fbpx
Wikipedia

Job 1

January 30, 2023

Job 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE.[3][4] This chapter belongs to the prologue of the book,comprising Job 1:1–2:13.[5]

Job 1
The whole Book of Job in the Leningrad Codex (1008 C.E.) from an old fascimile edition.
BookBook of Job
Hebrew Bible partKetuvim
Order in the Hebrew part3
CategorySifrei Emet
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part18

Text

 
Scroll of Book of Job, in Hebrew

The original text is written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 22 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[6]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC; some extant ancient manuscripts of this version include Codex Vaticanus (B;  B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK:  S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A;  A; 5th century).[7]

Analysis

Within the structure of the book, chapters 1 and 2 are grouped as "the Prologue" with the following outline:[8]

  • Job Is Utterly Righteous (1:1–5)
  • The First Heavenly Court Scene (1:6–12)
  • The First Test - Loss of Possessions and Family (1:13–19)
  • Job's First Reaction to His Loss and the Narrator's Verdict (1:20–22)
  • The Second Heavenly Court Scene (2:1–6)
  • The Second Test - Ghastly Sores (2:7–10)
  • The Arrival and Mission of the Friends (2:11–13)

The whole section precedes the following parts of the book:[9]

  • The Dialogue (chapters 3–31)
  • The Verdicts (32:1–42:6)
  • The Epilogue (42:7–17)

The Prologue consists of five scenes in prose form (1:1–5; 1:6–12; 1:13–22; 2:1–6; 2:7–13 (3:1)) — alternating between earth and heaven — which introduce the main characters and the theological issue to be explored.[5]

Job's profile (1:1–5)

After stating Job's place of residence (which until now cannot be positively identified), this section provides the information about:[10]

  • Job's qualities: "blameless" (Hebrew: tam) and "upright" (yašar) (1:1)
  • Job's possessions and status (1:2–3)
  • Job's piety (1:4–5)

Verse 1

There was a man in the land of Uz, whose name was Job; and that man was blameless and upright, and one who feared God and shunned evil.[11]

Job's qualities are given in an unparalleled fourfold description:

  • "blameless" (Hebrew: tam; cf. Genesis 20:5, 6:1 Kings 9:4; Psalm 7:8; 25:21; 26:1, 11; 41:12; 78:72)
  • "upright" (Hebrew: yasar, "straight, whole, just")
  • "one who feared God"
  • [one who] "shunned evil"[12]

The word pair – "blameless" and "upright" – is parallel in Psalm 37:37.[12] The most crucial description is that Job "feared God", which is picked up by "the Adversary" (the "Satan") in verse 9 as a representative description of Job's supposed righteousness.[12] The expression "fearing God/Yahweh" is used in Proverb 1:7, 29; 2:5; 3:7; 8:13; 9:10; 10:27; 14:2, 26, 27; 15:16, 33;16:6;19:23; 22:4; 23:17; 24:21; 31:30; Ecclesiastes 5:7: 7:18; 8:12; 12:13; Psalm 15:4; 19:9; 34:9, 11; 111:10.[12]

First conversation (1:6–12)

The passage describes a gathering in heaven, where the hidden drama is revealed for the readers to understand the background of the coming events, but cannot be seen by Job and the people around him.[14][15] During this heavenly court, God (Hebrew: YHWH) extols the virtue of Job, but "the adversary" (Hebrew: ha-satan) challenges the reasons for it, so he receives permission from God to 'try to dislodge Job from his integrity'; that is, 'God is using Job to prove Satan’s theory wrong'.[15]

Verse 6

Now there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the Lord, and the Adversary also came among them.[16]
  • "The sons of God": from Hebrew: בני האלהים, bə-nê hā-’ĕ-lō-hîm.[17][18] This phrase only occur in Hebrew Bible in Genesis 6:2, 4; Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7), whereas there are comparable phrases bənê ’ĕlîm in Psalm 29:1; 89:7, and bənê ’ĕlyon in Psalm 89:7.[18] The use of this designation outside the Bible, mostly in the Ugaritic texts, relates the idea of functionaries who make up a divine council, where the business of heaven is done.[18]
  • "The Adversary": from Hebrew השטן, hā-śā-ṭān,[17] can be rendered as "the accuser" or "the challenger".[19] This Hebrew word has traditionally been transliterated with capitalization as a proper name "Satan", leading an association with the "devil", named as "Satan" in the New Testament, who is depicted as unsuccessfully trying to tempt Jesus (Matthew 4:1–11) and as resisting the rule of God (Revelation 12:9; 20:2, 7–8).[20][21] The word is written with the Hebrew definitive article ה, ha, in the Hebrew Bible (including in Numbers 22:22, 32; Zechariah 3:1–2), except in 1 Chronicles 21:1, which only use the word "satan", so it seems to refer to a function rather than a proper name of an individual.[22]

Verse 9

Then the Adversary answered the Lord, saying, "Has Job feared God for nothing?"[23]
  • "For nothing": The Hebrew form of this phrase has the interrogative ה, he, on the adverb חִנָּם, khinnam ("gratis"), a derivative either of the verb חָנַן khanan ("to be gracious, show favor") or of its related noun חֵן, khen ("grace, favor"), so the adverb has the sense of "free; gratis; gratuitously; for nothing; for no reason".[24]

Devastation of Job (1:13–22)

 
"Job Receiving the Messengers", by William Small (Dalziels' Bible Gallery), 1876–1881.

This section lists a series of disasters, of different kinds, one after another, that befell Job, who could only listen to the reports without any knowledge of the hand of the accuser and the purposes of God.[25] The patterns of disasters have a symmetry: the losses of Job's possessions alternate between those executed by humans (the Sabeans, the Chaldeans) and those brought about by natural or supernatural causes (lightning, whirlwind), each time with increasing intensities: larger and more valuable animals and at last the most valuable ones: Job's children.[25] Job's response to this set of losses (Verses 20–21) presents him as a model of piety: the tearing of garments (cf. Genesis 37:29; Joshua 7:6) and shaving of head (cf. Isaiah 15:2; 22:12; Jeremiah 7:29; 16:6; 41:5; 47:5; 48:37; Ezekiel 7:18; Amos 8:10; Micah 1:16) as a common rite of mourning in the local culture in ancient times.[26] The righteous nature of Job's response is endorsed by the narrator in verse 22..[26]

Verse 21

And he said, “Naked I came from my mother's womb, and naked shall I return. The Lord gave, and the Lord has taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord.”[27]
  • "Naked": from a Hebrew adjective which functions here as an 'adverbial accusative of state, explicative of the state of the subject', and while including the literal sense of nakedness at birth, it is also used symbolically to mean “without possessions.”[28]
  • Job's statement here is parallel to the New Testament verse 1 Timothy 6:7.[29]

See also

  • Related Bible parts: Joshua 7, Ezekiel 14, Zechariah 3, 1 Timothy 6, James 5

    • References

    1. ^ Halley 1965, p. 242.
    2. ^ Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
    3. ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009, p. 193.
    4. ^ Crenshaw 2007, p. 332.
    5. ^ a b Crenshaw 2007, p. 334.
    6. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 36–37.
    7. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
    8. ^ Wilson 2015, p. 17.
    9. ^ Wilson 2015, pp. 17–23.
    10. ^ Walton 2012, pp. 56–58.
    11. ^ Job 1:1 NKJV
    12. ^ a b c d e Wilson 2015, p. 29.
    13. ^ Estes 2013, p. 3.
    14. ^ Wilson 2015, p. 31.
    15. ^ a b Note [a] on Job 1:6 in NET Bible
    16. ^ Job 1:6 MEV
    17. ^ a b Job 1:6 Hebrew Text Analysis. Biblehub.
    18. ^ a b c Walton 2012, p. 63.
    19. ^ Walton 2012, pp. 64–65.
    20. ^ Walton 2012, p. 65.
    21. ^ Estes 2013, p. 9.
    22. ^ Walton 2012, pp. 65–66.
    23. ^ Job 1:9 MEV
    24. ^ Note on Job 1:9 in NET Bible
    25. ^ a b Wilson 2015, p. 35.
    26. ^ a b Wilson 2015, p. 36.
    27. ^ Job 1:21 ESV
    28. ^ Note [a] on Job 1:21 in NET Bible
    29. ^ Note [b] on Job 1:21 in NET Bible

    Sources

    • Alter, Robert (2010). The Wisdom Books: Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes: A Translation with Commentary. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0393080735.
    • Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288810.
    • Crenshaw, James L. (2007). "17. Job". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 331–355. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
    • Estes, Daniel J. (2013). Walton, John H.; Strauss, Mark L. (eds.). Job. Teach the Text Commentary Series. United States: Baker Publishing Group. ISBN 9781441242778.
    • Farmer, Kathleen A. (1998). "The Wisdom Books". In McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (eds.). The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-66425652-4.
    • Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.
    • Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick J. (2009). An Introduction to the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-4636-5.
    • Walton, John H. (2012). Job. United States: Zondervan. ISBN 9780310492009.
    • Wilson, Lindsay (2015). Job. United States: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9781467443289.
    • Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

    External links

    • Jewish translations:
      • Iyov - Job - Chapter 1 (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
    • Christian translations:
      • Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
    • Book of Job Chapter 1 King James Version
    •   Book of Job public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions

    January 30, 2023
    first, chapter, book, hebrew, bible, testament, christian, bible, book, anonymous, most, scholars, believe, written, around, century, this, chapter, belongs, prologue, book, comprising, esther, 10chapter, whole, book, leningrad, codex, 1008, from, fascimile, e. Job 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible 1 2 The book is anonymous most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE 3 4 This chapter belongs to the prologue of the book comprising Job 1 1 2 13 5 Job 1 Esther 10chapter 2 The whole Book of Job in the Leningrad Codex 1008 C E from an old fascimile edition BookBook of JobHebrew Bible partKetuvimOrder in the Hebrew part3CategorySifrei EmetChristian Bible partOld TestamentOrder in the Christian part18 Contents 1 Text 1 1 Textual witnesses 2 Analysis 3 Job s profile 1 1 5 3 1 Verse 1 4 First conversation 1 6 12 4 1 Verse 6 4 2 Verse 9 5 Devastation of Job 1 13 22 5 1 Verse 21 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 External linksText Edit Scroll of Book of Job in Hebrew The original text is written in Hebrew language This chapter is divided into 22 verses Textual witnesses Edit Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text which includes the Aleppo Codex 10th century and Codex Leningradensis 1008 6 There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint made in the last few centuries BC some extant ancient manuscripts of this version include Codex Vaticanus B G displaystyle mathfrak G B 4th century Codex Sinaiticus S BHK G displaystyle mathfrak G S 4th century and Codex Alexandrinus A G displaystyle mathfrak G A 5th century 7 Analysis EditWithin the structure of the book chapters 1 and 2 are grouped as the Prologue with the following outline 8 Job Is Utterly Righteous 1 1 5 The First Heavenly Court Scene 1 6 12 The First Test Loss of Possessions and Family 1 13 19 Job s First Reaction to His Loss and the Narrator s Verdict 1 20 22 The Second Heavenly Court Scene 2 1 6 The Second Test Ghastly Sores 2 7 10 The Arrival and Mission of the Friends 2 11 13 The whole section precedes the following parts of the book 9 The Dialogue chapters 3 31 The Verdicts 32 1 42 6 The Epilogue 42 7 17 The Prologue consists of five scenes in prose form 1 1 5 1 6 12 1 13 22 2 1 6 2 7 13 3 1 alternating between earth and heaven which introduce the main characters and the theological issue to be explored 5 Job s profile 1 1 5 EditAfter stating Job s place of residence which until now cannot be positively identified this section provides the information about 10 Job s qualities blameless Hebrew tam and upright yasar 1 1 Job s possessions and status 1 2 3 Job s piety 1 4 5 Verse 1 Edit There was a man in the land of Uz whose name was Job and that man was blameless and upright and one who feared God and shunned evil 11 Land of Uz the exact location is hard to determine but significantly it is outside the land of Israel setting the stage for a universal rather than an Israelite discussion of the topic of the book 12 Job the mention of his name in the Book of Ezekiel chapter 14 in the Old Testament Hebrew Bible and the Epistle of James chapter 5 in the New Testament of Christian Bibles argues for the historicity of the person but without any supports from non biblical ancient documents he is regarded as a legendary character 13 Job s qualities are given in an unparalleled fourfold description blameless Hebrew tam cf Genesis 20 5 6 1 Kings 9 4 Psalm 7 8 25 21 26 1 11 41 12 78 72 upright Hebrew yasar straight whole just one who feared God one who shunned evil 12 The word pair blameless and upright is parallel in Psalm 37 37 12 The most crucial description is that Job feared God which is picked up by the Adversary the Satan in verse 9 as a representative description of Job s supposed righteousness 12 The expression fearing God Yahweh is used in Proverb 1 7 29 2 5 3 7 8 13 9 10 10 27 14 2 26 27 15 16 33 16 6 19 23 22 4 23 17 24 21 31 30 Ecclesiastes 5 7 7 18 8 12 12 13 Psalm 15 4 19 9 34 9 11 111 10 12 First conversation 1 6 12 EditThe passage describes a gathering in heaven where the hidden drama is revealed for the readers to understand the background of the coming events but cannot be seen by Job and the people around him 14 15 During this heavenly court God Hebrew YHWH extols the virtue of Job but the adversary Hebrew ha satan challenges the reasons for it so he receives permission from God to try to dislodge Job from his integrity that is God is using Job to prove Satan s theory wrong 15 Verse 6 Edit Now there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the Lord and the Adversary also came among them 16 The sons of God from Hebrew בני האלהים be ne ha ĕ lō him 17 18 This phrase only occur in Hebrew Bible in Genesis 6 2 4 Job 1 6 2 1 38 7 whereas there are comparable phrases bene ĕlim in Psalm 29 1 89 7 and bene ĕlyon in Psalm 89 7 18 The use of this designation outside the Bible mostly in the Ugaritic texts relates the idea of functionaries who make up a divine council where the business of heaven is done 18 The Adversary from Hebrew השטן ha sa ṭan 17 can be rendered as the accuser or the challenger 19 This Hebrew word has traditionally been transliterated with capitalization as a proper name Satan leading an association with the devil named as Satan in the New Testament who is depicted as unsuccessfully trying to tempt Jesus Matthew 4 1 11 and as resisting the rule of God Revelation 12 9 20 2 7 8 20 21 The word is written with the Hebrew definitive article ה ha in the Hebrew Bible including in Numbers 22 22 32 Zechariah 3 1 2 except in 1 Chronicles 21 1 which only use the word satan so it seems to refer to a function rather than a proper name of an individual 22 Verse 9 Edit Then the Adversary answered the Lord saying Has Job feared God for nothing 23 For nothing The Hebrew form of this phrase has the interrogative ה he on the adverb ח נ ם khinnam gratis a derivative either of the verb ח נ ן khanan to be gracious show favor or of its related noun ח ן khen grace favor so the adverb has the sense of free gratis gratuitously for nothing for no reason 24 Devastation of Job 1 13 22 Edit Job Receiving the Messengers by William Small Dalziels Bible Gallery 1876 1881 This section lists a series of disasters of different kinds one after another that befell Job who could only listen to the reports without any knowledge of the hand of the accuser and the purposes of God 25 The patterns of disasters have a symmetry the losses of Job s possessions alternate between those executed by humans the Sabeans the Chaldeans and those brought about by natural or supernatural causes lightning whirlwind each time with increasing intensities larger and more valuable animals and at last the most valuable ones Job s children 25 Job s response to this set of losses Verses 20 21 presents him as a model of piety the tearing of garments cf Genesis 37 29 Joshua 7 6 and shaving of head cf Isaiah 15 2 22 12 Jeremiah 7 29 16 6 41 5 47 5 48 37 Ezekiel 7 18 Amos 8 10 Micah 1 16 as a common rite of mourning in the local culture in ancient times 26 The righteous nature of Job s response is endorsed by the narrator in verse 22 26 Verse 21 Edit And he said Naked I came from my mother s womb and naked shall I return The Lord gave and the Lord has taken away blessed be the name of the Lord 27 Naked from a Hebrew adjective which functions here as an adverbial accusative of state explicative of the state of the subject and while including the literal sense of nakedness at birth it is also used symbolically to mean without possessions 28 Job s statement here is parallel to the New Testament verse 1 Timothy 6 7 29 See also EditChaldeans Job Land of Uz Sabeans Satan Sacrifice YHWH Related Bible parts Joshua 7 Ezekiel 14 Zechariah 3 1 Timothy 6 James 5References Edit Halley 1965 p 242 Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook Holman Bible Publishers Nashville Tennessee 2012 Kugler amp Hartin 2009 p 193 Crenshaw 2007 p 332 a b Crenshaw 2007 p 334 Wurthwein 1995 pp 36 37 Wurthwein 1995 pp 73 74 Wilson 2015 p 17 Wilson 2015 pp 17 23 Walton 2012 pp 56 58 Job 1 1 NKJV a b c d e Wilson 2015 p 29 Estes 2013 p 3 Wilson 2015 p 31 a b Note a on Job 1 6 in NET Bible Job 1 6 MEV a b Job 1 6 Hebrew Text Analysis Biblehub a b c Walton 2012 p 63 Walton 2012 pp 64 65 Walton 2012 p 65 Estes 2013 p 9 Walton 2012 pp 65 66 Job 1 9 MEV Note on Job 1 9 in NET Bible a b Wilson 2015 p 35 a b Wilson 2015 p 36 Job 1 21 ESV Note a on Job 1 21 in NET Bible Note b on Job 1 21 in NET BibleSources EditAlter Robert 2010 The Wisdom Books Job Proverbs and Ecclesiastes A Translation with Commentary W W Norton amp Co ISBN 978 0393080735 Coogan Michael David 2007 Coogan Michael David Brettler Marc Zvi Newsom Carol Ann Perkins Pheme eds The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal Deuterocanonical Books New Revised Standard Version Issue 48 Augmented 3rd ed Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195288810 Crenshaw James L 2007 17 Job In Barton John Muddiman John eds The Oxford Bible Commentary first paperback ed Oxford University Press pp 331 355 ISBN 978 0199277186 Retrieved February 6 2019 Estes Daniel J 2013 Walton John H Strauss Mark L eds Job Teach the Text Commentary Series United States Baker Publishing Group ISBN 9781441242778 Farmer Kathleen A 1998 The Wisdom Books In McKenzie Steven L Graham Matt Patrick eds The Hebrew Bible Today An Introduction to Critical Issues Westminster John Knox Press ISBN 978 0 66425652 4 Halley Henry H 1965 Halley s Bible Handbook an abbreviated Bible commentary 24th revised ed Zondervan Publishing House ISBN 0 310 25720 4 Kugler Robert Hartin Patrick J 2009 An Introduction to the Bible Eerdmans ISBN 978 0 8028 4636 5 Walton John H 2012 Job United States Zondervan ISBN 9780310492009 Wilson Lindsay 2015 Job United States Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Company ISBN 9781467443289 Wurthwein Ernst 1995 The Text of the Old Testament Translated by Rhodes Erroll F Grand Rapids MI Wm B Eerdmans ISBN 0 8028 0788 7 Retrieved January 26 2019 External links EditJewish translations Iyov Job Chapter 1 Judaica Press translation with Rashi s commentary at Chabad org Christian translations Online Bible at GospelHall org ESV KJV Darby American Standard Version Bible in Basic English Book of Job Chapter 1 King James Version Book of Job public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Job 1 amp oldid 1112582460, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

    article

    , read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.