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Jean-Baptiste Say

Jean-Baptiste Say (French: [ʒɑ̃batist sɛ]; 5 January 1767 – 15 November 1832) was a liberal French economist and businessman who argued in favor of competition, free trade and lifting restraints on business. He is best known for Say's law—also known as the law of markets—which he popularized. Scholars disagree on the surprisingly subtle question of whether it was Say who first stated what is now called Say's law.[1][2] Moreover, he was one of the first economists to study entrepreneurship and conceptualized entrepreneurs as organizers and leaders of the economy.[3]

Jean-Baptiste Say
Born(1767-01-05)5 January 1767
Died15 November 1832(1832-11-15) (aged 65)
Paris, France
NationalityFrench
FieldPolitical economy
School or
tradition
French Liberal School
InfluencesRichard Cantillon, Adam Smith, Pietro Verri
ContributionsSay's law, entrepreneurship

Early life

 
Map of Croydon, drawn by the 18-year-old Say in 1785

Say was born in Lyon. His father Jean-Etienne Say was born to a Protestant family which had moved from Nîmes to Geneva for some time in consequence of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Say was intended to follow a commercial career and in 1785 was sent with his brother Horace to complete his education in England. He lodged for a time in Croydon and afterwards (following a return visit to France) in Fulham. During the latter period, he was employed successively by two London-based firms of sugar merchants, James Baillie & Co and Samuel and William Hibbert.[4][5] At the end of 1786, he accompanied Samuel Hibbert on a voyage to France which ended in December with Hibbert's death in Nantes. Say returned to Paris, where he found employment in the office of a life assurance company directed by Étienne Clavière. His brother Louis Auguste (1774–1840) also became an economist.

Writings, teaching and entrepreneurship

 
Title page of Say's Lettres à M. Malthus, sur différens sujets d'économie politique, published in 1820

Say's first literary attempt was a pamphlet on the liberty of the press, published in 1789. He later worked under Mirabeau on the Courrier de Provence. In 1792, he took part as a volunteer in the campaign of Champagne. In 1793, he assumed in keeping with French Revolutionary fashion the pseudonym Atticus and became secretary to Étienne Clavière, the then finance minister.

From 1794 to 1800, he edited a periodical, entitled La Decade philosophique, litteraire, et politique, in which he expounded the doctrines of Adam Smith. He had by this time established his reputation as a publicist and when the consular government was established in 1799 he was selected as one of the 100 members of the Tribunat, resigning the editorship of the Decade. In 1800, Say published Olbie, ou essai sur les moyens de réformer les mœurs d'une nation. In 1803, he published his principal work, the Traité d'économie politique ou simple exposition de la manière dont se forment, se distribuent et se composent les richesses. Having proved unwilling to compromise his convictions in the interests of Napoleon, Say was removed from the office of tribune in 1804. He turned to industrial activities and after having familiarised himself with the processes of cotton manufacture he established a spinning-mill at Auchy-lès-Hesdin in the Pas de Calais which employed some 400–500 people, mainly women and children. He devoted his leisure time to revising his economic treatise which had been out of print for some time, but the system of state censorship in place prevented him from republishing it.

In 1814, Say availed himself (to use his own words) of the relative liberty arising from the entrance of the allied powers into France to bring out a second edition of the work dedicated to the emperor Alexander I of Russia, who had professed himself his pupil. In the same year, the French government sent him to study the economic condition of the United Kingdom. The results of his observations appeared in a tract, De l'Angleterre et des Anglais. A third edition of the Traité appeared in 1817.

A chair of industrial economy was established for him in 1819 at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. In 1825, he became a member of the improvement council of the École spéciale de commerce et d'industrie, one of the first business schools in the world. In 1831, he was made professor of political economy at the Collège de France. In 1828–1830, he published his Cours complet d'économie politique pratique.

Say's law

Say is well known for Say's law, or the law of markets, often controversially summarised as:

Say's law is instead uncontroversially summarized as:

  • "Supply constitutes its own demand"
  • "Inherent in supply is the wherewithal for its own consumption" (direct translation from French Traité d'économie politique)

The exact phrase "supply creates its own demand" was coined by John Maynard Keynes, who criticized it as in the former two, equating all four of these statements to mean the same thing. Some economists, including some advocates of Say's law who dispute this characterization as a misrepresentation,[6] have disputed his interpretation, claiming that Say's law can actually be summarized more accurately as "production precedes consumption" and that Say was claiming that in order to consume one must produce something of value so that one can trade this (either in the form of money or barter) in order to consume later.[7]

Similar sentiments through different wordings appear in the work of John Stuart Mill (1848) and his father James Mill (1808). The Scottish classical economist James Mill restates Say's law in 1808, writing that "production of commodities creates, and is the one and universal cause which creates a market for the commodities produced".[8]

In Say's language, "products are paid for with products" (1803, p. 153) or "a glut can take place only when there are too many means of production applied to one kind of product and not enough to another" (1803, pp. 178–179). Explaining his point at length, he wrote the following:[9]

It is worthwhile to remark that a product is no sooner created than it, from that instant, affords a market for other products to the full extent of its own value. When the producer has put the finishing hand to his product, he is most anxious to sell it immediately, lest its value should diminish in his hands. Nor is he less anxious to dispose of the money he may get for it; for the value of money is also perishable. But the only way of getting rid of money is in the purchase of some product or other. Thus the mere circumstance of creation of one product immediately opens a vent for other products.[10]

Say also wrote that it is not the abundance of money, but the abundance of other products in general that facilitates sales:[11]

Money performs but a momentary function in this double exchange; and when the transaction is finally closed, it will always be found, that one kind of commodity has been exchanged for another.

Say's law may also have been culled from Ecclesiastes 5:11 – "When goods increase, they are increased that eat them: and what good is there to the owners thereof, saving the beholding of them with their eyes?" (KJV). Say's law has been considered by John Kenneth Galbraith as "the most distinguished example of the stability of economic ideas, including when they are wrong".[12]

Say's law emerged during the early period of the Industrial Revolution, at a time when the economic phenomena of increased output merged with England's cyclical inability to maintain both sales and unemployment. This led many to believe that there was a limit to the growth of production, and there may come a point when there is no means of purchasing all output generated. Say's Law of Markets deals with the fact that production of commodities causes income to be paid to suppliers of the components of capital, labor, and land used in producing these goods and services. The sale price of these commodities is the sum of the payments of wages, rents, and profit.[13] Income generated during production of a commodity equals the value of that commodity. Therefore, an increase in the supply of output will result in an increase in the income necessary to generate demand for those products. In the words of Jean-Baptiste Say, "unless we produce, we cannot consume; unless we first supply, we cannot demand".[14]

Theory of entrepreneurship

In the Treatise, his main economic work, Say stated that any production process required effort, knowledge and the "application" of the entrepreneur. According to him, entrepreneurs are intermediaries in the production process who combine productive agents such as land, capital and labor in order to meet the demand of consumers. As a result, they play a central role in the economy and fulfil a coordinating role.[3]

Besides studying large-scale entrepreneurs, Say looked at people working for themselves:

When a workman carries on an enterprise on his own account, as the knife grinder in the streets, he is both workman and entrepreneur.[15]

Say also thought about which qualities are essential for successful entrepreneurs and highlighted the quality of judgement. To his mind, entrepreneurs have to continuously assess market needs and the means which could meet them, which requires an "unerring market sense".[3]

As he emphasized the coordinating function of entrepreneurs, Say viewed entrepreneurial income primarily as high wages that are paid in compensation for the skills and expert knowledge of entrepreneurs. He did so by making a distinction between the enterprise function and the supply-of-capital-function which allowed him to look at the earnings of the entrepreneur on the one hand and the remuneration of capital on the other hand. This clearly differentiates his theory from that of Joseph Schumpeter, who described entrepreneurial rent as short-term profits that compensate for high risk (Schumpeterian rent).[3] Say also touched upon risk and uncertainty as well as innovation when discussing entrepreneurship, although he never deeply investigated their relationships. However, Say stated:

[In any enterprise activity] there is an abundance of obstacles to be surmounted, of anxieties to be repressed, of misfortunes to be repaired, and of expedients to be devised [...] [and] there is always a degree of risk attending such undertakings.[16]

Sometimes a manufacturer discovers a process, calculated either to introduce a new product, to increase the beauty of an old one, or to produce with greater economy.[17]

Personal life

In 1793, Say married Mlle Deloche, daughter of a former lawyer.

Honours

In 1826, Say was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Later years and death

 
Say's tomb in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris

In his later years, Say became subject to attacks of nervous apoplexy. He lost his wife in January 1830 and from that time his health declined. When the revolution of that year broke out, Say was named a member of the council-general of the department of the Seine, but he found it necessary to resign.

Say died in Paris on 15 November 1832 and was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

References

  1. ^ Thweatt, William O. (2000). "Early Formulators of Say's Law". In Wood, John Cunningham; Kates, Steven (eds.). Jean-Baptiste Say: Critical Assessments. Vol. 5. London: Routledge. pp. 78–93. ISBN 0415232406. However, Although Braudel notes a variety of different readings of Say's Law, they all agree around some formulation of whereby supply creates demand at least eventually if not immediately.
  2. ^ Braudel, Fernand (1979). The Wheels of Commerce: Civilisation and Capitalism 15th–18th Century. p. 181.
  3. ^ a b c d Koolman, G. (1971). "Say's Conception of the Role of the Entrepreneur". Economica. 38 (151): 269–286. doi:10.2307/2552843. JSTOR 2552843.
  4. ^ Lancaster, Brian (March 2012), "Jean-Baptiste Say's 1785 Croydon street plan", Croydon Natural History & Scientific Society Bulletin, 144: 2–5
  5. ^ Lancaster, Brian (2015). "Jean-Baptiste Say's First Visit to England (1785/6)". History of European Ideas. 41 (7): 922–930. doi:10.1080/01916599.2014.989676. S2CID 144520487.
  6. ^ Clower, Robert W. (2004). "Trashing J.B. Say: the story of a mare's nest". In Fitoussi, Jean-Paul; Velupillai, Kumaraswamy (eds.). Macroeconomic theory and economic policy : essays in honour of Jean-Paul Fitoussi. London: Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 0-203-35650-0. OCLC 252932434.
  7. ^ Bylund, Per. "Say's Law (the Law of Markets)".
  8. ^ Mill, James (1808). Commerce Defended. "Chapter VI: Consumption". p. 81.
  9. ^ "Information on Jean-Baptiste Say". 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Say, Jean-Baptiste (1803). A Treatise on Political Economy. pp. 138–139.
  11. ^ Say, Jean-Baptiste (1803). A Treatise on Political Economy. Translated from the fourth edition of the French in 2001. Batoche Books Kitchener. p. 57.
  12. ^ Galbraith, John Kenneth (1975), Money: Whence It Came, Where It Went, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-19843-7.
  13. ^ Sowell, Thomas (1972). Say's Law: An Historical Analysis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400871223.
  14. ^ Eberling, Richard (19 June 2017). "Economic Ideas: Jean-Baptiste Say and the 'Law of Markets'". The Future of Freedom Foundation. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  15. ^ Say, Jean-Baptiste (1821). "Catechism of Political Economy". Mises Institute. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  16. ^ Say, Jean-Baptiste (1880). A Treatise on Political Economy. Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger. p. 331.
  17. ^ Say, Jean-Baptiste (1880). A Treatise on Political economy. Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger. p. 329.

Further reading

  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Say, Jean Baptiste" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hart, David (2008). "Say, Jean-Baptiste (1767–1832)". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 449–450. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n274. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
  • Hollander, Samuel (2005), Jean-Baptiste Say and the Classical Canon in Economics: the British Connection in French Classicism, London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-32338-X.
  • Garello, Jacques Garello (29 January 2011). "Portrait: J.B. Say (1767–1832)". La nouvelle lettre. 1064: 8.
  • Schoorl, Evert (2012). Jean-Baptiste Say: Revolutionary, Entrepreneur, Economist. London: London. ISBN 9781135104108.
  • Sowell, Thomas (1973), Say's Law: An Historical Analysis, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-04166-0.
  • Teilhac, Ernest (1927). L'oeuvre économique de Jean-Baptiste Say. Paris.
  • Whatmore, Richard (2001), Republicanism and the French Revolution: An Intellectual History of Jean-Baptiste Say's Political Economy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924115-5.

External links

  • Works by or about Jean-Baptiste Say at Internet Archive
  • Say's Law and Economic Growth
  • A Treatise on Political Economy at McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought
  • Letters to Malthus on Several Subjects of Political Economy (1821) at McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought
  • Guide to the Jean Baptiste Say Collection 1794–1821 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

jean, baptiste, french, ʒɑ, batist, january, 1767, november, 1832, liberal, french, economist, businessman, argued, favor, competition, free, trade, lifting, restraints, business, best, known, also, known, markets, which, popularized, scholars, disagree, surpr. Jean Baptiste Say French ʒɑ batist sɛ 5 January 1767 15 November 1832 was a liberal French economist and businessman who argued in favor of competition free trade and lifting restraints on business He is best known for Say s law also known as the law of markets which he popularized Scholars disagree on the surprisingly subtle question of whether it was Say who first stated what is now called Say s law 1 2 Moreover he was one of the first economists to study entrepreneurship and conceptualized entrepreneurs as organizers and leaders of the economy 3 Jean Baptiste SayBorn 1767 01 05 5 January 1767Lyon Kingdom of FranceDied15 November 1832 1832 11 15 aged 65 Paris FranceNationalityFrenchFieldPolitical economySchool ortraditionFrench Liberal SchoolInfluencesRichard Cantillon Adam Smith Pietro VerriContributionsSay s law entrepreneurship Contents 1 Early life 2 Writings teaching and entrepreneurship 3 Say s law 4 Theory of entrepreneurship 5 Personal life 6 Honours 7 Later years and death 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksEarly life Edit Map of Croydon drawn by the 18 year old Say in 1785 Say was born in Lyon His father Jean Etienne Say was born to a Protestant family which had moved from Nimes to Geneva for some time in consequence of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes Say was intended to follow a commercial career and in 1785 was sent with his brother Horace to complete his education in England He lodged for a time in Croydon and afterwards following a return visit to France in Fulham During the latter period he was employed successively by two London based firms of sugar merchants James Baillie amp Co and Samuel and William Hibbert 4 5 At the end of 1786 he accompanied Samuel Hibbert on a voyage to France which ended in December with Hibbert s death in Nantes Say returned to Paris where he found employment in the office of a life assurance company directed by Etienne Claviere His brother Louis Auguste 1774 1840 also became an economist Writings teaching and entrepreneurship Edit Title page of Say s Lettres a M Malthus sur differens sujets d economie politique published in 1820 Say s first literary attempt was a pamphlet on the liberty of the press published in 1789 He later worked under Mirabeau on the Courrier de Provence In 1792 he took part as a volunteer in the campaign of Champagne In 1793 he assumed in keeping with French Revolutionary fashion the pseudonym Atticus and became secretary to Etienne Claviere the then finance minister From 1794 to 1800 he edited a periodical entitled La Decade philosophique litteraire et politique in which he expounded the doctrines of Adam Smith He had by this time established his reputation as a publicist and when the consular government was established in 1799 he was selected as one of the 100 members of the Tribunat resigning the editorship of the Decade In 1800 Say published Olbie ou essai sur les moyens de reformer les mœurs d une nation In 1803 he published his principal work the Traite d economie politique ou simple exposition de la maniere dont se forment se distribuent et se composent les richesses Having proved unwilling to compromise his convictions in the interests of Napoleon Say was removed from the office of tribune in 1804 He turned to industrial activities and after having familiarised himself with the processes of cotton manufacture he established a spinning mill at Auchy les Hesdin in the Pas de Calais which employed some 400 500 people mainly women and children He devoted his leisure time to revising his economic treatise which had been out of print for some time but the system of state censorship in place prevented him from republishing it In 1814 Say availed himself to use his own words of the relative liberty arising from the entrance of the allied powers into France to bring out a second edition of the work dedicated to the emperor Alexander I of Russia who had professed himself his pupil In the same year the French government sent him to study the economic condition of the United Kingdom The results of his observations appeared in a tract De l Angleterre et des Anglais A third edition of the Traite appeared in 1817 A chair of industrial economy was established for him in 1819 at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers In 1825 he became a member of the improvement council of the Ecole speciale de commerce et d industrie one of the first business schools in the world In 1831 he was made professor of political economy at the College de France In 1828 1830 he published his Cours complet d economie politique pratique Say s law EditFurther information Say s law Say is well known for Say s law or the law of markets often controversially summarised as Aggregate supply creates its own aggregate demand Supply creates its own demand Say s law is instead uncontroversially summarized as Supply constitutes its own demand Inherent in supply is the wherewithal for its own consumption direct translation from French Traite d economie politique The exact phrase supply creates its own demand was coined by John Maynard Keynes who criticized it as in the former two equating all four of these statements to mean the same thing Some economists including some advocates of Say s law who dispute this characterization as a misrepresentation 6 have disputed his interpretation claiming that Say s law can actually be summarized more accurately as production precedes consumption and that Say was claiming that in order to consume one must produce something of value so that one can trade this either in the form of money or barter in order to consume later 7 Similar sentiments through different wordings appear in the work of John Stuart Mill 1848 and his father James Mill 1808 The Scottish classical economist James Mill restates Say s law in 1808 writing that production of commodities creates and is the one and universal cause which creates a market for the commodities produced 8 In Say s language products are paid for with products 1803 p 153 or a glut can take place only when there are too many means of production applied to one kind of product and not enough to another 1803 pp 178 179 Explaining his point at length he wrote the following 9 It is worthwhile to remark that a product is no sooner created than it from that instant affords a market for other products to the full extent of its own value When the producer has put the finishing hand to his product he is most anxious to sell it immediately lest its value should diminish in his hands Nor is he less anxious to dispose of the money he may get for it for the value of money is also perishable But the only way of getting rid of money is in the purchase of some product or other Thus the mere circumstance of creation of one product immediately opens a vent for other products 10 Say also wrote that it is not the abundance of money but the abundance of other products in general that facilitates sales 11 Money performs but a momentary function in this double exchange and when the transaction is finally closed it will always be found that one kind of commodity has been exchanged for another Say s law may also have been culled from Ecclesiastes 5 11 When goods increase they are increased that eat them and what good is there to the owners thereof saving the beholding of them with their eyes KJV Say s law has been considered by John Kenneth Galbraith as the most distinguished example of the stability of economic ideas including when they are wrong 12 Say s law emerged during the early period of the Industrial Revolution at a time when the economic phenomena of increased output merged with England s cyclical inability to maintain both sales and unemployment This led many to believe that there was a limit to the growth of production and there may come a point when there is no means of purchasing all output generated Say s Law of Markets deals with the fact that production of commodities causes income to be paid to suppliers of the components of capital labor and land used in producing these goods and services The sale price of these commodities is the sum of the payments of wages rents and profit 13 Income generated during production of a commodity equals the value of that commodity Therefore an increase in the supply of output will result in an increase in the income necessary to generate demand for those products In the words of Jean Baptiste Say unless we produce we cannot consume unless we first supply we cannot demand 14 Theory of entrepreneurship EditIn the Treatise his main economic work Say stated that any production process required effort knowledge and the application of the entrepreneur According to him entrepreneurs are intermediaries in the production process who combine productive agents such as land capital and labor in order to meet the demand of consumers As a result they play a central role in the economy and fulfil a coordinating role 3 Besides studying large scale entrepreneurs Say looked at people working for themselves When a workman carries on an enterprise on his own account as the knife grinder in the streets he is both workman and entrepreneur 15 Say also thought about which qualities are essential for successful entrepreneurs and highlighted the quality of judgement To his mind entrepreneurs have to continuously assess market needs and the means which could meet them which requires an unerring market sense 3 As he emphasized the coordinating function of entrepreneurs Say viewed entrepreneurial income primarily as high wages that are paid in compensation for the skills and expert knowledge of entrepreneurs He did so by making a distinction between the enterprise function and the supply of capital function which allowed him to look at the earnings of the entrepreneur on the one hand and the remuneration of capital on the other hand This clearly differentiates his theory from that of Joseph Schumpeter who described entrepreneurial rent as short term profits that compensate for high risk Schumpeterian rent 3 Say also touched upon risk and uncertainty as well as innovation when discussing entrepreneurship although he never deeply investigated their relationships However Say stated In any enterprise activity there is an abundance of obstacles to be surmounted of anxieties to be repressed of misfortunes to be repaired and of expedients to be devised and there is always a degree of risk attending such undertakings 16 Sometimes a manufacturer discovers a process calculated either to introduce a new product to increase the beauty of an old one or to produce with greater economy 17 Personal life EditIn 1793 Say married Mlle Deloche daughter of a former lawyer Honours EditIn 1826 Say was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Later years and death Edit Say s tomb in the Pere Lachaise Cemetery in Paris In his later years Say became subject to attacks of nervous apoplexy He lost his wife in January 1830 and from that time his health declined When the revolution of that year broke out Say was named a member of the council general of the department of the Seine but he found it necessary to resign Say died in Paris on 15 November 1832 and was buried in the Pere Lachaise Cemetery References Edit Thweatt William O 2000 Early Formulators of Say s Law In Wood John Cunningham Kates Steven eds Jean Baptiste Say Critical Assessments Vol 5 London Routledge pp 78 93 ISBN 0415232406 However Although Braudel notes a variety of different readings of Say s Law they all agree around some formulation of whereby supply creates demand at least eventually if not immediately Braudel Fernand 1979 The Wheels of Commerce Civilisation and Capitalism 15th 18th Century p 181 a b c d Koolman G 1971 Say s Conception of the Role of the Entrepreneur Economica 38 151 269 286 doi 10 2307 2552843 JSTOR 2552843 Lancaster Brian March 2012 Jean Baptiste Say s 1785 Croydon street plan Croydon Natural History amp Scientific Society Bulletin 144 2 5 Lancaster Brian 2015 Jean Baptiste Say s First Visit to England 1785 6 History of European Ideas 41 7 922 930 doi 10 1080 01916599 2014 989676 S2CID 144520487 Clower Robert W 2004 Trashing J B Say the story of a mare s nest In Fitoussi Jean Paul Velupillai Kumaraswamy eds Macroeconomic theory and economic policy essays in honour of Jean Paul Fitoussi London Routledge p 92 ISBN 0 203 35650 0 OCLC 252932434 Bylund Per Say s Law the Law of Markets Mill James 1808 Commerce Defended Chapter VI Consumption p 81 Information on Jean Baptiste Say Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Say Jean Baptiste 1803 A Treatise on Political Economy pp 138 139 Say Jean Baptiste 1803 A Treatise on Political Economy Translated from the fourth edition of the French in 2001 Batoche Books Kitchener p 57 Galbraith John Kenneth 1975 Money Whence It Came Where It Went Boston Houghton Mifflin ISBN 0 395 19843 7 Sowell Thomas 1972 Say s Law An Historical Analysis Princeton NJ Princeton University Press ISBN 9781400871223 Eberling Richard 19 June 2017 Economic Ideas Jean Baptiste Say and the Law of Markets The Future of Freedom Foundation Retrieved 21 April 2020 Say Jean Baptiste 1821 Catechism of Political Economy Mises Institute Retrieved 13 August 2019 Say Jean Baptiste 1880 A Treatise on Political Economy Philadelphia Claxton Remsen amp Haffelfinger p 331 Say Jean Baptiste 1880 A Treatise on Political economy Philadelphia Claxton Remsen amp Haffelfinger p 329 Further reading EditChisholm Hugh ed 1911 Say Jean Baptiste Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press Hart David 2008 Say Jean Baptiste 1767 1832 In Hamowy Ronald ed The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Thousand Oaks CA Sage Cato Institute pp 449 450 doi 10 4135 9781412965811 n274 ISBN 978 1412965804 LCCN 2008009151 OCLC 750831024 Hollander Samuel 2005 Jean Baptiste Say and the Classical Canon in Economics the British Connection in French Classicism London and New York Routledge ISBN 0 415 32338 X Garello Jacques Garello 29 January 2011 Portrait J B Say 1767 1832 La nouvelle lettre 1064 8 Schoorl Evert 2012 Jean Baptiste Say Revolutionary Entrepreneur Economist London London ISBN 9781135104108 Sowell Thomas 1973 Say s Law An Historical Analysis Princeton University Press ISBN 0 691 04166 0 Teilhac Ernest 1927 L oeuvre economique de Jean Baptiste Say Paris Whatmore Richard 2001 Republicanism and the French Revolution An Intellectual History of Jean Baptiste Say s Political Economy Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 924115 5 External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Jean Baptiste Say Works by or about Jean Baptiste Say at Internet Archive Say s Law and Economic Growth Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Economic Insights article Volume 11 Number 1 A Treatise on Political Economy at McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought Letters to Malthus on Several Subjects of Political Economy 1821 at McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought Guide to the Jean Baptiste Say Collection 1794 1821 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research CenterPortals Business Economics France Liberalism Libertarianism Politics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jean Baptiste Say amp oldid 1134162397, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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