Jadgali language
Jaḍgālī is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Jadgal, an ethno-linguistic group[3] of Pakistan and Iran. It is one of only two Indo-Aryan languages found on the Iranian plateau.[3] It is a dialect of Sindhi most closely related to Lasi.[4]
| Jadgali | |
|---|---|
| Nummaṛī | |
Jadgali in Arabic script, in the three names of the language, Jadgali (Baloch name) and Numari (Native name) | |
| Native to | Pakistan, Iran |
| Ethnicity | Jadgals |
Native speakers | no reliable data (2008)[1] |
| Arabic script (Nastaʿlīq)[2] | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | jdg |
| Glottolog | jadg1238 |
The majority of the Jadgali population is found in Pakistan, where a 2004 estimate placed it at 15,600,[5] and in Iran, where according to a 2008 estimate it is at least 25,000.[6] There are also immigrant communities in Oman and the United Arab Emirates, where the Jadgal are known as az-zighālī or az-zijālī.[7] In Iran at least two varieties are spoken, which are reportedly not easily intercomprehensible.[8]
The term Jadgal is of Balochi origin, but it is nowadays used by the Jadgal themselves, alongside their earlier endonym Nummaṛ, which is the source of the language names Nummaṛī and Nummaṛikī.[9]
Jadgali is underdocumented. According to Emeneau, it is likely to have been the source of early Indo-Aryan influences on Balochi and Brahui and therefore studies of the language could help bring insights into the linguistic history of the area.[10]
In Iran
In Iran, Jadgali is spoken in the Dashtyari region in the south and south-east of Sistan and Balochistan Province, particularly in Pullān, Pīr Suhrāb and Bāhū Kalāt; all neighbouring communities are Balochi-speaking.[11] Most speakers of Jadgali ethnically self-identify as Jadgal, while a small number see themselves as Jadgal-Baloch.[12] In wider contexts, they identify as Baloch, and are fully accepted as such by the Balochi speakers,[13] with whom they are physically and culturally indistinguishable.[7] The Jadgal claim to be of Baloch origin and to have changed their language because of interactions with their neighbours at the time when they were settled in Las Bela, a region at the eastern end of Balochistan. According to this story, they left their homeland after a defeat from the ruler of Sindh and then moved westward, eventually settling in Dashtyari during the reign of Shah Abbas.[14]
Balochi is the language of wider communication, all male adults are bilingual in it,[13] and it is more likely to be the one passed on to children in mixed marriages.[15] However, attitudes to Jadgali are positive and the language is vital.[16] Persian is used relatively often.[17] In addition to Balochi TV programmes, some people also watch Sindhi-language broadcasts from Pakistan.[18]
References
- ^ Delforooz 2008, p. 25
- ^ "Ethnologue report for Jadgali". Ethnologue.
- ^ a b Delforooz 2008, p. 23.
- ^ Delforooz 2008, pp. 27–28. The similarity to Lasi emerged from a study of recordings of lexical items. The author notes that there nevertheless are differences in both pronunciation and lexicon.
- ^ Ethnologue 2017. Ethnologue had earlier estimated the population in Pakistan at 100,000.(Ethnologue 2013).
- ^ Delforooz 2008, p. 25. The corresponding 2004 estimate reported in Ethnologue (2017) was 10,000.
- ^ a b Delforooz 2008, p. 25.
- ^ Based on the testimony of one speaker. (Delforooz 2008, p. 28).
- ^ Delforooz 2008, p. 28.
- ^ Bashir 2016, pp. 272, 277.
- ^ Delforooz 2008, pp. 25, 28.
- ^ Delforooz 2008, p. 26.
- ^ a b Spooner 1969, p. 144.
- ^ Delforooz 2008, pp. 25–26.
- ^ Delforooz 2008, p. 42.
- ^ Delforooz 2008, pp. 41–42.
- ^ Delforooz 2008, pp. 36, 42.
- ^ Delforooz 2008, p. 33.
Bibliography
- Bashir, Elena L. (2016). "Contact and convergence. Baluchistan". In Hock, Hans Henrich; Bashir, Elena (eds.). The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide. World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 271–84. ISBN 978-3-11-042715-8.
- Delforooz, Behrooz Barjasteh (2008). "A sociolinguistic survey among the Jagdal in Iranian Balochistan". In Jahani, Carina; Korn, Agnes; Titus, Paul Brian (eds.). The Baloch and others: linguistic, historical and socio-political perspectives on pluralism in Balochistan. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag. pp. 23–44. ISBN 978-3-89500-591-6.
- Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2013). . Ethnologue (17 ed.). Archived from the original on 2013-03-04.
- Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). "Jadgali". Ethnologue (20 ed.). (access limited).
- Spooner, Brian (1969). "Politics, Kinship, and Ecology in Southeast Persia". Ethnology. 8 (2): 139–152. doi:10.2307/3772976. ISSN 0014-1828. JSTOR 3772976.