João Pessoa, Paraíba

João Pessoa (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈɐ̃w peˈsoɐ]), a port city in northeastern Brazil, is the state of Paraíba's capital and largest city, with an estimated population of 833,932 (as of 2022). It is located on the right bank of the Paraíba do Norte river.^[3]

João Pessoa
Municipality
Municipality of João Pessoa
From top to bottom and from left to right: View of the city beaches;São Francisco Cultural Center; Tambau beach; View of the historic city center; Tile house; Tea pavilion square; city convention center.
Flag Seal
Nickname(s):  Sun Gate Green City California of Brazil Brazilian city of handicrafts
Motto:  INTREPIDA AB ORIGINE
Location of João Pessoa in the state of Paraíba
João Pessoa Location of João Pessoa in Brazil
Coordinates: 07°07′12″S 34°52′48″W / 7.12000°S 34.88000°W / -7.12000; -34.88000
Country	Brazil
Region	Northeast
State	Paraíba
Founded	August 5, 1585
Government
• Mayor	Cícero Lucena (PP)
Area
• Municipality	211.475 km^2 (81.651 sq mi)
Elevation	40 m (130 ft)
Population  (2022)^[1]
• Municipality	833,932
• Density	3,900/km^2 (10,000/sq mi)
• Metro	1,290,223
Time zone	UTC−3 (UTC−3)
Postal code	58000-001 to 58099-999
Area code	+55 83
HDI (2010)	0.763 – high^[2]
Website	www.joaopessoa.pb.gov.br

Ponta do Seixas, the easternmost point of the Americas

Jaguaribe River

Espaço Cultural José Lins do Rego

The new "Estação Ciência, Cultura e Artes" (Science, Culture and Art Station),^[4] located at the most eastern point of the Americas (Ponta do Seixas), is an educational and cultural institution as well as a national landmark. The complex, inaugurated in 2008, was created by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and is one of his final projects.

The capital of Paraíba received the title of Creative City by UNESCO in 2017,^[5] appointing João Pessoa as "Brazilian city of handicrafts".

History

City name throughout history

 1585–1588 Royal City of Our Lady of the Snows
 1588-1654 Philipeia of Our Lady of the Snows
 1630–1654 Fredrikstad (Frederick City)
 1654–1930 Parahyba do Norte
 1930–present João Pessoa

The city of João Pessoa was founded on August 5, 1585, during the celebration of the peace pact between the Portuguese represented by the Portuguese João Tavares, and the indigenous people, represented by the Piragibe Indian, chief of the Tabajara,^[6] on the banks of the Paraíba River. The French inhabited the locality, and had an alliance with the indigenous tribe of Potiguaras. With the alliance of the Portuguese with the Tabajaras (rivals of the Potiguaras^[7]), the Portuguese colonists, led by Frutuoso Barbosa, finally managed to expel the french^[8] and conquer Paraíba. After the conquest, they built the forts of São Tiago and São Felipe. They brought masons, carpenters, engineers and others to build the City of Nossa Senhora das Neves. With the beginning of the works, they went to Baía da Traição to expel the rest of the french who remained in Paraíba. There was the nomination of João Tavares to be the captain of the Fort.

The Royal City of Nossa Senhora das Neves^[9] was the third city to be founded in Brazil, with the signing of an agreement between João Tavares and the chief Piragibe of the Tabajaras. Called "Royal City of Our Lady of the Snows", in honor of the saint of the day it was founded,^[10] its first structures were on the banks of the Sanhauá River, a tributary of the Paraíba River, now known as Porto do Varadouro, in the neighborhood of the same name.

In 1588, the city was renamed "Philipeia of Our Lady of the Snows", in honor of King Philip II, who at the time accumulated the thrones of Spain and Portugal.^[11]

In 1634, attracted by the sugar wealth of the then-capital of the Paraíba, the Dutch invaded and named it Fredrikstad (Frederick City), in honor of the prince of Orange, Frederick of Orange,^[12] was one of the two main cities of New Holland, brought the town a period of great prosperity,^[13] the installation of mills on the coast enabled greater efficiency in sugar production, with the main consequence being the guarantee of large profits, but, on the other hand, it required the practice of monoculture that was developed in increasing extensions of land, the latifundia. After the decline of New Holland^[14] and with the departure of the Dutch, the city was again dominated by the Portuguese and acquired the name "Parahyba do Norte" in 1654.^[15][16]

The city was renamed João Pessoa in September 1930 in memory of the former governor of Paraíba, João Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, who had been a vice-presidential candidate and was murdered on 26 July that year.

João Pessoa is the third oldest city in Brazil.^[17]

Geography

Environment

João Pessoa has 20 kilometres (12 mi) of beachfront.^[17]

João Pessoa has many green areas distributed among its avenues, parks, and residential neighborhoods, supporting its claim as "the second greenest city in the world" with more than 7 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi) of forested land, second only to Paris. This claim is a matter of conjecture, however, originating from a publicity stunt carried out by the city's mayor during an Earth Summit.^[18]

Hydrography

In João Pessoa, there are about twelve rivers. The Jaguaribe River is born in the Esplanada complex, crosses the Benjamim Maranhão Botanical Garden, in the middle of the Atlantic Forest, and flows into the Atlantic Ocean on the border with the municipality of Cabedelo. The water to supply the houses is taken from the Gramame-Mumbaba system, from the Paraíba Water and Sewerage Company. In this system, these two rivers take turns to supply the city with water. However, the most historically important river is the Sanhauá River, because it was on its banks that city was born and where the first houses were built. ^[19]

There is also the Solón de Lucena Park Lagoon in the City Center. The lagoon was the main tourist spot in the city during the time when most of the city was far from the beaches. At the end of 2010, during the Christmas celebrations, the lagoon was revitalized and gained devices such as ambient music.^[20]

The capital of Paraíba has a coastline of about 24 kilometers in length, nine beaches in the municipality alone, in addition to the beaches of the Metropolitan Region, such as the city of Cabedelo, the city of Lucena and the District of Jacumã in the municipality of Conde , where the Tambaba Naturist Beach is located. Urban beaches are characterized by white sand beaches and crystal clear waters. Many have preserved the Atlantic Forest, as well as being ideal for bathing thanks to a natural barrier about 6 kilometers from the coast that protects a large part of the Pessoa and Cabedelo coast, allowing children to play in the calm waters. There is the Urban Tartarugas Project, which operates on the beaches of Bessa and Intermares, a spawning area for the hawksbill turtle, a scenario for environmental preservation. Surfing is also practiced in the city.^[21][22]

Among the main beaches, we can mention the Praia de Tambau, about 8 kilometers long, composed of fine, beaten sand, with blue-green waters; the bessa beach is where the caribessa is located, a quiet beach with crystalline waters; also the Praia de Manaíra, a totally urban beach, formed by coral reefs, which makes its waves weak and clear water in summer. It is the point of several kiosks and bars, with sports fields on its edge. The Cabo Branco beach, white sand and warm water; Playa Seixas, which is where the most eastern point of America is located. In addition to Praia da Penha, where the historic Chapel of Our Lady of Penha, built in 1763, where the penha pilgrimage takes place every year, from the historic center to the beach.; The Jacarape beach, where the Poet Ronaldo Cunha Lima Convention Center is located; then Praia do Sol, which is a quiet and airy place; and the barra de gramame beach, which situates the meeting of the river gramme with the sea.^[23]

Climate

João Pessoa has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) with very warm to hot temperatures all year long and strong rainfall in most of the months; however, October to December have rather low rainfall.

The city has a Benjamin Maranhão Botanical Garden, which preserves the Atlantic forest, the animals, and opens the visitation, which is the João Pessoa Botanical Garden, considered one of the largest remains of the natural Atlantic Forest in an urban area of Brazil. ^[24]It is a excellent opportunity for people to be in contact with pure and crystalline nature. Among these, environmental education is a relevant element, allowing interesting approaches, from knowledge and interest in plants to stimulating curiosity and knowledge of this important space for visitation and research.

There are 18 stations distributed along the Rio and Preguiça trails using as criteria elements mainly related to history, botany and ecology, contributing to knowledge of the environment and the need for its preservation.^[25]The area has about 515ha, of which 343ha are home to the Botanical Garden, where the flora is not very soft in the recreational and educational activities promoted on the spot. It includes the largest natural urban Atlantic forest reserve in the country, and an important historical heritage of the capital of Paraiba.

Climate data for João Pessoa (1991-2020; extremes 1931-present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	33.9 (93.0)	34.1 (93.4)	34.1 (93.4)	33.9 (93.0)	33.3 (91.9)	32 (90)	31.6 (88.9)	31.2 (88.2)	32.4 (90.3)	32.8 (91.0)	34.3 (93.7)	33.5 (92.3)	34.3 (93.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	30.9 (87.6)	31.1 (88.0)	31.2 (88.2)	30.8 (87.4)	30.3 (86.5)	29.2 (84.6)	28.7 (83.7)	28.9 (84.0)	29.4 (84.9)	30.1 (86.2)	30.6 (87.1)	30.9 (87.6)	30.2 (86.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	25.1 (77.2)	25 (77)	24.8 (76.6)	24.1 (75.4)	23.4 (74.1)	22.3 (72.1)	21.9 (71.4)	21.9 (71.4)	23.1 (73.6)	24.4 (75.9)	25.1 (77.2)	25.2 (77.4)	23.9 (75.0)
Record low °C (°F)	19 (66)	18.8 (65.8)	19 (66)	19 (66)	17 (63)	17 (63)	17 (63)	15 (59)	17.9 (64.2)	18.6 (65.5)	17.8 (64.0)	19.2 (66.6)	15 (59)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	86.4 (3.40)	106.2 (4.18)	171.5 (6.75)	235.7 (9.28)	287.7 (11.33)	368.7 (14.52)	284.9 (11.22)	133.7 (5.26)	73.9 (2.91)	31 (1.2)	21.1 (0.83)	36.6 (1.44)	1,837.4 (72.32)
Average precipitation days	9	9	12	16	17	20	20	16	10	6	5	5	145
Average relative humidity (%)	74.2	74.2	75.4	78	79.9	82.1	81	77.4	74.2	72.4	72.5	73.1	76.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours	241.1	215.7	226.5	201	198.6	165	180.3	224	232.3	266.1	263.6	258.8	2,673
Source: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET)^[26]^[27]^[28]

Demographics

According to the 2022 census, João Pessoa had a population of 833,932. Its racial makeup was 50.6% Pardo (two or more races), 39.7% White, 9.2% Black, 0.2% Amerindian and 0.1% Asian.^[29]

Religion

 

Church and convent of the Third Order of Our Lady of Carmo (João Pessoa)

 

Monastery of St. benedict (João Pessoa)

 

main altar of the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Snows, João Pessoa

Religion	Percentage	Number
Catholic	74.06%	442,841
Protestant	15.92%	95,191
No religion	7.41%	44,332
Spiritist	1.10%	6,571

Source: IBGE 2000.^[30]

 

Centro de Convenções Poeta Ronaldo Cunha Lima in João Pessoa.

 

International Airport.

Transportation

International airport

Joao Pessoa is served by Presidente Castro Pinto International Airport.^[31]

Rail system

The João Pessoa Urban Trains System is operated by diesel components on one railway line with a 30 km extension spanning four municipalities, João Pessoa, Cabedelo, Bayeux and Santa Rita, constituted by the Cabedelo stretch, with 10 stations in operation, carrying around 10,100 passengers a day. Composed of three locomotives and 17 passenger cars, the trains form two compositions that conduct 28 trips a day.^[32]

Economy

João Pessoa's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was R$ 14,841,805 as of 2010.^[33]

The city's per capita income was R$ 19,284 as of 2010.^[34]

 

Historic center of João Pessoa.

 

Solon de Lucena Park's lagoon at night in the northwestern region (the downtown zone or district).

 

João Pessoa's evening skyline (center-eastern region).

 

Saint Francis Church and Saint Anthony Convent (northern region).

Tourism

 

Picãozinho

 

Reef fish found on the Picãozinho reef.

• Picãozinho:^[35] One of the city's most significant sights is the São Reef Formation, located about 1,500 metres (5,000 ft) from Tambaú Beach on the coast of João Pessoa.
• Natural Pools of Seixas Beach:^[36] The Seixas Natural Pools, where hundreds of species of fish, seaweed, reptiles (sea turtles), mollusks, crustaceans and other marine organisms are found.

 

Penha Beach

• Penha Beach:^[37] This traditional beach's name derives from the symbol of one of the great religious events in Brazil: the Chapel of Our Lady of Penha. For more than 250 years, thousands of faithful have been accompanying the Penha Procession through the streets of João Pessoa.
• Manaira Beach:^[38] Joao Pessoa's most economically developed neighborhood. Its sidewalks are commonly used for physical activities and are well frequented by tourists and locals.
• Beach Tambaú:^[39] The sands of Praia de Tambaú are one of the busiest in Joao Pessoa.

 

Cabo Branco Beach

• Bessa Beach:^[40] At the extreme north of João Pessoa, with 5.3 km (3.3 mi) of white sand beach beside calm green waters, reefs and coconut trees, Bessa Beach is among the most sought after by tourists.

 

Seixas Beach

• Seixas Beach:^[41] This beach is situated on the easternmost end of the Americas. Nationally known as the land area closest to the African continent, Praia do Seixas.
• Convention Center Poet Ronaldo Cunha Lima:^[42] The convention center of João Pessoa has four main buildings, the Lookout Tower, the Congress and Convention Hall, and the Pedra do Reino Theater.
• Espaço Cultural José Lins do Rego: Built through a project developed by architect Sérgio Bernardes, it includes the Archidy Picado Gallery, Lutheria, Planetarium, José Lins do Rêgo Museum, Anthenor Navarro Music School, Arena Theater, Paulo Pontes Theater.^[43]

Museums

 

Sunset Hotel Globe

Source:^[31]

• Museu Sacro e de Arte Popular, within the São Francisco church.
• Espaço Cultural José Lins do Rego. A cultural centre including history and science museums.
• City Museum. The former Casa da Pólvora, an old gunpowder store.
• Museu Fotográfico Walfredo Rodríguez.
• Bica Natural History Museum.^[44]
• Museum Foundation house of Jose Américo.^[45]
• Hotel Globo Museum:^[46] Formerly a luxury hotel in the city, it consists of two buildings of eclectic style, with its lines influenced by Neo-classical, Art Nouveau and Art Deco styles. Today it functions as a museum, where it houses the permanent exhibition of part of the Hotel's furniture in addition to a collection of popular art. It is frequently visited for its view of the Sanhauá River and the sunset seen from its garden.^{[citation needed]}

 

View from Hotel Globo to the Rio Sanhauá

Culture

The Historic Center of João Pessoa, recognized as National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage in December 2007,^[47] covers areas in the neighborhoods of the Center, Róger, Jaguaribe, Tambiá and Varadouro. There are listed 37 hectares in area and estimated around 700 buildings, in addition to streets, squares and historic parks that integrate this set, comprising most of the neighborhoods of Varadouro and the Center of the city. Its buildings make up a scenario of different styles and eras full of townhouses, squares, colonial houses and secular churches, being considered the main architectural collection of Paraíba, reporting the various phases of local history, and one of the largest and most important historical sites in^[48] Brazil.^[49]

The delimited area has assets that represent various periods in the history of João Pessoa, such as the baroque of the Igreja da Ordem Terceira de São Francisco; from the rococo of the Church and Convent of the Third Order of Our Lady of Carmo, Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Snows, João Pessoa; of the Neoclassical architecture of the Church of Saint Peter Gonzalez, Church and Convent of Our Lady of the Rosary (João Pessoa), of the Baroque architecture of the São Francisco Cultural Center, Monastery of St. Benedict (João Pessoa), of the Mannerist style of the Church of Our Lady of Mercy (João Pessoa), all from the 17th century;^[50] of the colonial architecture and eclectic architecture of civil houses, in addition to Art Nouveau and Art Deco, from the 20s and 30s decades, predominant in square Antenor Navarro and in the former Hotel Globo, now transformed into a cultural center.^[51]

Sports

Stadiums

• José Américo de Almeida Filho Stadium
• Stadium of Grace

Football

The city is home to Auto Esporte, CSP and Botafogo.

American football

João Pessoa Espectros:^[52] This football team is regarded as the best football team in the northeastern region of Brazil, having earned a national title, seven regional titles and three state titles.^[53]

Kayaking

Bessa Beach offers kayaking, popular among tourists, to reach four beautiful kilometers (2.5 mi) of coral and marine life in the blue sea of the "Caribessa".^[54]

Surfing

The Paraíba nurtures great surfers, with athletes winning in many nationally prominent contests in the sport.^[55]

Diving

The coastline of João Pessoa includes the Alvarenga shipwreck, an artificial reef for developing marine life.^[56]

• Alvarenga Shipwreck : The Alvarenga was a vessel used to transport supplies to ships. It wrecked about 9.6 km from the tip of Bessa's Beach and is submerged 20 metres (66 ft) deep. It remains whole, 20 m (66 ft) in length by 5 m (16 ft) in beam. It is possible for divers to penetrate the small bow and stern compartments safely. On the prow the winch to hoist the anchor remains in view. It is also common to find large stingrays and shoals of fish, such as the top cock and the hook.^[57]

Sister cities

•   Hartford, Connecticut,^[58] United States.

•   Pompano Beach, Florida,^[59] United States.

Notable people

• Kaio de Almeida, Brazilian swimmer
• Zé Marco, beach volleyball player
• Matheus Cunha, Brazilian football player
• Douglas Santos, Brazilian football player
• Álvaro, Brazilian beach volleyball player
• João Batista, Brazilian sprinter.

Notes

References

1. IBGE 2022
2. (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
3. "Joao Pessoa: Brazil". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
4. (in Portuguese). joão pessoa, Brazil: E.C.C.A. 2006. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
5. "Unesco Creative City title puts João Pessoa on the world tourist route through folk art". City Hall of João Pessoa. November 3, 2017. from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
6. "oão Pessoa em bairros: Varadouro narra origem e formação da cidade". Jornal da Paraiba. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
7. "História da Paraíba" (PDF). PMPB. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
8. "História da Paraíba" (PDF). PMPB. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
9. "História da Paraíba" (PDF). PMPB. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
10. "História de João Pessoa". UFPB(Federal University of Paraiba). from the original on March 12, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
11. "Quatro séculos de história". PREFEITURA MUNICIPAL DE JOÃO PESSOA. from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
12. "A HISTÓRIA DE SEU POVO". zeoserver. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
13. "Senado comemora 426 anos de fundação do estado da Paraíba". Agência Senado. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
14. "A HISTÓRIA DE SEU POVO". zeoserver. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
15. "Um pouco da sua história". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipal Government of João Pessoa. from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
16. "Senado comemora 426 anos de fundação do estado da Paraíba". Agência Senado. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
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18. "Cidade mais verde? Extremo oriental? Saiba o que é verdade sobre João Pessoa" (in Brazilian Portuguese). G1.
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21. "Barra de Gramame: uma das praias mais cênicas". Estadão.
22. "400 THOUSAND FEIS PARTICIPAM DA PROCISSÃO EM ROMARIA DA PENHA EM JOÃO PESSOA". Correio da Paraíba. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
23. "Praias da Paraíba" (in Brazilian Portuguese). editora abril. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
24. "Jardim Botanico" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Sudema.
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26. INMET. "Normais climatológicas do Brasil" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved February 8, 2022.
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28. INMET. "Banco de dados meteorológicos" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved February 8, 2023.
29. "Censo 2022 - Panorama".
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31. . Footprint Travel Guides. Archived from the original on August 29, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
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33. (PDF) (in Portuguese). João Pessoa, Brazil: IBGE. 2005. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
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35. "PICÃOZINHO". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
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37. "Penha Beach". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
38. "MANAIR BEACH". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
39. "Beach Tambaú". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
40. "Beach Bessa". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
41. "Seixas Beach". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
42. "ABOUT THE CENTER". Government of Paraiba. from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
43. Prefeitura de Joao Pessoa. "Espaço Cultural José Lins do Rego". Retrieved February 10, 2021.
44. "Bica Natural History Museum". from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
45. "Museum Foundation house of Jose Américo". from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
46. "Hotel Globo". Paraiba Criativa. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
47. Prefeitura de Joao Pessoa. "João Pessoa National Heritage". Retrieved March 19, 2023.
48. Prefeitura de Joao Pessoa. "João Pessoa National Heritage". Retrieved March 19, 2023.
49. Prefeitura de Joao Pessoa. "Tourism in João Pessoa - Historic Center". Retrieved March 19, 2023.
50. José Chrispiniano. "João Pessoa Historic Center is listed as a heritage site". Retrieved March 19, 2023.
51. Brasil Sabor. "The historic center of João Pessoa". Retrieved March 19, 2023.
52. Hévilla Wanderley (January 2, 2017). "10 years of Espectros: review in photos the decade of the best team in the Northeast". Globo Esporte. from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
53. Hévilla Wanderley (January 4, 2017). "10 anos de Espectros: passeie pela história do time a partir de seus vultos". Globo Esporte. from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
54. "Caiaque". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
55. "SURF". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
56. "mergulho". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
57. "Naufrágio Alvarenga". Secretary of Tourism of the Municipality of João Pessoa. from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
58. "MUNICIPALITY OF JOÃO PESSOA". cidade-brasil. from the original on August 27, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
59. "Cities-Sisters – João Pessoa and Pompano Beach". Gazeta News. March 24, 2014. from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.

External links

•   João Pessoa travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Official Promotional video of João Pessoa | English