GNSS reflectometry (or GNSS-R) involves making measurements from the reflections from the Earth of navigation signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems such as GPS. The idea of using reflected GNSS signal for earth observation became more and more popular in the mid-1990s at NASA Langley Research Center[1] and is also known as GPS reflectometry. Research applications of GNSS-R are found in
GNSS reflectometry is passive sensing that takes advantage of and relies on separate active sources - the satellites generating the navigation signals. For this, the GNSS receiver measures the signal delay from the satellite (the pseudorange measurement) and the rate of change of the range between satellite and observer (the Doppler measurement). The surface area of the reflected GNSS signal also provides the two parameters time delay and frequency change. As a result, the Delay Doppler Map (DDM) can be obtained as GNSS-R observable. The shape and power distribution of the signal within the DDM is dictated by two reflecting surface conditions: its dielectric properties and its roughness state. Further derivation of geophysical information rely on these measurements.
GNSS reflectometry works as a bi-static radar, where transmitter and receiver are separated by a significant distance. Since in GNSS reflectometry one receiver simultaneously can track multiple transmitters (i.e. GNSS satellites), the system also has the nature of multi-static radar. The receiver of the reflected GNSS signal can be of different kinds: Ground stations, ship measurements, airplanes or satellites, like the UK-DMC satellite, part of the Disaster Monitoring Constellation built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. It carried a secondary reflectometry payload that has demonstrated the feasibility of receiving and measuring GPS signals reflected from the surface of the Earth's oceans from its track in low Earth orbit to determine wave motion and windspeed.[4][7]
^ abKomjathy, A.; Maslanik, J.; Zavorotny, V.U.; Axelrad, P.; Katzberg, S.J. (2000). "Sea ice remote sensing using surface reflected GPS signals". IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120). Vol. 7. Honolulu, HI, USA: IEEE. pp. 2855–2857. doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2000.860270. hdl:2060/20020004347. ISBN978-0-7803-6359-5. S2CID 62042731.
^Semmling, A. M.; Wickert, J.; Schön, S.; Stosius, R.; Markgraf, M.; Gerber, T.; Ge, M.; Beyerle, G. (2013-07-15). "A zeppelin experiment to study airborne altimetry using specular Global Navigation Satellite System reflections: A ZEPPELIN EXPERIMENT TO STUDY AIRBORNE ALTIMETRY". Radio Science. 48 (4): 427–440. doi:10.1002/rds.20049.
^Rius, Antonio; Cardellach, Estel; Fabra, Fran; Li, Weiqiang; Ribó, Serni; Hernández-Pajares, Manuel (2017). "Feasibility of GNSS-R Ice Sheet Altimetry in Greenland Using TDS-1". Remote Sensing. 9 (7): 742. Bibcode:2017RemS....9..742R. doi:10.3390/rs9070742. ISSN 2072-4292.
^ abGleason, S.; Hodgart, S.; Yiping Sun; Gommenginger, C.; MacKin, S.; Adjrad, M.; Unwin, M. (2005). "Detection and Processing of bistatically reflected GPS signals from low Earth orbit for the purpose of ocean remote sensing". IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 43 (6): 1229–1241. Bibcode:2005ITGRS..43.1229G. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2005.845643. S2CID 6851145.
^Rivas, M.B.; Maslanik, J.A.; Axelrad, P. (2009-09-22). "Bistatic Scattering of GPS Signals Off Arctic Sea Ice". IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 48 (3): 1548–1553. doi:10.1109/tgrs.2009.2029342. ISSN 0196-2892. S2CID 12668682.
^Rodriguez-Alvarez, Nereida; Camps, Adriano; Vall-llossera, Mercè; Bosch-Lluis, Xavier; Monerris, Alessandra; Ramos-Perez, Isaac; Valencia, Enric; Marchan-Hernandez, Juan Fernando; Martinez-Fernandez, Jose; Baroncini-Turricchia, Guido; Perez-Gutierrez, Carlos (2011). "Land Geophysical Parameters Retrieval Using the Interference Pattern GNSS-R Technique". IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 49 (1): 71–84. Bibcode:2011ITGRS..49...71R. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2010.2049023. ISSN 0196-2892. S2CID 27516781.
^M. P. Clarizia et al., Analysis of GNSS-R delay-Doppler maps from the UK-DMC satellite over the ocean 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, Geophysical Research Letters, 29 January 2009.
Further readingEdit
Zavorotny, Valery U.; Gleason, Scott; Cardellach, Estel; Camps, Adriano (2014). "Tutorial on Remote Sensing Using GNSS Bistatic Radar of Opportunity". IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine. Vol. 2, no. 4. pp. 8–45. doi:10.1109/MGRS.2014.2374220. ISSN 2168-6831.
Larson, Kristine M.; Small, Eric E.; Braun, John; Zavorotny, Valery (2014). . InsideGNSS. Vol. 9, no. 4. pp. 36–46. ISSN 1559-503X. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
Cardellach, Estel (2015): E-GEM – GNSS-R Earth Monitoring; State of the Art Description Document 2020-11-28 at the Wayback Machine.
Emery, William and Camps, Adriano (2017): Introduction to Satellite Remote Sensing 1st Edition Atmosphere, Ocean, Land and Cryosphere Applications, Chapter 6: Remote Sensing Using Global Navigation Satellite System Signals of Opportunity, Elsevier, 20th September 2017, Paperback ISBN9780128092545, eBook ISBN9780128092590
Reflecting on the future 2007-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, The Engineer Online, 28 November 2006.
GNSS Applications and Methods, Artech House, September 2009.
October 15, 2023
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GNSS reflectometry or GNSS R involves making measurements from the reflections from the Earth of navigation signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems such as GPS The idea of using reflected GNSS signal for earth observation became more and more popular in the mid 1990s at NASA Langley Research Center 1 and is also known as GPS reflectometry Research applications of GNSS R are found inAltimetry 2 3 Oceanography Wave Height and Wind Speed 4 Cryosphere monitoring 1 5 Soil moisture monitoring 6 GNSS R system diagram GNSS reflectometry is passive sensing that takes advantage of and relies on separate active sources the satellites generating the navigation signals For this the GNSS receiver measures the signal delay from the satellite the pseudorange measurement and the rate of change of the range between satellite and observer the Doppler measurement The surface area of the reflected GNSS signal also provides the two parameters time delay and frequency change As a result the Delay Doppler Map DDM can be obtained as GNSS R observable The shape and power distribution of the signal within the DDM is dictated by two reflecting surface conditions its dielectric properties and its roughness state Further derivation of geophysical information rely on these measurements GNSS reflectometry works as a bi static radar where transmitter and receiver are separated by a significant distance Since in GNSS reflectometry one receiver simultaneously can track multiple transmitters i e GNSS satellites the system also has the nature of multi static radar The receiver of the reflected GNSS signal can be of different kinds Ground stations ship measurements airplanes or satellites like the UK DMC satellite part of the Disaster Monitoring Constellation built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd It carried a secondary reflectometry payload that has demonstrated the feasibility of receiving and measuring GPS signals reflected from the surface of the Earth s oceans from its track in low Earth orbit to determine wave motion and windspeed 4 7 Contents 1 See also 2 References 3 Further reading 4 External linksSee also EditCyclone Global Navigation Satellite System CYGNSS References Edit a b Komjathy A Maslanik J Zavorotny V U Axelrad P Katzberg S J 2000 Sea ice remote sensing using surface reflected GPS signals IGARSS 2000 IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Taking the Pulse of the Planet The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment Proceedings Cat No 00CH37120 Vol 7 Honolulu HI USA IEEE pp 2855 2857 doi 10 1109 IGARSS 2000 860270 hdl 2060 20020004347 ISBN 978 0 7803 6359 5 S2CID 62042731 Semmling A M Wickert J Schon S Stosius R Markgraf M Gerber T Ge M Beyerle G 2013 07 15 A zeppelin experiment to study airborne altimetry using specular Global Navigation Satellite System reflections A ZEPPELIN EXPERIMENT TO STUDY AIRBORNE ALTIMETRY Radio Science 48 4 427 440 doi 10 1002 rds 20049 Rius Antonio Cardellach Estel Fabra Fran Li Weiqiang Ribo Serni Hernandez Pajares Manuel 2017 Feasibility of GNSS R Ice Sheet Altimetry in Greenland Using TDS 1 Remote Sensing 9 7 742 Bibcode 2017RemS 9 742R doi 10 3390 rs9070742 ISSN 2072 4292 a b Gleason S Hodgart S Yiping Sun Gommenginger C MacKin S Adjrad M Unwin M 2005 Detection and Processing of bistatically reflected GPS signals from low Earth orbit for the purpose of ocean remote sensing IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 43 6 1229 1241 Bibcode 2005ITGRS 43 1229G doi 10 1109 TGRS 2005 845643 S2CID 6851145 Rivas M B Maslanik J A Axelrad P 2009 09 22 Bistatic Scattering of GPS Signals Off Arctic Sea Ice IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 48 3 1548 1553 doi 10 1109 tgrs 2009 2029342 ISSN 0196 2892 S2CID 12668682 Rodriguez Alvarez Nereida Camps Adriano Vall llossera Merce Bosch Lluis Xavier Monerris Alessandra Ramos Perez Isaac Valencia Enric Marchan Hernandez Juan Fernando Martinez Fernandez Jose Baroncini Turricchia Guido Perez Gutierrez Carlos 2011 Land Geophysical Parameters Retrieval Using the Interference Pattern GNSS R Technique IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 49 1 71 84 Bibcode 2011ITGRS 49 71R doi 10 1109 TGRS 2010 2049023 ISSN 0196 2892 S2CID 27516781 M P Clarizia et al Analysis of GNSS R delay Doppler maps from the UK DMC satellite over the ocean Archived 2011 06 06 at the Wayback Machine Geophysical Research Letters 29 January 2009 Further reading EditZavorotny Valery U Gleason Scott Cardellach Estel Camps Adriano 2014 Tutorial on Remote Sensing Using GNSS Bistatic Radar of Opportunity IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine Vol 2 no 4 pp 8 45 doi 10 1109 MGRS 2014 2374220 ISSN 2168 6831 Larson Kristine M Small Eric E Braun John Zavorotny Valery 2014 Environmental Sensing A Revolution in GNSS Applications InsideGNSS Vol 9 no 4 pp 36 46 ISSN 1559 503X Archived from the original on 2016 03 15 Retrieved 2016 03 15 Cardellach Estel 2015 E GEM GNSS R Earth Monitoring State of the Art Description Document Archived 2020 11 28 at the Wayback Machine Emery William and Camps Adriano 2017 Introduction to Satellite Remote Sensing 1st Edition Atmosphere Ocean Land and Cryosphere Applications Chapter 6 Remote Sensing Using Global Navigation Satellite System Signals of Opportunity Elsevier 20th September 2017 Paperback ISBN 9780128092545 eBook ISBN 9780128092590 A complete list of references maintained by the GNSS R Community can be found at https www ice csic es personal rius gnss r bibliography index htmlExternal links EditReflecting on the future Archived 2007 05 14 at the Wayback Machine The Engineer Online 28 November 2006 GNSS Applications and Methods Artech House September 2009 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title GNSS reflectometry amp oldid 1166758439, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
