José Abad Santos
José Abad Santos y Basco (Spanish: [xoˈse aˈβað ˈsantos], Tagalog: [hoˈse ʔaˈbad ˈsantos]; February 19, 1886 – May 1, 1942) was the fifth chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He briefly served as the acting president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and acting commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines during World War II, from March 1942 until his execution.[a] Japanese forces killed him for refusing to cooperate during their occupation of the country.
José Abad Santos | |
|---|---|
Official portrait, c. 1941 | |
| Acting President of the Philippines | |
Unofficial | |
| In office March 17, 1942 – May 1, 1942 | |
| Appointed by | Manuel L. Quezon |
| 5th Chief Justice of the Philippines | |
| In office December 24, 1941 – May 1, 1942 | |
| Appointed by | Manuel L. Quezon |
| Preceded by | Ramón Avanceña |
| Succeeded by | José Yulo |
| 28th Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines | |
| In office June 18, 1936 – December 23, 1941 | |
| Nominated by | Herbert Hoover |
| Preceded by | Norberto Romuáldez |
| Succeeded by | José Lopez Vito |
| Secretary of Justice | |
| In office December 5, 1938 – July 16, 1941 | |
| President | Manuel L. Quezon |
| Preceded by | José Yulo |
| Succeeded by | Teófilo Sison |
| In office September 1, 1928 – June 18, 1932 | |
| Appointed by | Governor-General Henry L. Stimson |
| Succeeded by | Alexander Reyes |
| In office April 26, 1922 – July 17, 1923 | |
| Appointed by | Governor-General Leonard Wood |
| Preceded by | Quintín Paredes |
| Succeeded by | Luis Torres |
| Secretary of Finance | |
| In office December 30, 1941 – March 26, 1942 | |
| President | Manuel L. Quezon |
| Preceded by | Serafín Marabut |
| Succeeded by | Andrés Soriano (as Secretary of Finance, Agriculture, and Commerce) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | José Abad Santos y Basco February 19, 1886 San Fernando, Pampanga, Captaincy General of the Philippines |
| Died | May 1, 1942 (aged 56) Malabang, Lanao, Philippines |
| Cause of death | Firing squad |
| Spouse | Amanda Teopaco (m. 1918) |
| Relations | Pedro Abad Santos (brother) Vicente Abad Santos (nephew) Jamby Madrigal (granddaughter) |
| Children | José Abad Santos Jr. (nicknamed Pepito)[1] Luz Abad Santos Amanda Abad Santos (nicknamed Mandy) Osmundo Abad Santos (nicknamed Ossie) Victoria Abad Santos (nicknamed Vicky) |
| Alma mater | Santa Clara College, CA Northwestern University, IL (LLB) George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (LLM) |
| Nickname | Sengseng |
Together with Josefa Llanes Escoda and Vicente Lim, he is memorialized on the Philippines' 1,000-Peso banknote depicting Filipinos who fought and died resisting the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II.
Early life and legal career edit
José Abad Santos was born on February 19, 1886, in San Fernando, Pampanga. He was the seventh of the ten children of Vicente Abad Santos and Toribia Basco of Guagua, Pampanga. His brother Pedro eventually emerged as a leading socialist leader during the Commonwealth era. He finished his early education in his hometown. In 1904, he was sent to the United States as a government pensioner. He finished a pre-law course at the Santa Clara College in Santa Clara, California; his Bachelor of Laws at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois; and his Masters of Laws at George Washington University in 1909. He was admitted to the Philippine Bar and passed on October 12, 1911 and later served as assistant attorney at the Bureau of Justice from 1913 to 1917.
In 1919, Abad Santos was instrumental in laying the legal groundwork, as well as drafting the by-laws and constitution of the Philippine Women's University, the country and Asia's first private non-sectarian women's institute of higher learning.
Role in the Philippine government edit
Department of Justice edit
Abad Santos was later appointed as the first Filipino corporate lawyer of the Philippine National Bank, Manila Railroad Company and other government corporations. He went to the Department of Justice, where he became attorney-general, undersecretary of justice, then secretary of justice from 1921 to 1923. In July 1923, he resigned as secretary of justice together with other department secretaries as a result of the controversy between Governor-General Leonard Wood and Filipino leaders.
Chief Justice edit
Abad Santos then served as chief counsel of the president of the Senate and the speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. In 1926, he went to the United States as head of the Philippine educational mission. He was again appointed secretary of justice in 1928 and re-appointed on July 1, 1931. In 1932, he became an associate justice of the Supreme Court. He became its chief justice on December 24, 1941. As part of the emergency reorganization of the Commonwealth government, Abad Santos, in his capacity as chief justice, was given the responsibilities previously handled by the secretary of justice (the position of secretary of justice was abolished for the duration of the war). Abad Santos accompanied the Commonwealth government to Corregidor, where on December 30, 1941, he administered the oath of office to President Quezon and Vice-President Osmeña for the second term to which they had been elected in November of that year. He also undertook, with Manuel Roxas, the supervision of the destruction of Commonwealth government currency to prevent its falling into enemy hands.
World War II edit
With the Japanese invasion rapidly advancing to the southern part of the Philippines, President Manuel L. Quezon was advised by General Douglas MacArthur to establish a government in exile to the United States; Quezon invited Chief Justice Abad Santos to leave with him. The latter declined preferring to remain in the Philippines and carry on his work and stay with his family. On March 17, 1942, the day of Quezon's departure at Zamboanguita, Negros Oriental for the United States by way of Australia, he appointed Abad Santos as the acting president with full authority to act in the name of, and on behalf of the president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and become the acting commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in some areas unoccupied by the Japanese.
Death edit
On April 11, 1942, Abad Santos, his son José Jr. (nicknamed Pepito), Col. Benito Valeriano and two enlisted men were captured by the Japanese in Barangay Tubod in Barili, Cebu while traveling by automobile to Toledo, Cebu.[1] He identified himself as the chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He and his son were then taken to a concentration camp in Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City. When asked to cooperate with the Japanese, he refused. Although he had nothing to do with military operations, they imputed to him, as acting president, the destruction of the bridges and other public works in Cebu that had been undertaken by the USAFFE forces to delay the invasion of the island.
The Japanese high commander, Kiyotake Kawaguchi, took him and his son aboard a ship on April 26, 1942, thinking they were heading to Manila. Instead, they arrived on April 28 at Parang, Cotabato (now in Maguindanao). The next day they were brought to Malabang, Lanao, arriving on April 30. After two days' confinement at Japanese camps, Abad Santos was called in front of Kawaguchi and was informed about the order of his execution. Before he was shot to death, he was able to talk to his son Pepito. Among his last parting words to his son were, "Do not cry, Pepito, show to these people that you are brave. It is an honor to die for one's country. Not everybody has that chance." Abad Santos was executed at 2:00 pm, on May 1, 1942, under a tall coconut tree near a river bank. He refused to be blindfolded and refused the last cigarette offered to him.[1]
Death and burial site edit
On May 1, 1942, Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos was executed by Japanese troops in Malabang, Lanao del Sur.
Prior to 2014, the public knew Abad Santos was executed either on the dates May 2 or May 7, 1942. But the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) ascertained May 1, 1942 using the Japanese war crime records found in the National Archives of the Philippines.
Later that afternoon of May 1, 1942, two Japanese interpreters took José's son, Pepito, to his father's grave. It was a small mound—too small, Pepito thought, to hold his father's remains if properly buried. On top of the grave lay a rock as large as a coconut. Pepito begged that he be allowed to mark the grave with a cross, but his request was denied.
After the war, an intensive search for the place where José was buried failed. Pepito did not find the hut and the trees, which would have served as points of reference for locating the grave. The area where the execution took place had been plowed and planted to root crops.[1]
Date of execution edit
The date of his execution is often reported as May 7 or May 2. But the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) ascertained May 1, 1942 using the Japanese war crime records found in the National Archives of the Philippines.
Personal life edit
On September 21, 1918, Abad Santos was married to Amanda Teopaco daughter of Pedro Teopaco member of the Malolos Congress and has five children José Jr. (born 1919), Luz (born 1920), Amanda (born 1921), Osmundo (born 1922) and Victoria (born 1924). A staunch Methodist, Abad Santos worshiped at Central United Methodist Church along T.M. Kalaw Street in Ermita, Manila (then known as the Central Methodist Episcopal Church). Abad Santos was a freemason and a member of the Upsilon Sigma Phi fraternity.[2][3]
Commemoration and legacy edit
- On 1945, one of the six campuses of Arellano University was built in Pasay City and its name is derived by his name.
- When the Philippine Women's University established its primary and secondary education divisions in 1949, they named the school as Jose Abad Santos Memorial School in honor of Abad Santos who was a former chairman of the board of trustees of the university.
- The Municipality of Trinidad in the then-undivided Davao province, created in 1948, was renamed as the Municipality of Jose Abad Santos in his honor in 1955.[4] The municipality was later included in Davao del Sur in 1967 and in Davao Occidental in 2013.
- Abad Santos Avenue, a city street in Tondo, Manila, was renamed in his honor in 1955.
- The Abad Santos station of LRT-1, near Abad Santos Avenue in Tondo that opened in 1985, is named after him.
- Starting 1991, he is commemorated on the ₱ 1,000 banknote of the Philippines together with Brigadier General Vicente Lim and Josefa Llanes Escoda, founder of the Girl Scouts of the Philippines, who were all killed by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second World War.
- Jose Abad Santos Avenue, a major highway in Central Luzon, was renamed in his honor in 2007.
- On 2018, Philippine World War II Memorial Foundation launched a book entitled Honor: The Legacy of Jose Abad Santos.
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Abad Santos Monument in Tayabas City
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Abad Santos Monument at Museo ning Angeles, Pampanga
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Abad Santos Monument at Heroes Hall, San Fernando, Pampanga
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Abad Santos Monument at Pampanga Provincial Capitol
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Abad Santos Monument in Jose Abad Santos Avenue, San Fernando, Pampanga
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Jose Abad Santos High School with the Abad Santos Monument in San Nicolas, Manila
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Historical marker
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A postcard depicting Jose Abad Santos
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1000 Philippine peso bill (New Design Series)
In popular culture edit
- Portrayed by Lito Legaspi in the 1998 series Bayani in the episode Jose Abad Santos
- Portrayed by Alex Medina and Ricardo Cepeda in the 2018 documentary-film, Honor: The Legacy of Jose Abad Santos
References edit
- ^ He was elevated after the government of Manuel L. Quezon went in exile to the United States.
- ^ a b c d "The Execution of Jose Abad Santos". Official Gazette.[dead link]
- ^ "MW Jose Abad Santos". The Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the Philippines. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ . Upsilon Sigma Phi. October 24, 2017. Archived from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ Republic Act No. 1206 (April 20, 1955). An Act Changing the Name of the Municipality of Trinidad, Province of Davao, to Jose Abad Santos.
Further reading edit
- Aquino, Ramón C. (1985) "Chief Justice José Abad Santos 1886-1942: A Biography" Phoenix Publishing House, Quezon City