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The Riigikogu (from Estonianriigi-, "of the state", and kogu, "assembly") is the unicameralparliament of Estonia. In addition to approving legislation, the Parliament appoints high officials, including the prime minister and chief justice of the Supreme Court, and elects (either alone or, if necessary, together with representatives of local government within a broader electoral college) the president. Among its other tasks, the Riigikogu also ratifies significant foreign treaties that impose military and proprietary obligations and bring about changes in law, as well as approves the budget presented by the government as law, and monitors the executive power.
23 April 1919, the opening session of the Estonian Constituent Assembly is considered the founding date of the Parliament of Estonia.[1] Established under the 1920 constitution, the Riigikogu had 100 members elected for a three-year term on the basis of proportional representation. Elections were fixed for the first Sunday in May of the third year of parliament.[2] The first elections to the Riigikogu took place in 1920. From 1923 to 1932, there were four more elections to the Riigikogu. The elections were on a regional basis, without any threshold in the first two elections, but from 1926 a moderate threshold (2%) was used. The sessions of the Riigikogu take place in the Toompea Castle, where a new building in an unusual Expressionist style was erected in the former courtyard of the medieval castle in 1920–1922.
In 1933 amendments to the first Constitution was approved by referendum, where more power was given to an executive President. The following year, the President used these new powers to adjourn parliament and declared martial law to avert an alleged coup.[3] In 1937, a second constitution was approved by referendum which saw the introduction of a two chambered legislature, the Chamber of Deputies (Riigivolikogu) and the National Council (Riiginõukogu). Elections were subsequently held in 1938 where only individual candidates were allowed to run.
During the subsequent periods of Soviet occupation (1940–41), German occupation (1941–44), and the second Soviet occupation (1944–1991) the Parliament was disbanded. The premises of the Riigikogu were used by the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR during the second Soviet occupation.
Restitution of independenceedit
In September 1992, a year after Estonia had regained its independence from the Soviet Union, elections to the Parliament took place on the basis of the third Constitution of Estonia adopted in a referendum in the summer of the same year. The 1992 constitution, which incorporates elements of the 1920 and 1938 Constitutions and explicitly asserts its continuity with the Estonian state as it existed between 1918 and 1940, sees the return of a unicameral parliament with 101 members. The most recent parliamentary elections were held on 5 March 2023. The main differences between the current system and a pure political representation, or proportional representation, system are the established 5% national threshold, and the use of a modified D'Hondt formula (the divisor is raised to the power 0.9). This modification makes for more disproportionality than does the usual form of the formula.
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Established on October 5 of 1992, the Chancellery of the Riigikogu (Estonian: Riigikogu Kantselei) is the administration supporting the Riigikogu in the performance of its constitutional functions.[8] The departments of the Chancellery perform the daily functions.
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Riigikogu news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2017 Learn how and when to remove this message You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Estonian August 2023 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Estonian Wikipedia article at et Riigikogu see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated et Riigikogu to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Riigikogu from Estonian riigi of the state and kogu assembly is the unicameral parliament of Estonia In addition to approving legislation the Parliament appoints high officials including the prime minister and chief justice of the Supreme Court and elects either alone or if necessary together with representatives of local government within a broader electoral college the president Among its other tasks the Riigikogu also ratifies significant foreign treaties that impose military and proprietary obligations and bring about changes in law as well as approves the budget presented by the government as law and monitors the executive power State Assembly of Estonia RiigikoguXV RiigikoguTypeTypeUnicameralHistoryFounded23 April 1919 105 years ago 1919 04 23 Disbanded1940 1991LeadershipChairmanLauri Hussar Estonia 200 since 10 April 2023First Vice ChairmanToomas Kivimagi Reform since 10 April 2023Second Vice ChairmanJuri Ratas Isamaa since 10 April 2023StructureSeats101Political groupsGovernment 65 Reform 38 E200 14 SDE 13 Opposition 36 EKRE 16 Isamaa 10 Centre 6 Independents 4 Committees11 Committees ConstitutionalCultural AffairsEconomic AffairsEnvironmentEuropean Union AffairsFinanceForeign AffairsLegal AffairsNational DefenceRural AffairsSocial AffairsElectionsVoting systemParty list proportional representationModified D Hondt methodLast election5 March 2023Next electionBy 7 March 2027Meeting placeParliament building in Toompea Castle TallinnWebsitewww riigikogu ee Contents 1 History 1 1 History 1 2 Restitution of independence 2 Latest election 3 Current seat allocation 4 Structure of former legislatures 4 1 Estonian Parliament 1992 1995 4 2 Estonian Parliament 1995 1999 4 3 Estonian Parliament 1999 2003 4 4 Estonian Parliament 2003 2007 4 5 Estonian Parliament 2007 2011 4 6 Estonian Parliament 2011 2015 4 7 Estonian Parliament 2015 2019 4 8 Estonian Parliament 2019 2023 4 9 Estonian Parliament 2023 present 5 Speakers of the Riigikogu 5 1 1921 1937 5 2 Speakers of the Riigivolikogu lower chamber 5 3 Speaker of the Riiginoukogu upper chamber 5 4 Chairman of the Supreme Council 1990 1992 5 5 Speaker of the Supreme Council 1990 1992 5 6 Since 1992 6 Chancellery 7 See also 8 Citations and references 8 1 Cited sources 9 External linksHistory editHistory edit 23 April 1919 the opening session of the Estonian Constituent Assembly is considered the founding date of the Parliament of Estonia 1 Established under the 1920 constitution the Riigikogu had 100 members elected for a three year term on the basis of proportional representation Elections were fixed for the first Sunday in May of the third year of parliament 2 The first elections to the Riigikogu took place in 1920 From 1923 to 1932 there were four more elections to the Riigikogu The elections were on a regional basis without any threshold in the first two elections but from 1926 a moderate threshold 2 was used The sessions of the Riigikogu take place in the Toompea Castle where a new building in an unusual Expressionist style was erected in the former courtyard of the medieval castle in 1920 1922 In 1933 amendments to the first Constitution was approved by referendum where more power was given to an executive President The following year the President used these new powers to adjourn parliament and declared martial law to avert an alleged coup 3 In 1937 a second constitution was approved by referendum which saw the introduction of a two chambered legislature the Chamber of Deputies Riigivolikogu and the National Council Riiginoukogu Elections were subsequently held in 1938 where only individual candidates were allowed to run During the subsequent periods of Soviet occupation 1940 41 German occupation 1941 44 and the second Soviet occupation 1944 1991 the Parliament was disbanded The premises of the Riigikogu were used by the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR during the second Soviet occupation Restitution of independence edit In September 1992 a year after Estonia had regained its independence from the Soviet Union elections to the Parliament took place on the basis of the third Constitution of Estonia adopted in a referendum in the summer of the same year The 1992 constitution which incorporates elements of the 1920 and 1938 Constitutions and explicitly asserts its continuity with the Estonian state as it existed between 1918 and 1940 sees the return of a unicameral parliament with 101 members The most recent parliamentary elections were held on 5 March 2023 The main differences between the current system and a pure political representation or proportional representation system are the established 5 national threshold and the use of a modified D Hondt formula the divisor is raised to the power 0 9 This modification makes for more disproportionality than does the usual form of the formula Latest election editMain article 2023 Estonian parliamentary election nbsp PartyVotes Seats Estonian Reform Party190 63231 24 2 3137 3Conservative People s Party of Estonia97 96616 05 1 7117 2Estonian Centre Party93 25415 28 7 8216 10Estonia 20081 32913 33 8 9714 14Social Democratic Party56 5849 27 0 569 1Isamaa50 1188 21 3 238 4Estonian United Left Party14 6052 39 2 3000Parempoolsed14 0372 30New0NewEstonian Greens5 8860 96 0 8600Independents5 8880 96 0 6800Total610 299100 00 1010Valid votes610 29999 43Invalid blank votes3 5020 57Total votes613 801100 00Registered voters turnout966 12963 53Source National Electoral Committee 4 Current seat allocation edit nbsp Session hall The seat allocation refers to de facto allocation as defectors from fractions are not allowed to join other ones between elections Reform Party 38 party leader Kaja Kallas Conservative People s Party of Estonia 16 party leader Martin Helme Estonia 200 14 party leader Margus Tsahkna Social Democratic Party of Estonia 13 party leader Lauri Laanemets Isamaa 11 party leader Urmas Reinsalu Centre Party 6 party leader Mihhail Kolvart Independents 3Structure of former legislatures editEstonian Parliament 1992 1995 edit 29 17 15 12 10 8 8 1 1 Isamaa Safe Home Popular Front Moderates Independence ERP Citizen Greens EEE Estonian Parliament 1995 1999 edit 41 19 16 8 6 6 5 Coalition Country Reform Centre RKEI and ERSP Moderates Home Right Estonian Parliament 1999 2003 edit 28 18 18 17 7 7 6 Centre Pro Patria Reform Moderates Coalition Country United Estonian Parliament 2003 2007 edit 28 28 19 13 7 6 Centre Res Publica Reform People s Union Pro Patria Moderates Estonian Parliament 2007 2011 edit 31 29 19 10 6 6 Reform Centre IRL SDE Greens People s Union Estonian Parliament 2011 2015 edit 33 26 23 19 Reform Centre IRL SDE Estonian Parliament 2015 2019 edit 30 27 15 14 8 7 Reform Centre SDE IRL EVA EKRE Estonian Parliament 2019 2023 edit 34 26 19 12 10 Reform Centre EKRE Isamaa SDE Estonian Parliament 2023 present edit 37 17 16 14 9 8 Reform EKRE Centre E200 SDE IsamaaSpeakers of the Riigikogu editThe salary of the speaker is 8318 19 per month 5 1921 1937 edit Name Period Legislature Otto Strandman 4 January 1921 18 November 1921 I Riigikogu 6 Juhan Kukk 18 November 1921 20 November 1922 I Riigikogu 6 Konstantin Pats 20 November 1922 7 June 1923 I Riigikogu 6 Jaan Tonisson 7 June 1923 27 May 1925 II Riigikogu 6 August Rei 9 June 1925 22 June 1926 II Riigikogu 6 Karl Einbund 22 June 1926 19 July 1932 III Riigikogu IV Riigikogu V Riigikogu 6 Jaan Tonisson 19 July 1932 18 May 1933 V Riigikogu 6 Karl Einbund 18 May 1933 29 August 1934 V Riigikogu 6 Rudolf Penno 28 September 1934 31 December 1937 V Riigikogu 6 Speakers of the Riigivolikogu lower chamber edit Name Period Legislature Juri Uluots 21 April 1938 12 October 1939 VI Riigikogu 6 Otto Pukk 17 October 1939 5 July 1940 VI Riigikogu 6 Arnold Veimer 21 July 1940 25 August 1940 Speaker of the Riiginoukogu upper chamber edit Name Period Legislature Mihkel Pung 21 April 1938 5 July 1940 VI Riigikogu 6 Chairman of the Supreme Council 1990 1992 edit Name Period Arnold Ruutel 29 March 1990 5 October 1992 Speaker of the Supreme Council 1990 1992 edit Name Period Ulo Nugis 29 March 1990 5 October 1992 Since 1992 edit Name Period Legislature Ulo Nugis 21 October 1992 21 March 1995 VII Riigikogu 6 Toomas Savi 21 March 1995 31 March 2003 VIII Riigikogu IX Riigikogu 6 Ene Ergma 31 March 2003 23 March 2006 X Riigikogu 6 Toomas Varek 23 March 2006 2 April 2007 X Riigikogu 6 Ene Ergma 2 April 2007 20 March 2014 XI Riigikogu XII Riigikogu 6 Eiki Nestor 20 March 2014 4 April 2019 XII Riigikogu XIII Riigikogu 6 Henn Polluaas 4 April 2019 18 March 2021 XIV Riigikogu 6 Juri Ratas 18 March 2021 10 April 2023 XIV Riigikogu 6 Lauri Hussar 10 April 2023 present XV Riigikogu 7 Chancellery editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it March 2020 Established on October 5 of 1992 the Chancellery of the Riigikogu Estonian Riigikogu Kantselei is the administration supporting the Riigikogu in the performance of its constitutional functions 8 The departments of the Chancellery perform the daily functions See also editList of members of the Parliament of Estonia Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist RepublicCitations and references edit Riigikogu Riigikogu Archived from the original on 5 December 1998 Retrieved 17 December 2018 Miljan 2004 p 413 Miljan 2004 p 414 Eesti Vabariik kokku Valimised Archived from the original on 5 March 2023 Retrieved 5 March 2023 Salaries of MPS a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Riigikogu juhatus Riigikogu Archived from the original on 6 June 2015 Retrieved 18 June 2019 Eesti 200 leader Lauri Hussar elected Riigikogu speaker ERR 10 April 2023 Chancellery of the Riigikogu Riigikogu in Estonian Archived from the original on 6 April 2020 Retrieved 21 March 2020 Cited sources edit Miljan Toivo 2004 Historical Dictionary of Estonia Maryland US Scarecrow Press ISBN 0 8108 4904 6 External links editOfficial website nbsp Riigkogu s election law in English 59 26 09 N 24 44 14 E 59 43583 N 24 73722 E 59 43583 24 73722 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Riigikogu amp oldid 1214061604 Division, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
