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Isopogon anemonifolius

January 26, 2023

Isopogon anemonifolius, commonly known as broad-leaved drumsticks,[2] is a shrub of the family Proteaceae that is native only to eastern New South Wales in Australia. It occurs naturally in woodland, open forest, and heathland on sandstone soils. I. anemonifolius usually ranges between one and two metres in height, and is generally smaller in exposed heathland. Its leaves are divided and narrow, though broader than those of the related Isopogon anethifolius, and have a purplish tinge during the cooler months. The yellow flowers appear during late spring or early summer and are displayed prominently. They are followed by round grey cones, which give the plant its common name drumsticks. The small hairy seeds are found in the old flower parts.[3]

Isopogon anemonifolius
In Royal Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Isopogon
Species:
I. anemonifolius
Binomial name
Isopogon anemonifolius
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Atylus anemonifolius (Salisb.) Kuntze
    • Isopogon anemonifolius (Salisb.) R.Br. isonym
    • Isopogon anemonifolius (Salisb.) Knight f. anemonifolius
    • Isopogon anemonifolius f. simplicifolia Cheel
    • Isopogon anemonifolius (Salisb.) Knight var. anemonifolius
    • Isopogon anemonifolius var. glaber R.Br.
    • Isopogon anemonifolius var. pubescens R.Br.
    • Isopogon anemonifolius var. pubiflorus Benth.
    • Isopogon tridactylidis (Cav.) Roem. & Schult.
    • Protea anemonifolia Salisb.
    • Protea anemonifolius J.Wrigley & Fagg orth. var.
    • Protea apifolia Meisn. nom. inval., pro syn.
    • Protea tridactylides Cav.

A long-lived plant reaching an age of up to 60 years, I. anemonifolius resprouts from its woody base, known as a lignotuber, after bushfire. Seedlings appear in the year following a fire. Although I. anemonifolius was collected by Daniel Solander in 1770, it was not described until 1796 by Richard Salisbury. Several varieties have been named, though none are now recognised as distinct. It was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1791. I. anemonifolius grows readily in the garden if located in a sunny or part-shaded spot with sandy soil and good drainage.

Description

 
The old cone, which gives the plant its common name

Isopogon anemonifolius grows as an evergreen,[4] woody shrub to 1–1.5 m (3+1⁄4–5 ft) in height,[2] but is restricted to approximately 50 cm (1+3⁄4 ft) on exposed heaths and headlands.[5] The leaves are 5–11 cm (2–4+1⁄4 in) long and forked after 2–5 cm (3⁄4–2 in)[2] into three segments, then often forked a second time.[5] The leaf tips are pointed. Leaves can vary markedly on single plants, with some leaves undivided. Leaf surfaces are generally smooth, though occasionally covered with fine hair.[6] Its flat leaves distinguish it from the terete (round in cross-section) leaves of Isopogon anethifolius;[7] they are also broader, at 3–5 mm (1⁄8–3⁄16 in) wide compared with the 1 mm (1⁄25 in) wide leaves of the latter species.[8] The new growth and leaves of I. anemonifolius may be flushed red to purple, particularly in winter.[9][10] The globular inflorescences appear any time from July to January, being most abundant in October.[11] They are 3–4 cm (1+1⁄8–1+5⁄8 in) in diameter, and grow terminally at the tips of branches, or occasionally axillary (arising on short stems off branches).[6] The individual flowers average 1.2 cm (1⁄2 in) long.[5] They are straight stalkless structures arising from a basal scale. The perianth, a tube that envelopes the flower's sexual organs, splits into four segments, revealing a thin delicate style tipped with the stigma. At the ends of the four perianth segments are the male pollen-bearing structures known as anthers.[12] Arranged in a spiral pattern, the flowers open from the bottom of the flowerhead inwards.[7] Flowering is followed by the development of the round fruiting cones, which have a diameter of 1–1.6 cm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in).[2] The seed-bearing nuts are small—less than 4 mm (3⁄16 in) across—and lined with hairs.[6]

Taxonomy

Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander, after collecting a specimen at Botany Bay in 1770 on the first voyage of Captain James Cook, was the first to write of this species. He gave it the name Leucadendron apiifolium, but never officially described it. The specific epithet referred to the similarity of its leaves to Apium (celery).[5]

In 1796 English botanist Richard Salisbury published a formal description of the species,[13] from a specimen collected in Port Jackson (Sydney).[14] He gave it the name Protea anemonifolia, the specific epithet derived from anemone and folium, the latter meaning "leaf", highlighting the resemblance of its leaves to those of anemones.[15] The common name drumsticks is derived from their globular cones.[16]

In 1799, the Spanish botanist Antonio José Cavanilles described Protea tridactylides,[17] later identified as a junior synonym by Salisbury and the English horticulturalist Joseph Knight.[18] Salisbury founded the new genus Atylus in 1807 to remove this and other species from Protea, but did not make proper combinations for them in the new genus.[19] It gained its current name in 1809 when it was redescribed as the anemone-leaved isopogon (Isopogon anemonefolius) in the controversial work On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae,[18][20] published under Knight's name but written by Salisbury.[21] [a] Scottish naturalist Robert Brown had written of the genus Isopogon but Salisbury and Knight had hurried out their work before Brown's. Brown's description appeared in his paper On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae, subsequently published as "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu" in the Transactions of the Linnean Society in 1810.[23]

In 1891, German botanist Otto Kuntze published Revisio generum plantarum, his response to what he perceived as a lack of method in existing nomenclatural practice.[24] He revived the genus Atylus on the grounds of priority,[25] and correctly made the combination Atylus anemonifolius.[26] However, Kuntze's revisionary program was not accepted by the majority of botanists.[24] Ultimately, the genus Isopogon was nomenclaturally conserved over Atylus by the International Botanical Congress of 1905.[27]

Several varieties have been described but have been synonymised with I. anemonifolius or recognised as distinct species. Brown described varieties glaber, identified by wholly smooth leaves and branches, and pubescens, with leaves and branches covered in fine pale grey hairs, in 1830.[28] English botanist George Bentham tentatively described variety pubiflorus in his 1870 work Flora Australiensis. He queried that it may have been from Sydney, and had a slightly hairy perianth.[29] These are not regarded as distinct.[6] Victorian Government botanist Ferdinand von Mueller described I. anemonifolius var. tenuifolius in 1870,[29] now recognised as I. prostratus. Australian botanist Edwin Cheel described forma simplicifolia in 1923, from collections from Mount Victoria and Hornsby. He described it as having mostly unlobed (simple) leaves compared with the typical form.[30] His variety ceratophylloides is now a separate species, I. petiolaris.[31]

Distribution and habitat

 
The red winter leaf colours

I. anemonifolius is found along the east coast of New South Wales, from near the Victorian border almost to (and possibly reaching) Queensland. It is most common between Smoky Cape and Ulladulla. There is an outlying population in the vicinity of Torrington in the New England region.[2] It occurs naturally from sea level to 1200 m (4000 ft) and is found on low-nutrient sandstone soils in heathland and dry sclerophyll woodland, particularly along ridges or tops of hills.[11] Typical woodland trees it is associated with include the scribbly gums Eucalyptus haemastoma and E. sclerophylla, yertchuk (E. consideniana), yellow bloodwood (Corymbia eximia), red bloodwood (C. gummifera) and smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata), and heathland plants such as rusty banksia (Banksia oblongifolia), swamp banksia (B. paludosa), mountain devil (Lambertia formosa), conesticks (Petrophile pulchella), tick bush (Kunzea ambigua), forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa) and Hakea laevipes.[11]

Ecology

 
Fluffy seed pods can be seen in the old cones, Wybung Head

I. anemonifolius is a long-lived plant, with a lifespan of 60 years. It resprouts from its woody base, known as a lignotuber, approximately two months after being burnt in a bushfire. The resultant new growth takes two years to flower,[11] though older plants with larger lignotubers are able to re-grow more quickly. I. anemonifolius is slow-growing; a 1990 field study in Brisbane Water National Park found that the lignotuber grew at a rate of 0.173 cm per existing cm of lignotuber per year, yielding a lignotuber of around 1 cm (3⁄8 in) in diameter at 10 years of age and 5 cm (2.0 in) diameter at 20 years of age. The largest lignotubers found have a diameter of 40 cm (16 in).[32]

Plants need a lignotuber of 2 cm (3⁄4 in) diameter to survive low intensity fires. Plants are able to resprout after more intense fires once they reach 15 years of age. I. anemonifolius is also serotinous—the seeds are held on the plant as a canopy-based seedbank and are released after fire.[11] Most seedlings arise within a year of a bushfire, though very few are seen at other times.[33] The seedbank is most productive between 25 and 35 years after a previous fire. However, seedlings may be outcompeted by seedlings of obligate seeder species.[32] The seeds of I. anemonifolius fall directly to the ground or are blown a short distance by wind. Young plants flower about seven years after germinating from seed.[11] Repeated bushfire intervals of less than 10 years' duration are likely to result both in reduced survival of older plants and in recruitment of seedlings, possibly leading to local extinction in 50 years.[33] Intervals of at least 12–13 years for low intensity fires and 15 years for hotter fires are needed for population stability.[32]

Leaf spotting is caused by the fungus Vizella. Flower buds may be damaged by weevils.[11]

Cultivation

 
'Woorikee 2000'
 
'Little Drumsticks'

I. anemonifolius was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1791. Knight reported that it flowered and set seed there.[34] With attractive foliage and prominently displayed flowers and cones, I. anemonifolius adapts readily to cultivation; plants can be grown in rock gardens, as borders,[15] or as a pot plant.[10] Garden plants can be variable, with either upright or spreading habits;[15] and some maintain a naturally compact habit without pruning.[10] It grows readily in sandy well-drained soil in either a sunny or part-shaded position.[16] The species is suited to USDA hardiness zones 9 to 11.[35] It is hardy in frosts and dry spells, but produces more flowers with extra moisture.[15] It can be pruned heavily once established.[16]

Propagation is by seed or cuttings of hardened growth less than a year old.[16] The seed can be collected from the cones and stored; they are best sown in spring or autumn.[15] The stems and flowers are long-lasting if put in water.[15] The flowers, cones and foliage are used in the cut-flower industry.[36]

Isopogon 'Woorikee 2000' is a selected dwarf form of I. anemonifolius, propagated by Bill Molyneux of Austraflora Nursery in Victoria. It produces abundant flowerheads.[37] Plant Breeders Rights were granted in Australia in 1997 and the cultivar became commercially available in 1999.[37][38] Another dwarf cultivar, 'Little Drumsticks', is also sold.[39]

Notes

  1. ^ The first component of compound words were later ruled to end in 'i' under the International Code of Nomenclature.[22]

References

  1. ^ a b "Isopogon anemonifolius". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e Harden, Gwen. "New South Wales Flora Online: Isopogon anemonifolius". Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  3. ^ "Isopogon anemonifolius". anbg.gov.au.
  4. ^ Bob Saunders, "Isopogon anemonifolius", Plantfinder
  5. ^ a b c d Wrigley 1991, p. 427.
  6. ^ a b c d "Isopogon anemonifolius (Salisb.) Knight". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
  7. ^ a b Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (1985). "Isopogon and Petrophile of New South Wales". Australian Plants. 13 (104): 147–54.
  8. ^ Harden, Gwen J. "Genus Isopogon". PlantNET: New South Wales Flora Online. Sydney, Australia: Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  9. ^ Rowell, Raymond J. (1980). Ornamental Flowering Shrubs in Australia. Australia: AH & AW Reed Pty Ltd. p. 166. ISBN 0-589-50177-1.
  10. ^ a b c Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1990). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 5. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. p. 440. ISBN 0-85091-285-7.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (2000). (PDF). Cunninghamia. 6 (4): 1017–1202 [1089–90]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2015.
  12. ^ Wrigley 1991, pp. 425–26.
  13. ^ "Protea anemonifolia Salisb". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  14. ^ Salisbury, Richard Anthony (1796). Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium (in Latin). London, United Kingdom: Self-. p. 48.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Beeton Irene (10 January 2016) [1971]. "Isopogon anemonifolius drumsticks". Growing Native Plants. (online version at www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian Government. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  16. ^ a b c d Walters, Brian (December 2008). "Isopogon anemonifolius". Australian Native Plant Society (Australia). Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  17. ^ Cavanilles, Antonio José (1799). Anales de historia natural. Vol. 1. Madrid, Spain: Imprenta Real por P. J. Pereyra. pp. 235–36.
  18. ^ a b Knight, Joseph (1809). On the Cultivation of the Plants Belonging to the Natural Order of Proteeae. London, United Kingdom: W. Savage. p. 93.
  19. ^ Hooker, William (1805). The Paradisus Londinensis. Vol. 1. London, United Kingdom: D. N. Shury.
  20. ^ "Isopogon anemonifolius (Salisb.) Knight". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  21. ^ Boulger, George Simonds (1897). "Salisbury, Richard Anthony" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 50. London: Smith, Elder & Co. sources: [Banks's manuscript Correspondence, vol. x.; Preface to the Genera of Plants; Journal of Botany, 1886.]
  22. ^ International Association for Plant Taxonomy (2012). "Article 60". International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Melbourne, Victoria: Eighteenth International Botanical Congress.
  23. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 10 (1): 15–226 [71–72]. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1810.tb00013.x.
  24. ^ a b Erickson, Robert F. "Kuntze, Otto (1843–1907)". Botanicus.org. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  25. ^ Kuntze, Otto (1891). . Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. p. 578. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  26. ^ "Atylus anemonifolius (Salisb.) Kuntze". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  27. ^ "Congrès international de Botanique de Vienne". Bulletin de la Société botanique de France. 52: LIV. 1905.
  28. ^ Brown, Robert (1830). Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae. London, United Kingdom: Richard Taylor. p. 8.
  29. ^ a b Bentham, George (1870). Flora Australiensis: Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae. Vol. 5. London, United Kingdom: L. Reeve & Co. p. 347.
  30. ^ Cheel, Edwin (1923). "New or noteworthy Plants from the National Herbarium, Sydney". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 48 (4): 682.
  31. ^ "Isopogon petiolaris A.Cunn. ex R.Br". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
  32. ^ a b c Bradstock,R.A. (1990). "Demography of woody plants in relation to fire: Banksia serrata Lf. and Isopogon anemonifolius (Salisb.) Knight". Austral Ecology. 15 (1): 117–32. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1990.tb01026.x.
  33. ^ a b Bradstock,R.A.; Myerscough, P.J. (1988). "The Survival and Population Response to Frequent Fires of Two Woody Resprouters Banksia serrata and Isopogon anemonifolius". Australian Journal of Botany. 36 (4): 415–31. doi:10.1071/BT9880415.
  34. ^ Wrigley 1991, p. 426.
  35. ^ Native Plants : The Definitive Guide to Australian Plants. Global Book Publishing Corporation. 2004. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-74048-027-7.
  36. ^ Gollnow, Bettina; Lidbetter, Jonathan; Worrall, Ross (22 August 2003). . Growing Australian native flowers commercially. Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales Government. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  37. ^ a b Spencer, Roger (2002). Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia. Vol. 3. Kensington New South Wales: UNSW Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-86840-660-0.
  38. ^ IP Australia. "Plant Breeders Rights – Database Search". Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  39. ^ Wrigley, John W.; Fagg, Murray (2003). Australian Native Plants (5 ed.). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Reed New Holland. p. 379. ISBN 1-876334-90-8.

Cited text

  • Wrigley, John (1991). Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas. Illustrated by Murray Fagg. Sydney, New South Wales: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-207-17277-3.

External links

  •   Media related to Isopogon anemonifolius at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Isopogon anemonifolius at Wikispecies

January 26, 2023
isopogon, anemonifolius, commonly, known, broad, leaved, drumsticks, shrub, family, proteaceae, that, native, only, eastern, south, wales, australia, occurs, naturally, woodland, open, forest, heathland, sandstone, soils, anemonifolius, usually, ranges, betwee. Isopogon anemonifolius commonly known as broad leaved drumsticks 2 is a shrub of the family Proteaceae that is native only to eastern New South Wales in Australia It occurs naturally in woodland open forest and heathland on sandstone soils I anemonifolius usually ranges between one and two metres in height and is generally smaller in exposed heathland Its leaves are divided and narrow though broader than those of the related Isopogon anethifolius and have a purplish tinge during the cooler months The yellow flowers appear during late spring or early summer and are displayed prominently They are followed by round grey cones which give the plant its common name drumsticks The small hairy seeds are found in the old flower parts 3 Isopogon anemonifoliusIn Royal Botanic Gardens CranbourneScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsOrder ProtealesFamily ProteaceaeGenus IsopogonSpecies I anemonifoliusBinomial nameIsopogon anemonifolius Salisb Knight 1 Synonyms 1 List Atylus anemonifolius Salisb Kuntze Isopogon anemonifolius Salisb R Br isonym Isopogon anemonifolius Salisb Knight f anemonifolius Isopogon anemonifolius f simplicifolia Cheel Isopogon anemonifolius Salisb Knight var anemonifolius Isopogon anemonifolius var glaber R Br Isopogon anemonifolius var pubescens R Br Isopogon anemonifolius var pubiflorus Benth Isopogon tridactylidis Cav Roem amp Schult Protea anemonifolia Salisb Protea anemonifolius J Wrigley amp Fagg orth var Protea apifolia Meisn nom inval pro syn Protea tridactylides Cav A long lived plant reaching an age of up to 60 years I anemonifolius resprouts from its woody base known as a lignotuber after bushfire Seedlings appear in the year following a fire Although I anemonifolius was collected by Daniel Solander in 1770 it was not described until 1796 by Richard Salisbury Several varieties have been named though none are now recognised as distinct It was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1791 I anemonifolius grows readily in the garden if located in a sunny or part shaded spot with sandy soil and good drainage Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Ecology 5 Cultivation 6 Notes 7 References 7 1 Cited text 8 External linksDescription Edit The old cone which gives the plant its common name Isopogon anemonifolius grows as an evergreen 4 woody shrub to 1 1 5 m 3 1 4 5 ft in height 2 but is restricted to approximately 50 cm 1 3 4 ft on exposed heaths and headlands 5 The leaves are 5 11 cm 2 4 1 4 in long and forked after 2 5 cm 3 4 2 in 2 into three segments then often forked a second time 5 The leaf tips are pointed Leaves can vary markedly on single plants with some leaves undivided Leaf surfaces are generally smooth though occasionally covered with fine hair 6 Its flat leaves distinguish it from the terete round in cross section leaves of Isopogon anethifolius 7 they are also broader at 3 5 mm 1 8 3 16 in wide compared with the 1 mm 1 25 in wide leaves of the latter species 8 The new growth and leaves of I anemonifolius may be flushed red to purple particularly in winter 9 10 The globular inflorescences appear any time from July to January being most abundant in October 11 They are 3 4 cm 1 1 8 1 5 8 in in diameter and grow terminally at the tips of branches or occasionally axillary arising on short stems off branches 6 The individual flowers average 1 2 cm 1 2 in long 5 They are straight stalkless structures arising from a basal scale The perianth a tube that envelopes the flower s sexual organs splits into four segments revealing a thin delicate style tipped with the stigma At the ends of the four perianth segments are the male pollen bearing structures known as anthers 12 Arranged in a spiral pattern the flowers open from the bottom of the flowerhead inwards 7 Flowering is followed by the development of the round fruiting cones which have a diameter of 1 1 6 cm 3 8 5 8 in 2 The seed bearing nuts are small less than 4 mm 3 16 in across and lined with hairs 6 Taxonomy EditSwedish naturalist Daniel Solander after collecting a specimen at Botany Bay in 1770 on the first voyage of Captain James Cook was the first to write of this species He gave it the name Leucadendron apiifolium but never officially described it The specific epithet referred to the similarity of its leaves to Apium celery 5 In 1796 English botanist Richard Salisbury published a formal description of the species 13 from a specimen collected in Port Jackson Sydney 14 He gave it the name Protea anemonifolia the specific epithet derived from anemone and folium the latter meaning leaf highlighting the resemblance of its leaves to those of anemones 15 The common name drumsticks is derived from their globular cones 16 In 1799 the Spanish botanist Antonio Jose Cavanilles described Protea tridactylides 17 later identified as a junior synonym by Salisbury and the English horticulturalist Joseph Knight 18 Salisbury founded the new genus Atylus in 1807 to remove this and other species from Protea but did not make proper combinations for them in the new genus 19 It gained its current name in 1809 when it was redescribed as the anemone leaved isopogon Isopogon anemonefolius in the controversial work On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae 18 20 published under Knight s name but written by Salisbury 21 a Scottish naturalist Robert Brown had written of the genus Isopogon but Salisbury and Knight had hurried out their work before Brown s Brown s description appeared in his paper On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae subsequently published as On the Proteaceae of Jussieu in the Transactions of the Linnean Society in 1810 23 In 1891 German botanist Otto Kuntze published Revisio generum plantarum his response to what he perceived as a lack of method in existing nomenclatural practice 24 He revived the genus Atylus on the grounds of priority 25 and correctly made the combination Atylus anemonifolius 26 However Kuntze s revisionary program was not accepted by the majority of botanists 24 Ultimately the genus Isopogon was nomenclaturally conserved over Atylus by the International Botanical Congress of 1905 27 Several varieties have been described but have been synonymised with I anemonifolius or recognised as distinct species Brown described varieties glaber identified by wholly smooth leaves and branches and pubescens with leaves and branches covered in fine pale grey hairs in 1830 28 English botanist George Bentham tentatively described variety pubiflorus in his 1870 work Flora Australiensis He queried that it may have been from Sydney and had a slightly hairy perianth 29 These are not regarded as distinct 6 Victorian Government botanist Ferdinand von Mueller described I anemonifolius var tenuifolius in 1870 29 now recognised as I prostratus Australian botanist Edwin Cheel described forma simplicifolia in 1923 from collections from Mount Victoria and Hornsby He described it as having mostly unlobed simple leaves compared with the typical form 30 His variety ceratophylloides is now a separate species I petiolaris 31 Distribution and habitat Edit The red winter leaf colours I anemonifolius is found along the east coast of New South Wales from near the Victorian border almost to and possibly reaching Queensland It is most common between Smoky Cape and Ulladulla There is an outlying population in the vicinity of Torrington in the New England region 2 It occurs naturally from sea level to 1200 m 4000 ft and is found on low nutrient sandstone soils in heathland and dry sclerophyll woodland particularly along ridges or tops of hills 11 Typical woodland trees it is associated with include the scribbly gums Eucalyptus haemastoma and E sclerophylla yertchuk E consideniana yellow bloodwood Corymbia eximia red bloodwood C gummifera and smooth barked apple Angophora costata and heathland plants such as rusty banksia Banksia oblongifolia swamp banksia B paludosa mountain devil Lambertia formosa conesticks Petrophile pulchella tick bush Kunzea ambigua forest oak Allocasuarina torulosa and Hakea laevipes 11 Ecology Edit Fluffy seed pods can be seen in the old cones Wybung Head I anemonifolius is a long lived plant with a lifespan of 60 years It resprouts from its woody base known as a lignotuber approximately two months after being burnt in a bushfire The resultant new growth takes two years to flower 11 though older plants with larger lignotubers are able to re grow more quickly I anemonifolius is slow growing a 1990 field study in Brisbane Water National Park found that the lignotuber grew at a rate of 0 173 cm per existing cm of lignotuber per year yielding a lignotuber of around 1 cm 3 8 in in diameter at 10 years of age and 5 cm 2 0 in diameter at 20 years of age The largest lignotubers found have a diameter of 40 cm 16 in 32 Plants need a lignotuber of 2 cm 3 4 in diameter to survive low intensity fires Plants are able to resprout after more intense fires once they reach 15 years of age I anemonifolius is also serotinous the seeds are held on the plant as a canopy based seedbank and are released after fire 11 Most seedlings arise within a year of a bushfire though very few are seen at other times 33 The seedbank is most productive between 25 and 35 years after a previous fire However seedlings may be outcompeted by seedlings of obligate seeder species 32 The seeds of I anemonifolius fall directly to the ground or are blown a short distance by wind Young plants flower about seven years after germinating from seed 11 Repeated bushfire intervals of less than 10 years duration are likely to result both in reduced survival of older plants and in recruitment of seedlings possibly leading to local extinction in 50 years 33 Intervals of at least 12 13 years for low intensity fires and 15 years for hotter fires are needed for population stability 32 Leaf spotting is caused by the fungus Vizella Flower buds may be damaged by weevils 11 Cultivation Edit Woorikee 2000 Little Drumsticks I anemonifolius was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1791 Knight reported that it flowered and set seed there 34 With attractive foliage and prominently displayed flowers and cones I anemonifolius adapts readily to cultivation plants can be grown in rock gardens as borders 15 or as a pot plant 10 Garden plants can be variable with either upright or spreading habits 15 and some maintain a naturally compact habit without pruning 10 It grows readily in sandy well drained soil in either a sunny or part shaded position 16 The species is suited to USDA hardiness zones 9 to 11 35 It is hardy in frosts and dry spells but produces more flowers with extra moisture 15 It can be pruned heavily once established 16 Propagation is by seed or cuttings of hardened growth less than a year old 16 The seed can be collected from the cones and stored they are best sown in spring or autumn 15 The stems and flowers are long lasting if put in water 15 The flowers cones and foliage are used in the cut flower industry 36 Isopogon Woorikee 2000 is a selected dwarf form of I anemonifolius propagated by Bill Molyneux of Austraflora Nursery in Victoria It produces abundant flowerheads 37 Plant Breeders Rights were granted in Australia in 1997 and the cultivar became commercially available in 1999 37 38 Another dwarf cultivar Little Drumsticks is also sold 39 Notes Edit The first component of compound words were later ruled to end in i under the International Code of Nomenclature 22 References Edit a b Isopogon anemonifolius Australian Plant Census Retrieved 19 November 2020 a b c d e Harden Gwen New South Wales Flora Online Isopogon anemonifolius Royal Botanic Gardens amp Domain Trust Sydney Australia Retrieved 6 January 2016 Isopogon anemonifolius anbg gov au Bob Saunders Isopogon anemonifolius Plantfinder a b c d Wrigley 1991 p 427 a b c d Isopogon anemonifolius Salisb Knight Flora of Australia Online Department of the Environment and Heritage Australian Government a b Fairley Alan Moore Philip 1985 Isopogon and Petrophile of New South Wales Australian Plants 13 104 147 54 Harden Gwen J Genus Isopogon PlantNET New South Wales Flora Online Sydney Australia Royal Botanic Gardens amp Domain Trust Retrieved 25 January 2016 Rowell Raymond J 1980 Ornamental Flowering Shrubs in Australia Australia AH amp AW Reed Pty Ltd p 166 ISBN 0 589 50177 1 a b c Elliot Rodger W Jones David L Blake Trevor 1990 Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation Vol 5 Port Melbourne Lothian Press p 440 ISBN 0 85091 285 7 a b c d e f g Benson Doug McDougall Lyn 2000 Ecology of Sydney plant species Part 7b Dicotyledon families Proteaceae to Rubiaceae PDF Cunninghamia 6 4 1017 1202 1089 90 Archived from the original PDF on 25 December 2015 Wrigley 1991 pp 425 26 Protea anemonifolia Salisb Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Retrieved 6 January 2016 Salisbury Richard Anthony 1796 Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium in Latin London United Kingdom Self p 48 a b c d e f Beeton Irene 10 January 2016 1971 Isopogon anemonifolius drumsticks Growing Native Plants online version at www anbg gov au gnp Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australian National Botanic Gardens Australian Government Retrieved 21 December 2015 a b c d Walters Brian December 2008 Isopogon anemonifolius Australian Native Plant Society Australia Retrieved 10 January 2016 Cavanilles Antonio Jose 1799 Anales de historia natural Vol 1 Madrid Spain Imprenta Real por P J Pereyra pp 235 36 a b Knight Joseph 1809 On the Cultivation of the Plants Belonging to the Natural Order of Proteeae London United Kingdom W Savage p 93 Hooker William 1805 The Paradisus Londinensis Vol 1 London United Kingdom D N Shury Isopogon anemonifolius Salisb Knight Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Retrieved 6 January 2016 Boulger George Simonds 1897 Salisbury Richard Anthony In Lee Sidney ed Dictionary of National Biography Vol 50 London Smith Elder amp Co sources Banks s manuscript Correspondence vol x Preface to the Genera of Plants Journal of Botany 1886 International Association for Plant Taxonomy 2012 Article 60 International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants Melbourne Code Melbourne Victoria Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Brown Robert 1810 On the Proteaceae of Jussieu Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 10 1 15 226 71 72 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1810 tb00013 x a b Erickson Robert F Kuntze Otto 1843 1907 Botanicus org Retrieved 28 November 2015 Kuntze Otto 1891 Revisio generum plantarum vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum Leipzig Germany A Felix p 578 Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 17 January 2016 Atylus anemonifolius Salisb Kuntze Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Retrieved 18 January 2016 Congres international de Botanique de Vienne Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France 52 LIV 1905 Brown Robert 1830 Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae London United Kingdom Richard Taylor p 8 a b Bentham George 1870 Flora Australiensis Volume 5 Myoporineae to Proteaceae Vol 5 London United Kingdom L Reeve amp Co p 347 Cheel Edwin 1923 New or noteworthy Plants from the National Herbarium Sydney Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 48 4 682 Isopogon petiolaris A Cunn ex R Br Flora of Australia Online Department of the Environment and Heritage Australian Government a b c Bradstock R A 1990 Demography of woody plants in relation to fire Banksia serrata Lf and Isopogon anemonifolius Salisb Knight Austral Ecology 15 1 117 32 doi 10 1111 j 1442 9993 1990 tb01026 x a b Bradstock R A Myerscough P J 1988 The Survival and Population Response to Frequent Fires of Two Woody Resprouters Banksia serrata and Isopogon anemonifolius Australian Journal of Botany 36 4 415 31 doi 10 1071 BT9880415 Wrigley 1991 p 426 Native Plants The Definitive Guide to Australian Plants Global Book Publishing Corporation 2004 p 161 ISBN 978 1 74048 027 7 Gollnow Bettina Lidbetter Jonathan Worrall Ross 22 August 2003 Potential or very new flower crops Growing Australian native flowers commercially Department of Primary Industries New South Wales Government Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 Retrieved 11 January 2016 a b Spencer Roger 2002 Horticultural Flora of South Eastern Australia Vol 3 Kensington New South Wales UNSW Press p 302 ISBN 0 86840 660 0 IP Australia Plant Breeders Rights Database Search Retrieved 11 January 2016 Wrigley John W Fagg Murray 2003 Australian Native Plants 5 ed Frenchs Forest NSW Reed New Holland p 379 ISBN 1 876334 90 8 Cited text Edit Wrigley John 1991 Banksias Waratahs and Grevilleas Illustrated by Murray Fagg Sydney New South Wales Angus amp Robertson ISBN 0 207 17277 3 External links Edit Media related to Isopogon anemonifolius at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Isopogon anemonifolius at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Isopogon anemonifolius amp oldid 1134383800, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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