The office of šandabakku, inscribed 𒇽𒄘𒂗𒈾 (LÚGÚ.EN.NA)[i 1] or sometimes as 𒂷𒁾𒁀𒀀𒂗𒆤𒆠 (GÁ.DUB.BA.A EN.LÍLKI), the latter designation perhaps meaning "archivist of (the god) Enlil," was the name of the position of governor of the Mesopotamian city of Nippur from the Kassite period (mid second millennium BC) onward. Enlil, as the tutelary deity of Nippur, had been elevated in prominence and was shown special veneration by the Kassite monarchs, it being the most common theophoric element in their names. This caused the position of the šandabakku to become very prestigious and the holders of the office seem to have wielded influence second only to the king.
The term šandabakku first appears in texts from Mari, where it seems to represent a high-ranking administrative official, but it is not until the Kassite period that it became synonymous with the city of Nippur. Nippur had been depopulated sometime towards the end of the reign of Samsu-iluna (ca. 1686–1648 BC, short chronology) and remained abandoned until the end of the fifteenth century when the Kassites began a program of restoration of cultic centers.[1] The earliest inscriptions of this restoration belong to Kurigalzu I.[2]
The office may be related in some manner to that of the nišakku (𒇽𒉡𒀊, LÚNU.ÈŠ) of Enlil, probably the senior priestly or dignitary position of the Ekur. Whether the post was held concurrently with that of the šandabakku, or at some, perhaps, earlier stage in the career of the prospective governor, has yet to be determined, but it is clear that Enlil-kidinni and his immediate successors, all held both offices, and Amil-Marduk and Enlil-šuma-imbī were similarly honored. Only during the reign of Nazi-Maruttaš, were they held by separate individuals, with Nūr-Delebat and his son Ninurta-rēṣušu assuming the nišakku-priest position, the latter of whom naming Enlil-kidinni’s father Enlil-bānī and Amīlatum as ancestors, on his clay quadrangular prism,[i 2] a votive dedication to the storm-god Adad.[3]
The most prominent of the šandabakku officials were - Enlil-kidinni, who corresponded[i 3] and exchanged gifts with the Assyrian crown prince Enlil-nirari,[4] if his name has been correctly restored,[5] and, Amil-Marduk around a hundred years later, under whose rule Nippur experienced significant restoration work undertaken by servile laborers whose purchase documents and ration lists make up much of the so-called “governor's library.” In the later Achaemenid period, from the reign of Xerxes I, the title was replaced by that of the paqdu.
List of šandabakku officials at Nippuredit
The šandabakku’s who held office during the Kassite period:[6]
Amīlatum, father of Enlil-bāni (uncertain date)
Uššur-ana-Marduk, son of Usi-ana-nuri-? (uncertain position in sequence, but early)[i 4]
Ninurta-nādin-aḫḫē, son of Enlil-bānī (from Kadašman-Enlil I until Burna-Buriaš, 1359–1333 BC)
Enlil-kidinni, son of Ninurta-nādin-aḫḫē (from Burna-Buriaš, through Kurigalzu II, 1332–1308 BC, until early Nazi-Maruttaš, 1307–1282 BC)
Enlil-alsa, son of Enlil-kidinna (attested in Nazi-Maruttaš year 8, 1300 BC[i 5][7])
^Richard L. Zettler (1993). Nippur III: Kassite Buildings in Area WC-1 (OIP 111). Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 2.
^J. A. Brinkman (1976). Materials and Studies for Kassite History. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 214–215.
^ abcEdmond Sollberger (Jan–Mar 1968). "Two Kassite Votive Inscriptions". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 88 (1): 191–197. doi:10.2307/597914. JSTOR 597914.
^Betina Faist. "Der Fernhandel des assyrischen Reiches zwischen dem 14. und 11. Jh. v. Chr". Alter Orient und Altes Testament. 265. note 44.
^J. A. Brinkman (Apr–Jun 2004). "Review: Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia, Reviewed work(s): Beiträge zur Verwaltung und Gesellschaft Babyloniens in der Kassitenzeit by Leonhard Sassmannshausen". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 124 (2): 283–304. doi:10.2307/4132216.
^Daniel A. Nevez (1996) “Provincial administration at Kassite Nippur”, abstract of a dissertation, University of Chicago.
^Donald M. Matthews (1992). The Kassite Glyptic of Nippur. Academic Press Fribourg. p. 136.
^Steven W. Cole (1996). Nippur IV: The Early Neo-Babylonian Governor’s Archive from Nippur (OIP122). Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 7.
^Steven W. Holloway (2001). Assur Is King! Assur Is King!: Religion in the Exercise of Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Brill. p. 311.
^J. A. Brinkman, D. A. Kennedy (Jan–Apr 1983). "Documentary Evidence for the Economic Base of Early Neo-Babylonian Society: A Survey of Dated Babylonian Economic Texts, 721-626 B.C.". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 35 (1/2): 39. JSTOR 3515942. Kn.9
^M. W. Stolper (1988). "The šaknu of Nippur". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 40: 129. doi:10.2307/1359658.
January 01, 1970
Šandabakku, office, šandabakku, inscribed, 𒇽, 𒄘, 𒂗, 𒈾, lÚgÚ, sometimes, 𒂷, 𒁾, 𒁀, 𒀀, 𒂗, 𒆤, 𒆠, lÍlki, latter, designation, perhaps, meaning, archivist, enlil, name, position, governor, mesopotamian, city, nippur, from, kassite, period, second, millennium, onward. The office of sandabakku inscribed 𒇽 𒄘 𒂗 𒈾 LUGU EN NA i 1 or sometimes as 𒂷 𒁾 𒁀 𒀀 𒂗 𒆤 𒆠 GA DUB BA A EN LILKI the latter designation perhaps meaning archivist of the god Enlil was the name of the position of governor of the Mesopotamian city of Nippur from the Kassite period mid second millennium BC onward Enlil as the tutelary deity of Nippur had been elevated in prominence and was shown special veneration by the Kassite monarchs it being the most common theophoric element in their names This caused the position of the sandabakku to become very prestigious and the holders of the office seem to have wielded influence second only to the king Contents 1 The office 1 1 List of sandabakku officials at Nippur 2 Inscriptions 3 ReferencesThe office editThe term sandabakku first appears in texts from Mari where it seems to represent a high ranking administrative official but it is not until the Kassite period that it became synonymous with the city of Nippur Nippur had been depopulated sometime towards the end of the reign of Samsu iluna ca 1686 1648 BC short chronology and remained abandoned until the end of the fifteenth century when the Kassites began a program of restoration of cultic centers 1 The earliest inscriptions of this restoration belong to Kurigalzu I 2 The office may be related in some manner to that of the nisakku 𒇽 𒉡 𒀊 LUNU ES of Enlil probably the senior priestly or dignitary position of the Ekur Whether the post was held concurrently with that of the sandabakku or at some perhaps earlier stage in the career of the prospective governor has yet to be determined but it is clear that Enlil kidinni and his immediate successors all held both offices and Amil Marduk and Enlil suma imbi were similarly honored Only during the reign of Nazi Maruttas were they held by separate individuals with Nur Delebat and his son Ninurta reṣusu assuming the nisakku priest position the latter of whom naming Enlil kidinni s father Enlil bani and Amilatum as ancestors on his clay quadrangular prism i 2 a votive dedication to the storm god Adad 3 The most prominent of the sandabakku officials were Enlil kidinni who corresponded i 3 and exchanged gifts with the Assyrian crown prince Enlil nirari 4 if his name has been correctly restored 5 and Amil Marduk around a hundred years later under whose rule Nippur experienced significant restoration work undertaken by servile laborers whose purchase documents and ration lists make up much of the so called governor s library In the later Achaemenid period from the reign of Xerxes I the title was replaced by that of the paqdu List of sandabakku officials at Nippur edit The sandabakku s who held office during the Kassite period 6 Amilatum father of Enlil bani uncertain date Ussur ana Marduk son of Usi ana nuri uncertain position in sequence but early i 4 Ninurta nadin aḫḫe son of Enlil bani from Kadasman Enlil I until Burna Burias 1359 1333 BC Enlil kidinni son of Ninurta nadin aḫḫe from Burna Burias through Kurigalzu II 1332 1308 BC until early Nazi Maruttas 1307 1282 BC Enlil alsa son of Enlil kidinna attested in Nazi Maruttas year 8 1300 BC i 5 7 Uzi Su gab during Nazi Maruttas reign i 6 Nazi Enlil during Nazi Maruttas reign 3 Ninurta apla idinna son of Nazi Enlil Nazi Maruttas or later Kadasman Turgu 1281 1264 BC Kadasman Enlil 1263 1255 BC 3 Amil Marduk from Kudur Enlil 1254 1246 BC until Sagarakti Surias reign 1245 1233 BC Enlil zakir sumi i 7 during the reign of Adad suma iddina 1222 1217 BC Enlil suma imbi son of Daian Marduk i 7 during the reign of Adad suma uṣur 1216 1187 BC The officials with this title in the post Kassite period Nusku zera iddina i 8 Nabu sumu libur year 1 or 1033 BC Nazi Enlil i 9 during Marduk zakir sumi s reign 855 819 BC Enlil apla uṣur i 10 son of Nazi Enlil during the reign of Marduk balassu iqbi 819 813 BC Kudurru during the reigns of Nabu naṣir 747 732 BC and Nabu mukin zeri 731 729 BC Eṭeru and Eresu around the time of Kudurru 8 Suma idinna executed by Esarhaddon in his sixth year 675 BC 9 Enlil bani Samas sum ukin s seventh year c 660 BC 10 Enlil sapik zeri apparently of Ṣurru near Uruk and not actually Nippur during the reign of Nabu kudurri uṣur II 634 562 BC Nabu sumu eres during the reign of Nabu naʾid 556 539 BC Siriktu Ninurta from last year of Nabu naʾid 539 BC until the accession year of Darius I 522 BC 11 Inscriptions edit Lexical lists such as IM 77106 12 N 129 OIP 122 text 119 obv 4 BM 92699 votive prism Tablet CBS 19796 BE XVII no 91 Cylinder seal of Uballissu Marduk BM 122696 Tablet UM 29 15 653 CBS 12914 BE 14 no 39 line 1 a b The Estate of Takil ana ilisu kudurru BM 90827 Legal tablet BM 139424 Kudurru AO 6684 in the Louvre published as RA 16 1919 125 126 4 N T 3 11 References edit Richard L Zettler 1993 Nippur III Kassite Buildings in Area WC 1 OIP 111 Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago p 2 J A Brinkman 1976 Materials and Studies for Kassite History Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago pp 214 215 a b c Edmond Sollberger Jan Mar 1968 Two Kassite Votive Inscriptions Journal of the American Oriental Society 88 1 191 197 doi 10 2307 597914 JSTOR 597914 Betina Faist Der Fernhandel des assyrischen Reiches zwischen dem 14 und 11 Jh v Chr Alter Orient und Altes Testament 265 note 44 J A Brinkman Apr Jun 2004 Review Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia Reviewed work s Beitrage zur Verwaltung und Gesellschaft Babyloniens in der Kassitenzeit by Leonhard Sassmannshausen Journal of the American Oriental Society 124 2 283 304 doi 10 2307 4132216 Daniel A Nevez 1996 Provincial administration at Kassite Nippur abstract of a dissertation University of Chicago Donald M Matthews 1992 The Kassite Glyptic of Nippur Academic Press Fribourg p 136 Steven W Cole 1996 Nippur IV The Early Neo Babylonian Governor s Archive from Nippur OIP122 Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago p 7 Steven W Holloway 2001 Assur Is King Assur Is King Religion in the Exercise of Power in the Neo Assyrian Empire Brill p 311 J A Brinkman D A Kennedy Jan Apr 1983 Documentary Evidence for the Economic Base of Early Neo Babylonian Society A Survey of Dated Babylonian Economic Texts 721 626 B C Journal of Cuneiform Studies 35 1 2 39 JSTOR 3515942 Kn 9 M W Stolper 1988 The saknu of Nippur Journal of Cuneiform Studies 40 129 doi 10 2307 1359658 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sandabakku amp oldid 906262580, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
