith in the Promise of Science, Skyhorse Publishing
See also
References
- ^ a b c d Judy Mikovits; Kent Heckenliverly (2019). Plague of Corruption. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 128–30. ISBN 978-1510752245.
[1] Ms. Mikovits was awarded a PhD in biochemistry. [2] I have a PhD in biochemistry
- ^ a b Cohen, Jon (December 2, 2011). "Dispute Over Lab Notebooks Lands Researcher in Jail". Science. 334 (6060): 1189–90. Bibcode:2011Sci...334.1189C. doi:10.1126/science.334.6060.1189. PMID 22144589. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
- ^ a b Cohen, Jon (June 13, 2012). "Criminal Charges Dropped Against Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Researcher Judy Mikovits". Science.
Last November, the district attorney in Washoe County, Nevada, filed a criminal complaint against Mikovits that charged the virologist with illegally stealing property from her former employer, the Whittemore Peterson Institute for Neuro-Immune Disease (WPI) in Reno, Nevada.
- ^ a b Andrews, Travis (May 7, 2020). "Facebook and other companies are removing viral 'Plandemic' conspiracy video". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ National Library of Lithuania Catalog ID LNB:DEHT;=BB, retrieved May 20, 2022
- ^ a b . Plague: The Book (author biography). September 4, 2017. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018.
- ^ a b c Enserink, Martin; Cohen, Jon (May 8, 2020). "Fact-checking Judy Mikovits, the controversial virologist attacking Anthony Fauci in a viral conspiracy video". Science | AAAS.
- ^ a b Cohen J; Enserink M (September 23, 2011). "False Positive". Science. 333 (6050): 1694–1701. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1694C. doi:10.1126/science.333.6050.1694. PMID 21940874.
- ^ Dixon, D. (October 26, 1998). . National Cancer Institute. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010.
- ^ Division of Basic Sciences Annual Research Directory. National Cancer Institute Division of Basic Sciences. 1996. p. 90. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Grady, Denise (November 11, 2009). "A Big Splash From an Upstart Medical Center". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ a b Kisken, Tom (November 24, 2014). "World-known Oxnard researcher claims she was smeared, pushed out". Ventura County Star. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
- ^ a b c Cohen, Jon (October 4, 2011). "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Researcher Fired Amidst New Controversy". Science. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Callaway, Ewen (March 14, 2011). "Virology: Fighting for a cause". Nature. 471 (7338): 282–85. Bibcode:2011Natur.471..282C. doi:10.1038/471282a. PMID 21412308.
- ^ Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Das Gupta J, et al. (October 2009). "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Science. 326 (5952): 585–89. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..585L. doi:10.1126/science.1179052. PMC 3073172. PMID 19815723. (Retracted)
- ^ Sam Kean (January 15, 2010). "An Indefatigable Debate Over Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Science. 327 (5963): 254–55. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..254K. doi:10.1126/science.327.5963.254. PMID 20075217.
- ^ a b Tsouderos, Trine (March 17, 2011). "Research casts doubt on theory of cause of chronic fatigue". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ Silverman, R. H.; Das Gupta, J.; Lombardi, V. C.; Ruscetti, F. W.; Pfost, M. A.; Hagen, K. S.; et al. (2011). "Partial Retraction". Science. 334 (6053): 176. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..176S. doi:10.1126/science.1212182. PMID 21940859. S2CID 220089974.
- ^ Cohen, Jon (December 22, 2011). "In a Rare Move, Science Without Authors' Consent Retracts Paper That Tied Mouse Virus to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Science. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ Alberts, Bruce (December 23, 2011). "Retraction". Science. 334 (6063): 1636. Bibcode:2011Sci...334.1636A. doi:10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22194552.
- ^ Lo, S. -C.; Pripuzova, N.; Li, B.; Komaroff, A. L.; Hung, G. -C.; Wang, R.; Alter, H. J. (2010). "Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (36): 15874–79. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10715874L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006901107. PMC 2936598. PMID 20798047. (Retracted)
- ^ Ledford, Heidi (October 5, 2011). "Integrity issue follows fired researcher". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.574. ISSN 0028-0836.
- ^ Rehmeyer, Julie (December 2, 2011). "Stolen Notebooks and a Biochemist in Chains". Slate. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ Tsouderos, Trine (October 3, 2011). "Manipulation alleged in paper linking virus, chronic fatigue syndrome". Chicago Tribune.
- ^ Tsouderos, Trine (November 22, 2011). "Discredited chronic fatigue researcher in California jail". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ a b Cohen, Jon (November 19, 2011). "Controversial CFS Researcher Arrested and Jailed". ScienceInsider. from the original on December 1, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ Mullen, Frank X. Jr. (November 28, 2011). "Missing notebooks returned to Reno chronic disease lab". Reno Gazette Journal. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved May 19, 2020 – via Newspapers.Com.
- ^ Gammick, Richard A.; Helzer, John W. (June 11, 2012). (PDF) (official court document). Justice Court of Reno Township, Washoe County, Nevada. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2015.
- ^ Cohen, Jon (June 13, 2012). "June 13 Criminal Charges Dropped Against Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Researcher Judy Mikovits". Science. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
- ^ Tsouderos, Trine (June 15, 2012). "Nevada drops charges against researcher Mikovits". Chicago Tribune. from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
- ^ Tuller, David (June 14, 2012). "No Theft Charge for Chronic Fatigue Researcher". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
- ^ Shepherd, Katie (May 8, 2020). "Who is Judy Mikovits in 'Plandemic,' the coronavirus conspiracy video just banned from social media?". Washington Post. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
- ^ Enserink, M. (September 20, 2012). "New XMRV Studies Bring Closure – and Fresh Dispute". Science. 337 (6101): 1441–42. Bibcode:2012Sci...337.1441E. doi:10.1126/science.337.6101.1441. PMID 22997296.
- ^ Alter, H. J.; Mikovits, J. A.; Switzer, W. M.; Ruscetti, F. W.; Lo, S.-C.; Klimas, N.; et al. (September 18, 2012). "A Multicenter Blinded Analysis Indicates No Association between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and either Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus or Polytropic Murine Leukemia Virus". mBio. 3 (5): e00266. doi:10.1128/mBio.00266-12. PMC 3448165. PMID 22991430.
- ^ Kasprak, Alex (May 6, 2020). "Was a Scientist Jailed After Discovering a Deadly Virus Delivered Through Vaccines?". Snopes. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ Mikkelson, David (May 8, 2020). "'Plandemic': Was Judy Mikovits Arrested Without a Warrant and Jailed Without Charges?". Snopes. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
- ^ Kisken, Tom (July 5, 2019). "New group of Ventura County vaccine skeptics take shots at exemption bill". Ventura County Star. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
- ^ Swenson, Ali (September 24, 2019). "Phoenix 'Vaccine Education Summit' Promises Anti-Vax Propaganda". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ Neimark, Jill (January 19, 2016). "Why bad science won't ever die". Quartz. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ Powers, Lenita (January 13, 2010). "Reno researchers dispute British challenge to virus discovery". Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ Satterfield BC, Garcia RA, Gurrieri F, Schwartz CE (2010). "PCR and serology find no association between xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) and autism". Molecular Autism. 1 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/2040-2392-1-14. PMC 2964727. PMID 20946639.
- ^ Luczkowiak, J; Sierra, O; González-Martín, JJ; Herrero-Beaumont, G; Delgado, R (2011). "No xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus detected in fibromyalgia patients". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17 (2): 314–15. doi:10.3201/eid1702.100978. PMC 3204766. PMID 21291619.
- ^ Digard, P.; Strohschein, O.; Brandt, K.; Seeher, A. U.; Klein, S.; Kurth, S.; Paul, R.; Meisel, F.; Scheibenbogen, C.; Bannert, N. (2010). Digard, Paul (ed.). "No Evidence for XMRV in German CFS and MS Patients with Fatigue Despite the Ability of the Virus to Infect Human Blood Cells in Vitro". PLOS One. 5 (12): e15632. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...515632H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015632. PMC 3008728. PMID 21203514.
- ^ Jeziorski, E.; Foulongne, V.; Ludwig, C.; Louhaem, D.; Chiocchia, G.; Segondy, M.; Rodière, M.; Sitbon, M.; Courgnaud, V. R. (2010). "No evidence for XMRV association in pediatric idiopathic diseases in France". Retrovirology. 7: 63. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-63. PMC 2920251. PMID 20678193.
- ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (May 7, 2020). "How covid-19 conspiracy theorists are exploiting YouTube culture". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
- ^ Hatmaker, Taylor (May 7, 2020). "Platforms scramble as 'Plandemic' conspiracy video spreads misinformation like wildfire". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
- ^ McBride, Jessica (May 6, 2020). "Plandemic Movie Video Removed by YouTube: Watch". Heavy.com. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ Herbert, Geoff (May 7, 2020). "YouTube removes 'Plandemic' video with coronavirus claims by Dr. Judy Mikovits". Syracuse.com. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
- ^ Gorski, David (May 6, 2020). "Judy Mikovits in Plandemic: An antivax conspiracy theorist becomes a COVID-19 grifter". Respectful Insolence. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ "¿Qué sabemos acerca del vídeo de la supuesta viróloga Judy Mikovits sobre el coronavirus?" [What do we know about the video of the alleged virologist Judy Mikovits on the coronavirus?]. es:maldita.es (in Spanish). May 2, 2020.
- ^ Funke, Daniel (May 7, 2020). "Fact-checking 'Plandemic': A documentary full of false conspiracy theories about the coronavirus". PolitiFact. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
- ^ Radford, Benjamin (May 21, 2020). "'Plandemic' Asks Questions – But Won't Answer Them". Center for Inquiry. from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
- ^ Radford, Benjamin (December 2020). "Plandemic at Six Months: Publicity Stunt's Conspiracy Claims Prove False". Center For Inquiry. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
- ^ Neuman, Scott (May 8, 2020). "Seen 'Plandemic'? We Take A Close Look At The Viral Conspiracy Video's Claims". NPR.org. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
- ^ "YouTube removes 'Plandemic' video with coronavirus claims by Dr. Judy Mikovits". Syracuse Post-Standard. May 7, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
External links
- Neil, Stuart J.D.; Campbell, Edward M. (July 1, 2020). "Fake Science: XMRV, COVID-19, and the Toxic Legacy of Dr. Judy Mikovits". AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. Mary Ann Liebert Inc. 36 (7): 545–549. doi:10.1089/aid.2020.0095. ISSN 0889-2229. PMC 7398426. PMID 32414291.