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Inzak

May 01, 2024

Inzak (also Enzag, Enzak,[3] Anzak;[1] in older publications Enshag[4]) was the main god of the pantheon of Dilmun. The precise origin of his name remains a matter of scholarly debate. He might have been associated with date palms. His cult center was Agarum, and he is invoked as the god of this location in inscriptions of Dilmunite kings. His spouse was the goddess Meskilak. A further deity who might have fulfilled this role was dPA.NI.PA, known from texts from Failaka Island.

Inzak
God of Dilmun
Replica of the Durand Stone, inscribed with a formula mentioning Inzak.[1] Bahrain National Museum.
Major cult centerAgarum
Personal information
SpouseMeskilak or dPA.NI.PA[2]

Evidence of the worship of Inzak is also available from Mesopotamia, where he appears for the first time in an inscription of king Gudea. He is attested in theophoric names from locations such as Ur, Lagaba and the Sealand. Mesopotamians at some point came to perceive him as analogous to the god Nabu. He also appears as an independent deity in the myth Enki and Ninhursag, in which he is referred to as the "lord of Dilmun." A temple dedicated to Inzak also existed in Susa in Elam. He was either worshiped there alongside Ea and Inshushinak, or functioned as an epithet of the latter god in this city.

In Dilmun edit

Name and character edit

Inzak was one of the two main deities of Dilmun, the other being Meskilak.[5] It has been proposed that he was associated with date palms.[6] The spelling of his name shows a degree of variety, with forms such as Enzag, Enzak[3] and Anzak also attested.[1] The form beginning with the cuneiform sign in predominates in sources from Dilmun itself.[7] The origin of the name is a subject of scholarly dispute.[8] Gianni Marchesi assumes that due to the antiquity of the contacts between Dilmun and Mesopotamian polities, which based on archeological finds go back to the Ubaid period, it is plausible that Inzak had Sumerian origin, and tentatively etymologies his name as nin-za-ak, "lord of the beads."[9] Piotr Steinkeller also considers this theonym to have Sumerian origin, and assumes it might have originally developed due to Mesopotamian cultural influence spreading to other areas during the so-called "Uruk expansion."[10] However, the view that Inzak's name was linguistically Sumerian has been criticized by Khaled al-Nashef [de].[7] Joan Goodnick Westenholz argued that many theonyms attested in Mesopotamian texts which end with the sign ak, including Inzak, Meskilak, Tishpak and Latarak, are unlikely to be Sumerian, and according to her it is implausible to assume it was used in these cases as a genitive ending.[11] Jean-Jacques Glassner notes that while various spellings of Inzak's name attested in Mesopotamian texts might reflect ancient attempts at providing it with an invented etymology, it is unlikely that they reflect the genuine origin of the name.[12]

Worship edit

In contrast with Mesopotamian sources, which typically label Inzak as a god of Dilmun, the Dilmunites themselves typically referred to him as the god of Agarum.[2] According to Khaled al-Nashef, the only possible exception is a copy of an Old Babylonian description mentioning "Inzak of Dilmun," which might have originated in this area, on Bahrain or Failaka Island.[13] It is commonly presumed that Agarum was the original location Inzak was worshiped in, and that it corresponds to historical Hagar (modern Hofuf), though the latter assumption is not universally accepted.[14] A different interpretation has been suggested by Stephanie Dalley, who connects this toponym with the Hajar Mountains located in modern Oman and United Arab Emirates.[15] However, Gianni Marchesi notes that she provided no evidence in favor of this proposal, and incorrectly assumed that Inzak's association with copper in an inscription of Gudea means that he was worshiped in Magan (Oman), rather than that Dilmun functioned as a center of copper trade.[16] A third possibility is that Agarum corresponds to Failaka Island,[17] where Inzak was also worshiped.[18] Marchesi notes that the Greek name of the island, Ikaros, might have been a reinterpretation of Agarum based on a Hellenistic folk etymology.[19] This proposal has also been subsequently accepted by Dalley.[1] A single Aramaic inscription from Tell Khazneh on Failaka mentions an otherwise unknown deity named BL ‘KR, who might be a late form of Inzak, with BL being the epithet bēl, "lord," and ‘KR - a toponym analogous to Agarum.[20][21]

 
The Dilmunite burial mounds in A'ali.

Inzak is also mentioned in cuneiform inscriptions of Yagli-El, found during recent excavations in A'ali in Bahrain in a structure designated as Royal Mound 8 by archeologists.[22] He is referred to as a deity of Agarum in these texts.[23] A similar inscription of another ruler, Rīmum, was already known earlier from the Durand Stone,[1] and similarly associates him with this toponym.[24] Marchesi suggests that the use of the phrase "servant of Inzak of Agarum" as a title by both of these Dilmunite monarchs might indicate that the local royal ideology was similar to the "theocratic model of kingship" known from the kingdoms of Assyria and Eshnunna in Mesopotamia, where the tutelary god of the state was also worshiped as its ruler, and human kings only acted as his representatives.[25] He also suggests that if his theory is correct, the Dilmunite royal ideology might have influenced the position of later Sabaean mukarribs, who interceded between the ordinary inhabitants of Saba and the main local god, Almaqah.[26]

Mesopotamian texts indicate that a temple dedicated jointly to Enzak and Meskilak which bore the ceremonial Sumerian name Ekarra, "house of the quay," existed in Dilmun.[27] It already appears in Middle Assyrian sources, though they do not list the names of the deities worshiped in it.[28] It is also mentioned in an inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II from Failaka, which according to Andrew R. George indicates Shamash of Larsa was another deity worshiped there.[29] Other documents indicate that a temple of Inzak located on Failaka was referred to as Egalgula ("great palace") or Egal-Inzak ("palace of Inzak").[30]

Various theophoric names invoking Inzak are attested in sources from sites associated with Dilmunite culture, including feminine Baltī-Inzak.[2]

Associations with other deities edit

Inzak's wife was the goddess Meskilak.[31] Jeremy Black and Anthony Green proposed that she might have been alternatively viewed as his mother.[32]

A seal inscription from Failaka links Inzak with dPA.NI.PA, who according to Manfred Krebernik might be the same deity as Meskilak.[33] However, Jean-Jacques Glassner instead assumes they were two separate goddesses who fulfilled the role of Inzak's partner in two separate locations.[2] Gianni Marchesi assumes that dPA.NI.PA, whose name he renders phonetically as Panipa, was Inzak's spouse on Failaka.[16] A seal from this location which might have belonged to a member of local clergy dedicated to her refers to her as "she who knows the seed of Inzak of Agarum."[21]

A possible association between Inzak and Enki is attested in sources from Dilmun, though it possible that the Mesopotamian god's name was simply used to represent that of the local one, and he was not worshiped himself in this area.[34] Andrew R. George notes that the presumed association between Enki and Inzak matches the Mesopotamian sources, in which the latter deity was sometimes linked to Dilmun.[35] It is possible that an analogous connection existed between Meskilak and Enki's spouse Damgalnunna.[36]

In Mesopotamia edit

Inzak is also attested in sources from Mesopotamia.[32] The oldest example occurs on one of the Gudea cylinders,[37] where his name is rendered as dNin-zà-ga,[31] "lord of the sanctuary."[37] The inscription states that the Mesopotamian god Ningirsu instructed him to provide Gudea with a large amount of copper during the construction of Eninnu.[38]

In two theophoric names from Ur the variant spelling Nininzak can be found.[39] One of them belonged to Idin-Nininzak, who was one of the alik Tilmun,[40] "Dilmun traders."[41] It is assumed he was a Dilmunite himself.[42] The other name is not fully preserved.[39] Spelling the name as Nininzak, literally "lord Inzak," might reflect an attempt at assimilating the god into the local pantheon.[13] A person from Dilmun bearing the name Inzak-gamil is attested in a text from Lagaba from the reign of Samsu-iluna.[40] A variant spelling of Inzak's name, Anzak, appears in theophoric names present in documents from the archive of the First Sealand dynasty, such as Anzak-gamil, Anzak-iddina, Anzak-rabi, Anzak-rabiat and Arad-Anzakti.[15] Ran Zadok presumed they belonged to Dilmunites.[43] Stephanie Dalley instead argues that since the names are linguistically Akkadian aside from the theonym invoked in them, it is possible Inzak was incorporated into the local pantheon of the Sealand and had a hitherto unidentified cult center somewhere in Mesopotamia, though she also points out he appears to be absent from known offering lists.[15]

Inzak, paired with Meskilak and like her referred to as one of the "deities of Dilmun," appears in greeting formulas of the letters exchanged between Ili-liya, apparently a nickname of Enlil-kidinnī, the governor of Nippur during the reigns of Kassite kings Burnaburiash II and Kurigalzu II, and a certain Ilī-ippašra.[44] It has been proposed the latter originated in Mesopotamia, but at some point came to live in Dilmun instead.[45] Both of the Dilmunite deities are invoked to guard the well-being of the recipient.[46]

In the incantation series Šurpu, Inzak appears in a passage which begins with the invocation of the god dLUGAL.A.AB.BA (Lugala'abba), the "king of the sea."[15] The full sequence of deities mentioned in it consists of Lugala'abba, Lugalidda, Laguda, Inzak and Meskilak.[31]

Associations with other deities edit

In the late god list An = Anu ša amēli Inzak is equated with Nabu.[31] A text in which Inzak's name (spelled as Enzag) is used to represent Nabu in a context in which other major gods are mentioned under alternate or cryptographic names is also known.[47] According to Manfred Krebernik this association might also implicitly indicate that Meskilak was equated with Nabu's wife Tashmetum.[31]

A single bilingual Sumero-Akkadian hymn dedicated to Nanaya considers Inzak and Meskilak to be two names of a single male deity in this context identified with Nabu, and lists a goddess named Šuluḫḫītum as his spouse.[48]

Stephanie Dalley maintains that references to Inzak being treated as a female deity analogous to Ninsianna are also known.[15]

Mythology edit

Inzak appears in the myth Enki and Ninhursag.[49] The writing of his name used by the Mesopotamian compilers of this text is rendered by modern authors as Enzag[2] or Ensag.[49] Older publications use the form Enshag.[4] This reinterpretation of the theonym can be translated as "lord of the side."[2] Other possible explanations are "lord who makes beautiful," "lord who brings beauty"[30] or "sweet lord."[50] In this composition he is one of the eight deities created to soothe the pains experienced by Enki, the other seven being Abu, Ninsikila (Meskilak[31]), Ningiritud (Ningirida), Ninkasi, Nanshe, Azimua and Ninti.[51] He is the last of them to be mentioned, and his appearance is preceded by Enki declaring his flank hurts him.[49] After being healed, the latter god assigns roles to the newborn deities, with Inzak being declared the "lord of Dilmun."[52]

In Elam edit

Inzak was also worshiped in Susa in the west of Elam.[41][15] Khaled al-Nashef has argued that it cannot be established if he was introduced there from Dilmun or if he was originally worshiped in this area, and rules out the possibility that he reached Elam through Mesopotamian intermediaries.[36] Theophoric names invoking Inzak are attested in sources from Susa from the Old Babylonian period, but according to Ran Zadok they might belong to people from Dilmun, rather than local inhabitants.[53] Examples listed by Daniel T. Potts and Soren Blau include Inzaki, Kūn-Inzaki, Idin-Inzaku and Watar-Inzak, additionally a man bearing a linguistically Amorite name, Milki-El, is identified as a son of a Dilmunite named Tem-Enzag.[40]

In Elam, Inzak was associated with Inshushinak and Ea.[54] A temple in Susa dated to the early second millennium BCE and a paved walkway from the same time were apparently dedicated jointly to these gods.[3] It is known from an inscription mentioning the kings Tempti-Agun and Kutir-Nahhunte, preserved as a copy from the reign of Shilhak-Inshushinak.[55] It is sometimes proposed that in Elam Inshushinak, Inzak and Ea were equated,[54] and the latter two were understood as epithets of the local god.[3][56]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Dalley 2020, p. 17.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Glassner 2009, p. 240.
  3. ^ a b c d Potts 1999, p. 179.
  4. ^ a b Kramer 1944, p. 19.
  5. ^ Potts 1993, p. 162.
  6. ^ al-Nashef 2012, p. 349.
  7. ^ a b al-Nashef 2012, p. 344.
  8. ^ al-Nashef 2012, pp. 343–344.
  9. ^ Marchesi 2014, p. 51.
  10. ^ Steinkeller 2018, p. 198.
  11. ^ Westenholz 2010, p. 381.
  12. ^ Glassner 2009, pp. 240–241.
  13. ^ a b al-Nashef 2012, p. 341.
  14. ^ Marchesi 2017, pp. 430–431.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Dalley 2013, p. 181.
  16. ^ a b Marchesi 2017, p. 432.
  17. ^ Marchesi 2017, pp. 432–433.
  18. ^ Marchesi 2017, p. 431.
  19. ^ Marchesi 2017, p. 433.
  20. ^ Glassner 2009, p. 242.
  21. ^ a b Marchesi 2017, pp. 431–432.
  22. ^ Marchesi 2017, p. 425.
  23. ^ Marchesi 2017, pp. 425–426.
  24. ^ Marchesi 2017, pp. 427–428.
  25. ^ Marchesi 2017, pp. 429–430.
  26. ^ Marchesi 2017, p. 430.
  27. ^ George 1993, p. 107.
  28. ^ Glassner 2009, p. 241.
  29. ^ George 1993, pp. 107–108.
  30. ^ a b Marchesi 2017, p. 429.
  31. ^ a b c d e f Krebernik 1997, p. 94.
  32. ^ a b Black & Green 1992, p. 66.
  33. ^ Krebernik 2005, p. 294.
  34. ^ al-Nashef 2012, pp. 345–346.
  35. ^ George 2003, p. 510.
  36. ^ a b al-Nashef 2012, p. 348.
  37. ^ a b al-Nashef 2012, p. 343.
  38. ^ Edzard 1997, p. 78.
  39. ^ a b Krebernik 1998, p. 386.
  40. ^ a b c Potts & Blau 1998, p. 30.
  41. ^ a b Potts 1993, p. 193.
  42. ^ al-Nashef 2012, p. 342.
  43. ^ Zadok 2014, p. 229.
  44. ^ Potts 1986, p. 169.
  45. ^ Howard-Carter 1987, p. 62.
  46. ^ Olijdam 1997, p. 202.
  47. ^ Lambert 1997, p. 62.
  48. ^ Krebernik 2013, p. 288.
  49. ^ a b c Katz 2008, p. 337.
  50. ^ al-Nashef 2012, p. 345.
  51. ^ Katz 2008, pp. 336–337.
  52. ^ Katz 2008, p. 338.
  53. ^ Zadok 2018, p. 153.
  54. ^ a b Henkelman 2008, p. 307.
  55. ^ al-Nashef 2012, p. 365.
  56. ^ Alvarez-Mon 2018, p. 189.

Bibliography edit

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External links edit

May 01, 2024
inzak, also, enzag, enzak, anzak, older, publications, enshag, main, pantheon, dilmun, precise, origin, name, remains, matter, scholarly, debate, might, have, been, associated, with, date, palms, cult, center, agarum, invoked, this, location, inscriptions, dil. Inzak also Enzag Enzak 3 Anzak 1 in older publications Enshag 4 was the main god of the pantheon of Dilmun The precise origin of his name remains a matter of scholarly debate He might have been associated with date palms His cult center was Agarum and he is invoked as the god of this location in inscriptions of Dilmunite kings His spouse was the goddess Meskilak A further deity who might have fulfilled this role was dPA NI PA known from texts from Failaka Island InzakGod of DilmunReplica of the Durand Stone inscribed with a formula mentioning Inzak 1 Bahrain National Museum Major cult centerAgarumPersonal informationSpouseMeskilak or dPA NI PA 2 Evidence of the worship of Inzak is also available from Mesopotamia where he appears for the first time in an inscription of king Gudea He is attested in theophoric names from locations such as Ur Lagaba and the Sealand Mesopotamians at some point came to perceive him as analogous to the god Nabu He also appears as an independent deity in the myth Enki and Ninhursag in which he is referred to as the lord of Dilmun A temple dedicated to Inzak also existed in Susa in Elam He was either worshiped there alongside Ea and Inshushinak or functioned as an epithet of the latter god in this city Contents 1 In Dilmun 1 1 Name and character 1 2 Worship 1 3 Associations with other deities 2 In Mesopotamia 2 1 Associations with other deities 2 2 Mythology 3 In Elam 4 References 4 1 Bibliography 5 External linksIn Dilmun editName and character edit Inzak was one of the two main deities of Dilmun the other being Meskilak 5 It has been proposed that he was associated with date palms 6 The spelling of his name shows a degree of variety with forms such as Enzag Enzak 3 and Anzak also attested 1 The form beginning with the cuneiform sign in predominates in sources from Dilmun itself 7 The origin of the name is a subject of scholarly dispute 8 Gianni Marchesi assumes that due to the antiquity of the contacts between Dilmun and Mesopotamian polities which based on archeological finds go back to the Ubaid period it is plausible that Inzak had Sumerian origin and tentatively etymologies his name as nin za ak lord of the beads 9 Piotr Steinkeller also considers this theonym to have Sumerian origin and assumes it might have originally developed due to Mesopotamian cultural influence spreading to other areas during the so called Uruk expansion 10 However the view that Inzak s name was linguistically Sumerian has been criticized by Khaled al Nashef de 7 Joan Goodnick Westenholz argued that many theonyms attested in Mesopotamian texts which end with the sign ak including Inzak Meskilak Tishpak and Latarak are unlikely to be Sumerian and according to her it is implausible to assume it was used in these cases as a genitive ending 11 Jean Jacques Glassner notes that while various spellings of Inzak s name attested in Mesopotamian texts might reflect ancient attempts at providing it with an invented etymology it is unlikely that they reflect the genuine origin of the name 12 Worship edit In contrast with Mesopotamian sources which typically label Inzak as a god of Dilmun the Dilmunites themselves typically referred to him as the god of Agarum 2 According to Khaled al Nashef the only possible exception is a copy of an Old Babylonian description mentioning Inzak of Dilmun which might have originated in this area on Bahrain or Failaka Island 13 It is commonly presumed that Agarum was the original location Inzak was worshiped in and that it corresponds to historical Hagar modern Hofuf though the latter assumption is not universally accepted 14 A different interpretation has been suggested by Stephanie Dalley who connects this toponym with the Hajar Mountains located in modern Oman and United Arab Emirates 15 However Gianni Marchesi notes that she provided no evidence in favor of this proposal and incorrectly assumed that Inzak s association with copper in an inscription of Gudea means that he was worshiped in Magan Oman rather than that Dilmun functioned as a center of copper trade 16 A third possibility is that Agarum corresponds to Failaka Island 17 where Inzak was also worshiped 18 Marchesi notes that the Greek name of the island Ikaros might have been a reinterpretation of Agarum based on a Hellenistic folk etymology 19 This proposal has also been subsequently accepted by Dalley 1 A single Aramaic inscription from Tell Khazneh on Failaka mentions an otherwise unknown deity named BL KR who might be a late form of Inzak with BL being the epithet bel lord and KR a toponym analogous to Agarum 20 21 nbsp The Dilmunite burial mounds in A ali Inzak is also mentioned in cuneiform inscriptions of Yagli El found during recent excavations in A ali in Bahrain in a structure designated as Royal Mound 8 by archeologists 22 He is referred to as a deity of Agarum in these texts 23 A similar inscription of another ruler Rimum was already known earlier from the Durand Stone 1 and similarly associates him with this toponym 24 Marchesi suggests that the use of the phrase servant of Inzak of Agarum as a title by both of these Dilmunite monarchs might indicate that the local royal ideology was similar to the theocratic model of kingship known from the kingdoms of Assyria and Eshnunna in Mesopotamia where the tutelary god of the state was also worshiped as its ruler and human kings only acted as his representatives 25 He also suggests that if his theory is correct the Dilmunite royal ideology might have influenced the position of later Sabaean mukarribs who interceded between the ordinary inhabitants of Saba and the main local god Almaqah 26 Mesopotamian texts indicate that a temple dedicated jointly to Enzak and Meskilak which bore the ceremonial Sumerian name Ekarra house of the quay existed in Dilmun 27 It already appears in Middle Assyrian sources though they do not list the names of the deities worshiped in it 28 It is also mentioned in an inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II from Failaka which according to Andrew R George indicates Shamash of Larsa was another deity worshiped there 29 Other documents indicate that a temple of Inzak located on Failaka was referred to as Egalgula great palace or Egal Inzak palace of Inzak 30 Various theophoric names invoking Inzak are attested in sources from sites associated with Dilmunite culture including feminine Balti Inzak 2 Associations with other deities edit Inzak s wife was the goddess Meskilak 31 Jeremy Black and Anthony Green proposed that she might have been alternatively viewed as his mother 32 A seal inscription from Failaka links Inzak with dPA NI PA who according to Manfred Krebernik might be the same deity as Meskilak 33 However Jean Jacques Glassner instead assumes they were two separate goddesses who fulfilled the role of Inzak s partner in two separate locations 2 Gianni Marchesi assumes that dPA NI PA whose name he renders phonetically as Panipa was Inzak s spouse on Failaka 16 A seal from this location which might have belonged to a member of local clergy dedicated to her refers to her as she who knows the seed of Inzak of Agarum 21 A possible association between Inzak and Enki is attested in sources from Dilmun though it possible that the Mesopotamian god s name was simply used to represent that of the local one and he was not worshiped himself in this area 34 Andrew R George notes that the presumed association between Enki and Inzak matches the Mesopotamian sources in which the latter deity was sometimes linked to Dilmun 35 It is possible that an analogous connection existed between Meskilak and Enki s spouse Damgalnunna 36 In Mesopotamia editInzak is also attested in sources from Mesopotamia 32 The oldest example occurs on one of the Gudea cylinders 37 where his name is rendered as dNin za ga 31 lord of the sanctuary 37 The inscription states that the Mesopotamian god Ningirsu instructed him to provide Gudea with a large amount of copper during the construction of Eninnu 38 In two theophoric names from Ur the variant spelling Nininzak can be found 39 One of them belonged to Idin Nininzak who was one of the alik Tilmun 40 Dilmun traders 41 It is assumed he was a Dilmunite himself 42 The other name is not fully preserved 39 Spelling the name as Nininzak literally lord Inzak might reflect an attempt at assimilating the god into the local pantheon 13 A person from Dilmun bearing the name Inzak gamil is attested in a text from Lagaba from the reign of Samsu iluna 40 A variant spelling of Inzak s name Anzak appears in theophoric names present in documents from the archive of the First Sealand dynasty such as Anzak gamil Anzak iddina Anzak rabi Anzak rabiat and Arad Anzakti 15 Ran Zadok presumed they belonged to Dilmunites 43 Stephanie Dalley instead argues that since the names are linguistically Akkadian aside from the theonym invoked in them it is possible Inzak was incorporated into the local pantheon of the Sealand and had a hitherto unidentified cult center somewhere in Mesopotamia though she also points out he appears to be absent from known offering lists 15 Inzak paired with Meskilak and like her referred to as one of the deities of Dilmun appears in greeting formulas of the letters exchanged between Ili liya apparently a nickname of Enlil kidinni the governor of Nippur during the reigns of Kassite kings Burnaburiash II and Kurigalzu II and a certain Ili ippasra 44 It has been proposed the latter originated in Mesopotamia but at some point came to live in Dilmun instead 45 Both of the Dilmunite deities are invoked to guard the well being of the recipient 46 In the incantation series Surpu Inzak appears in a passage which begins with the invocation of the god dLUGAL A AB BA Lugala abba the king of the sea 15 The full sequence of deities mentioned in it consists of Lugala abba Lugalidda Laguda Inzak and Meskilak 31 Associations with other deities edit In the late god list An Anu sa ameli Inzak is equated with Nabu 31 A text in which Inzak s name spelled as Enzag is used to represent Nabu in a context in which other major gods are mentioned under alternate or cryptographic names is also known 47 According to Manfred Krebernik this association might also implicitly indicate that Meskilak was equated with Nabu s wife Tashmetum 31 A single bilingual Sumero Akkadian hymn dedicated to Nanaya considers Inzak and Meskilak to be two names of a single male deity in this context identified with Nabu and lists a goddess named Suluḫḫitum as his spouse 48 Stephanie Dalley maintains that references to Inzak being treated as a female deity analogous to Ninsianna are also known 15 Mythology edit Inzak appears in the myth Enki and Ninhursag 49 The writing of his name used by the Mesopotamian compilers of this text is rendered by modern authors as Enzag 2 or Ensag 49 Older publications use the form Enshag 4 This reinterpretation of the theonym can be translated as lord of the side 2 Other possible explanations are lord who makes beautiful lord who brings beauty 30 or sweet lord 50 In this composition he is one of the eight deities created to soothe the pains experienced by Enki the other seven being Abu Ninsikila Meskilak 31 Ningiritud Ningirida Ninkasi Nanshe Azimua and Ninti 51 He is the last of them to be mentioned and his appearance is preceded by Enki declaring his flank hurts him 49 After being healed the latter god assigns roles to the newborn deities with Inzak being declared the lord of Dilmun 52 In Elam editInzak was also worshiped in Susa in the west of Elam 41 15 Khaled al Nashef has argued that it cannot be established if he was introduced there from Dilmun or if he was originally worshiped in this area and rules out the possibility that he reached Elam through Mesopotamian intermediaries 36 Theophoric names invoking Inzak are attested in sources from Susa from the Old Babylonian period but according to Ran Zadok they might belong to people from Dilmun rather than local inhabitants 53 Examples listed by Daniel T Potts and Soren Blau include Inzaki Kun Inzaki Idin Inzaku and Watar Inzak additionally a man bearing a linguistically Amorite name Milki El is identified as a son of a Dilmunite named Tem Enzag 40 In Elam Inzak was associated with Inshushinak and Ea 54 A temple in Susa dated to the early second millennium BCE and a paved walkway from the same time were apparently dedicated jointly to these gods 3 It is known from an inscription mentioning the kings Tempti Agun and Kutir Nahhunte preserved as a copy from the reign of Shilhak Inshushinak 55 It is sometimes proposed that in Elam Inshushinak Inzak and Ea were equated 54 and the latter two were understood as epithets of the local god 3 56 References edit a b c d e Dalley 2020 p 17 a b c d e f Glassner 2009 p 240 a b c d Potts 1999 p 179 a b Kramer 1944 p 19 Potts 1993 p 162 al Nashef 2012 p 349 a b al Nashef 2012 p 344 al Nashef 2012 pp 343 344 Marchesi 2014 p 51 Steinkeller 2018 p 198 Westenholz 2010 p 381 Glassner 2009 pp 240 241 a b al Nashef 2012 p 341 Marchesi 2017 pp 430 431 a b c d e f Dalley 2013 p 181 a b Marchesi 2017 p 432 Marchesi 2017 pp 432 433 Marchesi 2017 p 431 Marchesi 2017 p 433 Glassner 2009 p 242 a b Marchesi 2017 pp 431 432 Marchesi 2017 p 425 Marchesi 2017 pp 425 426 Marchesi 2017 pp 427 428 Marchesi 2017 pp 429 430 Marchesi 2017 p 430 George 1993 p 107 Glassner 2009 p 241 George 1993 pp 107 108 a b Marchesi 2017 p 429 a b c d e f Krebernik 1997 p 94 a b Black amp Green 1992 p 66 Krebernik 2005 p 294 al Nashef 2012 pp 345 346 George 2003 p 510 a b al Nashef 2012 p 348 a b al Nashef 2012 p 343 Edzard 1997 p 78 a b Krebernik 1998 p 386 a b c Potts amp Blau 1998 p 30 a b Potts 1993 p 193 al Nashef 2012 p 342 Zadok 2014 p 229 Potts 1986 p 169 Howard Carter 1987 p 62 Olijdam 1997 p 202 Lambert 1997 p 62 Krebernik 2013 p 288 a b c Katz 2008 p 337 al Nashef 2012 p 345 Katz 2008 pp 336 337 Katz 2008 p 338 Zadok 2018 p 153 a b Henkelman 2008 p 307 al Nashef 2012 p 365 Alvarez Mon 2018 p 189 Bibliography edit al Nashef Khaled 2012 1986 The Deities of Dilmun In Al Khalifa Shaikha Haya Ali Rice Michael eds Bahrain Through The Ages The Archaeology Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 136 14178 2 Retrieved 2022 09 26 Alvarez Mon Javier 2018 Puzur Insusinak the last king of Akkad Text and Image Reconsidered In Nasrabadi B ed Elam and its neighbors recent research and new perspectives Proceedings of the international congress held at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz September 21 23 2016 Hildesheim Verlag Franzbecker ISBN 978 3 88120 868 0 OCLC 1159428969 Black Jeremy Green Anthony 1992 Gods Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia An Illustrated Dictionary The British Museum Press ISBN 0714117056 Dalley Stephanie 2013 Gods from north eastern and north western Arabia in cuneiform texts from the First Sealand Dynasty and a cuneiform inscription from Tell en Naṣbeh c 1500 BC Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 24 2 Wiley 177 185 doi 10 1111 aae 12005 ISSN 0905 7196 Dalley Stephanie 2020 The First Sealand Dynasty Literacy Economy and the Likely Location of Dur Enlil e in Southern Mesopotamia at the end of the Old Babylonian Period Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties De Gruyter pp 9 27 doi 10 1515 9781501510298 002 ISBN 9781501510298 S2CID 234965944 Edzard Dietz Otto 1997 Gudea and his dynasty Toronto Buffalo University of Toronto Press ISBN 0 8020 4187 6 OCLC 809041550 George Andrew R 1993 House most high the temples of ancient Mesopotamia Winona Lake Eisenbrauns ISBN 0 931464 80 3 OCLC 27813103 George Andrew R 2003 The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic introduction critical edition and cuneiform texts Oxford New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 814922 0 OCLC 51668477 Glassner Jean Jacques 2009 1996 Dilmun Magan and Meluhha Some Observations on Language Toponymy Anthroponymy and Theonymy In Reade Julian ed Indian Ocean In Antiquity Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 136 15531 4 Retrieved 2022 09 25 Henkelman Wouter F M 2008 The other gods who are studies in Elamite Iranian acculturation based on the Persepolis fortification texts Leiden Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten ISBN 978 90 6258 414 7 Howard Carter Theresa 1987 Dilmun At Sea or Not at Sea A Review Article Journal of Cuneiform Studies 39 1 American Schools of Oriental Research 54 117 doi 10 2307 1359986 ISSN 0022 0256 JSTOR 1359986 S2CID 163963264 Retrieved 2022 09 25 Katz Dina 2008 Enki and Ninhursaga Part Two Bibliotheca Orientalis 65 3 Peeters Publishers 320 342 doi 10 2143 bior 65 3 2033365 ISSN 0006 1913 Kramer Samuel N 1944 Dilmun the Land of the Living Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 96 American Schools of Oriental Research 18 28 doi 10 2307 1355094 ISSN 2161 8062 JSTOR 1355094 S2CID 164143967 Retrieved 2022 09 26 Krebernik Manfred 1997 Meskilak Mesikila Ninsikila Reallexikon der Assyriologie in German retrieved 2022 09 24 Krebernik Manfred 1998 Nin inzak Reallexikon der Assyriologie in German retrieved 2022 09 24 Krebernik Manfred 2005 dPA NI PA Reallexikon der Assyriologie in German retrieved 2022 09 25 Krebernik Manfred 2013 Suluḫḫitum Reallexikon der Assyriologie in German retrieved 2022 09 25 Lambert Wilfred G 1997 Processions to the Akitu House Revue d Assyriologie et d archeologie orientale 91 1 Presses Universitaires de France 49 80 ISSN 0373 6032 JSTOR 23281980 Retrieved 2022 09 26 Marchesi Gianni 2014 Tilmun A Philologisch Tilmun A Philological Reallexikon der Assyriologie retrieved 2022 09 25 Marchesi Gianni 2017 Appendix 5 Inscriptions from the Royal Mounds of A ali Bahrain and Related Texts The royal mounds of A ali in Bahrain the emergence of kingship in early Dilmun Jutland Archaeological Society Publications Vol 100 Aarhus University Press ISBN 978 87 93423 16 9 OCLC 1019551153 Olijdam Eric 1997 Nippur and Dilmun in the second half of the fourteenth century BC a re evaluation of the Ili ippasra letters Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 27 Archaeopress 199 203 ISSN 0308 8421 JSTOR 41223599 Retrieved 2022 09 25 Potts Daniel T 1986 Nippur and Dilmun in the 14th Century B C Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 16 Archaeopress 169 174 ISSN 0308 8421 JSTOR 41223243 Retrieved 2022 09 25 Potts Daniel T 1993 The Late Prehistoric Protohistoric and Early Historic Periods in Eastern Arabia ca 5000 1200 B C Journal of World Prehistory 7 2 Springer 163 212 doi 10 1007 BF00975450 ISSN 0892 7537 JSTOR 25800631 S2CID 161909722 Retrieved 2022 09 25 Potts Daniel T 1999 The Archaeology of Elam Cambridge University Press doi 10 1017 cbo9780511489617 ISBN 978 0 521 56358 1 Potts Daniel T Blau Soren 1998 Identities in the East Arabian Region Mediterranean Archaeology 11 Meditarch 27 38 ISSN 1030 8482 JSTOR 24667864 Retrieved 2022 09 25 Steinkeller Piotr 2018 The Birth of Elam in History The Elamite world Abingdon Oxon ISBN 978 1 315 65803 2 OCLC 1022561448 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Westenholz Joan G 2010 Ninkarrak an Akkadian goddess in Sumerian guise Von Gottern und Menschen Brill pp 377 405 doi 10 1163 9789004187474 020 ISBN 9789004187481 Zadok Ran 2014 On Population Groups in the Documents from the Time of the First Sealand Dynasty Tel Aviv 41 2 Maney Publishing 222 237 doi 10 1179 0334435514z 00000000036 ISSN 0334 4355 S2CID 161962886 Zadok Ran 2018 The Peoples of Elam The Elamite world Abingdon Oxon ISBN 978 1 315 65803 2 OCLC 1022561448 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link External links editEnki and Ninhursag in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Inzak amp oldid 1132586414, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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