Jüri Uluots (13 January 1890 – 9 January 1945) was an Estonian prime minister, journalist, prominent attorney and distinguished Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Law at the University of Tartu.
Uluots was elected to the Riigikogu, the Estonian parliament, for 1920–1926, and from 1929 through 1932. He was speaker of the Riigivolikogu (lower chamber) from 4 April 1938 to 12 October 1939.[1] Uluots then served as prime minister from 1939 until June 1940 when Soviet troops entered Estonia and installed a new Sovietpuppet government led by Johannes Vares, whereas Uluots' constitutional government went underground (and later, in exile). The communist puppet government was never recognized by the United States, United Kingdom and other western powers who considered it and the August 1940 annexation of Estonia into the USSR illegal.[2]
After the Estonian President Konstantin Päts was arrested by Soviet occupation forces and deported to Russia in July 1940, Professor Uluots became prime minister in the duties of the president as dictated by the Estonian constitution. When the Nazis invaded Soviet-occupied Estonia in 1941 the communist government was overthrown. Ulouts refused German offers to head the Estonian Self-Administration in 1941 and instead formed part of the underground Estonian resistance to the Nazi occupation regime.[3]
In January 1944, the front was pushed back by the Soviet Army almost all the way to the former Estonian border. Narva was evacuated. Jüri Uluots delivered a radio address that implored all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for German military service (Before this, Uluots had opposed Estonian mobilization.) The call drew support from all across the country: 38,000 draftees appeared at German registration centers.[4] Several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish army came back across the Gulf of Finland to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. It was hoped that by engaging in such a war Estonia would be able to attract Western support for the cause of Estonia's independence from the USSR and thus ultimately succeed in achieving independence.[5]
In March 1944 the National Committee of the Republic of Estonia was formed by the underground resistance movement in German-occupied Estonia.[6] By April 1944 a large number of the committee members were arrested by the German security agencies.[7] The Committee aimed to establish of a provisional government during expected German withdrawal as the Red Army had reached the border of Estonia on 2 February 1944. On 20 April 1944, the National Committee selected the Electoral Committee of the Republic of Estonia. The Committee determined that the Soviet-era appointment of Johannes Vares as Prime Minister by Konstantin Päts had been illegal and that Uluots had assumed the President's duties from 21 June 1940 onwards.[8] On 21 June 1944, Jüri Uluots appointed Otto Tief as deputy prime minister.[9]
As the Germans retreated in September 1944, Uluots appointed a new government, headed by Otto Tief. On 20 September, the Estonian national government was proclaimed. Estonian forces seized the government buildings in Toompea and ordered the German forces to leave.[10]
Tief's government left Tallinn prior to the Soviet army's arrival and went into hiding. But most of the cabinet members were later arrested and suffered various repressions by the Soviet authorities, or were sent to labour camps in Siberia. The remainder of the government fled to Stockholm, Sweden, where it operated in exile from 1944 to 1992 when Heinrich Mark, who was prime minister in duties of the president, presented his credentials to incoming president Lennart Meri.
After 4-days short for his 55th birthday, Uluots died of gastric cancer shortly after arriving in Sweden in 1945.[11]
Mälksoo, Lauri (2000). Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law. Nordic Journal of International Law 69.3, 289–316.
Article about Otto Tief's government from the official site of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow
^European Parliament (13 January 1983). "Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania". Official Journal of the European Communities. C 42/78. "whereas the Soviet annexias of the three Baltic States still has not been formally recognized by most European States and the USA, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and the Vatican still adhere to the concept of the Baltic States".
^Raun, Toivo (2001). Estonia and the Estonians. Hoover Press. p. 163. ISBN978-0-8179-2852-0.
^Resistance! Occupied Europe and Its Defiance of Hitler (Paperback) by Dave Lande on Page 200 ISBN0-7603-0745-8
^The Baltic States: The National Self-Determination of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Graham Smith p.91 ISBN0-312-16192-1
^Smith, David James (2001). Estonia: Independence and European Integration. Routledge. p. 36. ISBN978-0-415-26728-1.
^Miljan, Toivo (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Scarecrow Press. p. 21. ISBN978-0-8108-4904-4.
^L. Mälksoo, Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law, Nordic Journal of International Law, Volume 69, Number 3 / March, 2000
^By Royal Institute of International Affairs. Information Dept. Published 1945
^. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
October 20, 2023
jüri, uluots, this, article, uses, bare, urls, which, uninformative, vulnerable, link, please, consider, converting, them, full, citations, ensure, article, remains, verifiable, maintains, consistent, citation, style, several, templates, tools, available, assi. This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation September 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Juri Uluots 13 January 1890 9 January 1945 was an Estonian prime minister journalist prominent attorney and distinguished Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Law at the University of Tartu Juri UluotsJuri UluotsPrime Minister in the duties of the PresidentIn office 20 June 1940 9 January 1945Prime MinisterOtto TiefPreceded byKonstantin Patsas PresidentSucceeded byAugust Rei8th Prime Minister of EstoniaIn office 12 October 1939 20 June 1940PresidentKonstantin PatsPreceded byKaarel EenpaluSucceeded byHimself as Prime Minister in the duties of the President Personal detailsBorn13 January 1890Kirbla Parish Governorate of Estonia Russian EmpireDied9 January 1945 1945 01 10 aged 54 Stockholm SwedenAlma materSt Petersburg University Contents 1 Early life 2 Political career 3 Awards 4 ReferencesEarly life EditUluots was born in Kirbla Parish now Laaneranna Parish in the Wiek County of the Governorate of Estonia in 1890 and studied law at St Petersburg University in 1910 1918 He subsequently taught Roman and Estonian law at the University of Tartu until 1944 Uluots was also an editor of the Kaja newspaper 1919 1920 and editor in chief of Postimees 1937 1938 Political career EditUluots was elected to the Riigikogu the Estonian parliament for 1920 1926 and from 1929 through 1932 He was speaker of the Riigivolikogu lower chamber from 4 April 1938 to 12 October 1939 1 Uluots then served as prime minister from 1939 until June 1940 when Soviet troops entered Estonia and installed a new Soviet puppet government led by Johannes Vares whereas Uluots constitutional government went underground and later in exile The communist puppet government was never recognized by the United States United Kingdom and other western powers who considered it and the August 1940 annexation of Estonia into the USSR illegal 2 After the Estonian President Konstantin Pats was arrested by Soviet occupation forces and deported to Russia in July 1940 Professor Uluots became prime minister in the duties of the president as dictated by the Estonian constitution When the Nazis invaded Soviet occupied Estonia in 1941 the communist government was overthrown Ulouts refused German offers to head the Estonian Self Administration in 1941 and instead formed part of the underground Estonian resistance to the Nazi occupation regime 3 In January 1944 the front was pushed back by the Soviet Army almost all the way to the former Estonian border Narva was evacuated Juri Uluots delivered a radio address that implored all able bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for German military service Before this Uluots had opposed Estonian mobilization The call drew support from all across the country 38 000 draftees appeared at German registration centers 4 Several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish army came back across the Gulf of Finland to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance It was hoped that by engaging in such a war Estonia would be able to attract Western support for the cause of Estonia s independence from the USSR and thus ultimately succeed in achieving independence 5 In March 1944 the National Committee of the Republic of Estonia was formed by the underground resistance movement in German occupied Estonia 6 By April 1944 a large number of the committee members were arrested by the German security agencies 7 The Committee aimed to establish of a provisional government during expected German withdrawal as the Red Army had reached the border of Estonia on 2 February 1944 On 20 April 1944 the National Committee selected the Electoral Committee of the Republic of Estonia The Committee determined that the Soviet era appointment of Johannes Vares as Prime Minister by Konstantin Pats had been illegal and that Uluots had assumed the President s duties from 21 June 1940 onwards 8 On 21 June 1944 Juri Uluots appointed Otto Tief as deputy prime minister 9 As the Germans retreated in September 1944 Uluots appointed a new government headed by Otto Tief On 20 September the Estonian national government was proclaimed Estonian forces seized the government buildings in Toompea and ordered the German forces to leave 10 Tief s government left Tallinn prior to the Soviet army s arrival and went into hiding But most of the cabinet members were later arrested and suffered various repressions by the Soviet authorities or were sent to labour camps in Siberia The remainder of the government fled to Stockholm Sweden where it operated in exile from 1944 to 1992 when Heinrich Mark who was prime minister in duties of the president presented his credentials to incoming president Lennart Meri After 4 days short for his 55th birthday Uluots died of gastric cancer shortly after arriving in Sweden in 1945 11 Awards Edit1938 Order of the White Star I Preceded bynone Speaker of the Riigivolikogu1938 1939 Succeeded byOtto PukkPreceded byKaarel Eenpalu Prime Minister of Estonia1939 1940 Succeeded byvacantPreceded byPresident of EstoniaKonstantin Pats1938 1940 Prime Minister of EstoniaIn the duties of thePresident1940 1945 Succeeded byAugust Rei1945 1963References EditMalksoo Lauri 2000 Professor Uluots the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law Nordic Journal of International Law 69 3 289 316 Article about Otto Tief s government from the official site of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow Riigikogu juhatus Riigikogu European Parliament 13 January 1983 Resolution on the situation in Estonia Latvia Lithuania Official Journal of the European Communities C 42 78 whereas the Soviet annexias of the three Baltic States still has not been formally recognized by most European States and the USA Canada the United Kingdom Australia and the Vatican still adhere to the concept of the Baltic States Raun Toivo 2001 Estonia and the Estonians Hoover Press p 163 ISBN 978 0 8179 2852 0 Resistance Occupied Europe and Its Defiance of Hitler Paperback by Dave Lande on Page 200 ISBN 0 7603 0745 8 The Baltic States The National Self Determination of Estonia Latvia and Lithuania Graham Smith p 91 ISBN 0 312 16192 1 Smith David James 2001 Estonia Independence and European Integration Routledge p 36 ISBN 978 0 415 26728 1 Miljan Toivo 2004 Historical Dictionary of Estonia Scarecrow Press p 21 ISBN 978 0 8108 4904 4 L Malksoo Professor Uluots the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law Nordic Journal of International Law Volume 69 Number 3 March 2000 Chronology Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine at the EIHC By Royal Institute of International Affairs Information Dept Published 1945 Archived copy Archived from the original on 16 May 2022 Retrieved 14 May 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Juri Uluots amp oldid 1176722968, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
