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Independent Catholicism

Independent Catholicism is an independent sacramental movement of clergy and laity who self-identify as Catholic (most often as Old Catholic or as Independent Catholic) and form "micro-churches claiming apostolic succession and valid sacraments",[1] in spite of not being affiliated to the historic Catholic churches such as the Roman Catholic and Utrechter Old Catholic churches.[2] The term "Independent Catholic" derives from the fact that "these denominations affirm both their belonging to the Catholic tradition as well as their independence from Rome."[3]

It is difficult to determine the number of jurisdictions, communities, clergy and members who make up Independent Catholicism,[4] particularly since the movement "is growing and changing in every moment."[5] Some adherents choose Independent Catholicism as an alternative way to live and express their Catholic faith outside the Roman Catholic Church (with whose structures, beliefs and practices Independent Catholicism often closely aligns) while rejecting some traditional Catholic teachings.[6]

Independent Catholicism may be considered part of the larger independent sacramental movement, in which clergy and laity of various faith traditions—including the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Anglican Communion and various non-Catholic Christian churches—have separated themselves from the institutions with which they previously identified. Within this movement, various independent churches have sprung from the Eastern Orthodox Church, but the members of these independent Eastern Orthodox groups most often self-identify as Independent or Autocephalous Orthodox and not as Independent Catholic.

Many Independent Catholic churches have joined the International Council of Community Churches, a denomination based in Frankfort, Illinois, in the United States. In doing so it gives them a place and voice in organizations such as Churches Uniting in Christ, the National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA and the World Council of Churches.

History

Early episcopal consecrations without papal approval

 
Dominique Marie Varlet, Catholic Bishop of Babylon (1678–1742)

Beginning in 1724, Dominique Marie Varlet (1678–1742), the Roman Catholic Bishop of Babylon, consecrated four men successively as Archbishop of Utrecht without papal approval.[7][8] The cathedral chapter of Utrecht, which elected these men, had previously obtained an opinion from Zeger Bernhard van Espen (1646–1728) and two other doctors of canon law at the University of Louvain, which said that the chapter had the right, in special circumstances, to elect its own archbishop and have him consecrated without the consent of the pope, and that, in the case of necessity, one bishop alone might validly consecrate another. Nineteen doctors of the theological faculties at Paris, Nantes, Rheims and Padua approved of this opinion. This consecration by Varlet caused a theological controversy and schism within the Catholic Church, which now possessed bishops who were validly consecrated without the permission of the pope. This schism marked the birth of the movement that would later be known as the Old Catholic Church (a term coined in 1853 for the Catholics of Utrecht), and it marked the beginning of an era in the Western Church, in which validly-consecrated bishops enjoyed apostolic succession but were not subject to the rights and responsibilities of the Catholic Church.

First departure from the Catholic Church

The sharing of apostolic succession in the west outside the Catholic Church was largely confined to the Church of Utrecht for over a century. After the (First) Vatican Council in 1870, many Austro-Hungarian, German and Swiss Catholics rejected assertions of universal jurisdiction of the pope and the declaration of papal infallibility, and their bishops, inspired by earlier acts in Utrecht, decided to leave the Roman Catholic Church to form their own churches, independent of Rome. Now independent of the pope, these bishops were sometimes referred to as autocephalous (or self-governing) bishops or episcopi vaganti (wandering bishops). These validly-consecrated bishops enjoyed apostolic succession, and they continued to share valid lines of apostolic succession with the priests and deacons they ordained. In 1889, they formally united as part of the Utrecht Union of Churches (UU).[9]

Episcopal consecrations by Arnold Harris Mathew

 
Bishop Arnold Harris Mathew (1852–1919)

In 1908, the movement that would become Independent Catholicism left continental Europe when Arnold Harris Mathew (1852–1919), a former Catholic priest, was consecrated in Great Britain by Archbishop Gerardus Gul (1847–1920) of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands. Mathew believed that Old Catholicism might provide a home for disaffected Anglican clergy who reacted to Pope Leo XIII's declaration that Anglican orders were null and void, and Gul incorrectly believed that Mathew had a significant following in the United Kingdom. Two years later, in 1910, Mathew consecrated two priests to the episcopate, without clear reasons and without consulting the Archbishop of Utrecht, and, in response to the ensuing protest, declared his autonomy from the Old Catholic Church.[10] Mathew later consecrated several other bishops who spread through England and North America. Plummer writes that, as a result, "we begin to see the small, endlessly multiplying groups, with a high percentage of the membership in holy orders, which came to characterize the independent movement."[11] From a historical perspective, one of Mathew's most important consecrations was of Frederick Samuel Willoughby, who in turn consecrated James Wedgwood, the co-founder in 1918 of the Liberal Catholic Church, an esoteric community closely aligned with the Theosophical Society and allowing complete freedom of belief.

Episcopal consecrations by Joseph René Vilatte

Joseph René Vilatte (1854–1929),[9] an Old Catholic priest ordained by Bishop Eduard Herzog (1841–1924) of the Old Catholic Church in Switzerland,[12] is credited with being the first person to bring to North America the movement that would result in Independent Catholicism. In 1892, Vilatte traveled to India, where he was consecrated, as Mar Timotheos, by Mar Julius I (1836–1923) of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. In 1915, Vilatte founded the American Catholic Church which still exists. During the following 28 years, Vilatte consecrated "a number of men who are the episcopal ancestors of an enormous variety of descendants" in North America.[13]

Subsequent departures from the Catholic Church

The 20th century has seen a number of clergy and laity move into the Independent Catholic movement, from the Roman Catholic Church.

Czechoslovak Hussite Church

Perhaps the largest departure from the Roman Church was the Czechoslovak Hussite Church (CHC), which organized on 8 January 1920, when several thousand priests and laypeople formed an independent church in response to their deep concerns over the Catholic Church's opposition to modernism.[14] The church's first patriarch was Karel Farský (1880–1927), a modernist and former Catholic priest. The first bishops of the CHC were consecrated by priests through the laying on of hands. In 1931, Louis-Charles Winnaert (1880–1937), who was consecrated by Liberal Catholic bishop James Wedgwood (1883–1951), consecrated two CHC bishops, Gustav Procházka (1872–1942) and Rostislav Stejskal (1894–1946), thus sharing apostolic succession with the CHC.[14] The CHC ordained its first woman priest in 1947, and it consecrated its first woman bishop in 1999. According to the 2011 Czech Republic census, 39,276 people at that time self-identified as members of the CHC.[15]

Episcopal consecrations by Carlos Duarte Costa

 
Roman Catholic Bishop Carlos Duarte (left) at the episcopal consecration of Luis Fernando Castillo Mendez, at the Panama Canal

Carlos Duarte Costa (1888–1961) was a Roman Catholic bishop in Brazil for twenty years before distancing himself, and being excommunicated by the Catholic Church over his opposition to its position on clerical celibacy, divorce, vernacular liturgy, and accused the Catholic Church of fascist sympathies.[16] In 1945, Duarte Costa founded the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church and began consecrating numerous bishops in the apostolic succession. He is known as "St. Charles of Brazil" by the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church, which had grown to 560,781 members by 2010.[17]

Episcopal consecrations by Pierre Martin Ngo Dinh Thuc

From 1975 until his death in 1984, exiled Roman Catholic Archbishop Ngô Đình Thục (1897–1984) of Huế, Vietnam, an older brother of Ngo Dinh Diem, the first president of South Vietnam, consecrated a number of bishops, first for the Palmarian Catholic Church, then for the sedevacantists of the Tridentine Latin Rite Catholic Church.[18] Thục also consecrated individuals unaffiliated to either of these groups such as Jean Laborie. In 1999, pop star Sinéad O'Connor was ordained a priest by Bishop Michael Cox of the Irish Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church, whose lines of apostolic succession came through Thục.

Episcopal consecrations by Emmanuel Milingo

Emmanuel Milingo served as Roman Catholic Archbishop of Lusaka, Zambia from 1969 to 1983. As such, he had lines of apostolic succession from the Roman Catholic Church and, after departing from the Catholic Church in 1983 over the issues of faith healing and clerical celibacy, he formed Married Priests Now! and consecrated four married priests as bishops: George Stallings of Imani Temple African-American Catholic Congregation, Peter Paul Brennan of the Old Catholic Confederation.

Appeal of Independent Catholicism to Catholic and Christian tradition

Upon encountering Independent Catholicism for the first time, the questions of many individuals "are often historical: 'Where did this come from? Who ordained you? Did you invent this?'"[19] Many Independent Catholics respond by emphasizing their tie to the larger Christian tradition of which they form part, the heritage they have received from larger, historic, mainstream churches, like the Roman Catholic Church, and their continuity of faith and ministry with those churches.[20] Like Christians of the early Church, many see their efforts as "the seeds of a new kind of ministry that can adapt itself to the time and place of its exercise, the needs of the moment, and the people who are actually present in that particular place at that particular time. And yet is it so new? Is it not perhaps the very way that St. Paul set about spreading the Gospel and building the Church?"[21]

Many Independent Catholic communities look to the past, seeking to create communities according to models provided by the New Testament (e.g., home-based fellowships led by volunteer clergy[22]) and restoring various practices of the primitive Church.[23]

Independent Catholic beliefs and practices

Virtually all members of the Independent Catholic movement possess "a deep commitment to the catholic (in the broadest possible sense) sacramental tradition"[24] and worship according to a prescribed liturgy, usually derived from a mainstream Christian rite (like the Roman Rite). Plummer suggests that "the most critical factor for independent sacramental identity is the single-minded focus on sacramental activity [and that] very few independent communities offer coffee hour, Sunday School, and the array of other social programs which have come to characterize many mainstream churches."[25]

Like the liturgies of early Christian community, the liturgies of Independent Catholic communities often vary widely, with each cleric or community making "its own choices of emphasis in terms of doctrine, liturgy, and other matters."[24] In practice, Independent Catholic polity is often essentially congregational.[24]

For the most part, Independent Catholic communities possess a sacramental and eucharistic spirituality, often mirroring the sacramental life and theology of the Roman Catholic Church. Most possess a mediatory priesthood and an historic episcopate,[26] which are often the only constants amid diversity that ranges from extreme traditionalism to radical experimentation.[27] Julie Byrne comments: "Independents vary widely, ranging from right to left in the political spectrum. On the right traditionalist churches practice versions of Catholicism more conservative than Rome. These include the Society of St. Pius X, founded by Marcel Lefebvre, as well as the Mount St. Michael's community in Spokane, Washington, and actor Mel Gibson's church in Malibu, California, which made headlines when he directed the movie, The Passion of the Christ in 2004. On the left stand groups such as the Church of Antioch, the Ecumenical Catholic Communion, and the White-Robed Monks of St. Benedict."[28]

While the Western Church and its theology have remained constant, despite changing clergy, Independent Catholicism often possesses another model in which "the priesthood remains constant, while the church it serves and the theology it teaches are often in a state of flux. While some western Christians may see this state of affairs as a distortion, it is nonetheless the centerpiece of the independent sacramental inheritance from the west."[29]

Plummer says: "Independent sacramental Christians have given a unique primacy to the priesthood, carrying the 'priesthood of all believers' to an extent never before envisioned. In many such churches, most or all of the members are ordained, with ordination functioning more like [the sacrament of confirmation], rather than a professional credential. For better or worse, there is great freedom to create new church structures, new forms for the sacraments, and new theologies, or at least a new synthesis of inherited elements."[24]

Many Independent Catholic communities are small, are led by an unpaid clergy, and lack a stable schedule or location.[30] Larger Independent Catholic communities have often resulted from schism within the Roman Catholic Church or are often led by clergy who were formed by and formerly ministered to the Catholic church; these communities often resemble mainstream churches with a larger population of laity and a small number of paid clergy.[31] In Independent Catholicism, freelance ministries meeting the needs of a small number of persons are far more common than large parishes.[32]

While many Independent Catholic clergy and communities affirm the Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed, with or without the filioque and with varying interpretations, they espouse a variety of doctrines and beliefs, ranging from neo-gnostic and theosophical beliefs allowing for "freedom in the interpretation of scriptures, creeds, and liturgies,"[33] or the belief in no creed at all,[34] to extremely traditional orthodox Catholic positions. Plummer says: "The nature of the movement makes it virtually impossible for there to ever be a unified theology" among Independent Catholics.[35]

Within the movement of Independent Catholicism, views vary widely on such issues as the ordination of women, homosexuality, divorce, issues of conscience, and other issues that are also controversial in other mainstream Catholic and Christian churches. Drawing from the ecumenical Christian tradition and other religious traditions, a growing number of Independent Catholic clergy and communities espouse a certain universalism, believing that God's loving embrace and forgiveness might be extended to all.[36] Sometimes reaching beyond the bounds of the Christian tradition, some Independent Catholic clergy and communities feel greater liberty to incorporate into their lives and their worship a wide ranges of elements from other spiritual and religious traditions.[37]

Plummer suggests the following categories for Independent Catholic communities: clergy who primarily celebrate alone, traditionalists with conservative theological commitments, churches maintaining traditional liturgy but with a different social or theological vision (e.g., full inclusion), groups with a particular focus on women's issues (e.g., the ordination of women) or the recovery of the Divine Feminine in worship, groups seeking liberal, non-dogmatic approaches to being church with little, if any, standards of dogmatic beliefs, and fellowships with an esoteric spirituality.[38]

Hundreds of websites are devoted to Independent Catholic jurisdictions and communities, some of which "seem to exist primarily in cyberspace." Others have no web presence at all.[39]

Autocephalous nature of Independent Catholicism

Independent Catholic clergy do not fall under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Church. Rather, the bishops of the Independent Catholic movement are autocephalous or self-governing. At present, there is no single unifying structure for the many clergy and laity who make up Independent Catholicism, and no reliable, centralized record-keeping.[40] Independent Catholic communities are often small and extremely fluid.[41] Various directories of Independent Catholic clergy have been attempted through the years, much of the information is provided by subjects, often with little verification,[42] and most such directories contain hardly more than the quickly-outdated contact information of individual clerics, with little information on jurisdictions, communities, apostolic succession, and forms of worship.[43]

Importance of apostolic succession in Independent Catholicism

The notion of apostolic succession (i.e., the ability of a bishop to trace spiritual ancestry through a purportedly unbroken line of bishops back to the original faith established by Jesus of Nazareth and his apostles) has played an important role in the history of the Western Church since the Donatist controversy in the fourth and fifth centuries AD. The traditional Catholic position holds that a validly consecrated bishop shares apostolic succession with the bishops he consecrates and the priests and deacons he ordains regardless of any heresy or schism he may have committed.[29] Some theologians argue that this view is mechanical and reductionist, and that episcopal consecration is for service within a specific Christian community; in this view, consecration or ordination of an individual with no reference to a community is without effect. Independent Catholic clergy reject this view, arguing that bishops are consecrated and priests and deacons ordained for the service of others, whether of a defined community or jurisdiction, or of a more broadly defined group. Independent Catholics tend to share the view that, "whatever else we may disagree about, we all believe earnestly in apostolic succession!"[41]

Many in the Independent Catholic movement who say they possess valid lines of apostolic succession received them from lines derived from Roman Catholic Bishop Carlos Duarte Costa, Roman Catholic Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngo Dihn Thuc, Old Catholic Bishop René Vilatte (who later reconciled with the Roman Catholic Church), Roman Catholic Archbishop Emmanuel Milingo, who are seen within the movement as having validly, even if illicitly, consecrated and ordained individuals outside the Roman Catholic Church.

While making no explicit statement about the validity or invalidity of consecrations and ordinations carried out in the Independent Catholic movement, the Roman Catholic Church suspended Roman Catholic Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngo Dihn Thuc, who had purportedly excommunicated himself by his latae sententiae act of consecrating other bishops and ordaining priests whom the Catholic Church will not recognize.[44]

Conditional consecrations and ordinations

Conditional consecrations and ordinations complicate conversations on the historical origins of the Independent Catholic movement and its communities. Plummer writes: "Many independent bishops have been consecrated multiple times, in an effort to ensure sacramental validity and consolidate claims to the historic episcopate. Such consecrations, in which literally dozens of 'lineages' can be transmitted from one bishop to another, only increase the difficulty of accurately describing the ancestry of any given group."[41] He says that this "crossbreeding of ecclesiastical lineage" has reached such a point that most Independent Catholic clergy share most or all of their heritage in common, even if this shared heritage has not contributed in any way toward jurisdictional unity.[45]

Independent Catholic clergy

Independent Catholicism comprises a wide variety of clergy, many of whom are "primarily ritually focused"[46] and possess "a particularly strong attachment to the liturgical aspect of being Christian."[46]

Many Independent Catholic clergy and their communities are "those who have felt themselves excluded from the mainstream liturgical churches due to gender, sexuality, race, culture, style of worship [...] or theology."[47] Plummer says that within the Independent Sacramental Movement, which includes Independent Catholicism, "ordination is often open to a much larger percentage of the membership than in mainstream churches. Thus, those who want to become priests can generally do so. In the case of women and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender persons, there is a redemptive reversal in which those who were denied a public role in the church's sacramental life have assumed the previously forbidden place at the altar. Persons from ethnic or cultural minority groups who have been denied leadership positions, or who feel that their culture has been stifled, can work to more fully integrate their cultural identity and their faith [...]. Thus, we have those who have been excluded from the church's sacramental life, for whatever reasons, taking ownership of the liturgical traditions, and creatively innovating to form new communities."[48].

Outside of mainstream churches, Plummer says, such clergy "have often been accused of 'playing church.' Perhaps there is a grain of truth in that barb, as there is a touch of a playful attitude, when all these unlikely folks process into the church's sanctuary."[46]

Independent Catholic clergy have been described as "often very attached to their individual views of theology, liturgy, and other matters [...] and would rather belong to minuscule groups which more closely approximate their vision of Christianity."[49] Plummer shares: "Many independent clergy, perhaps a majority, at least theoretically subscribe to fairly standard Catholic/Orthodox/Anglican theology, with few distinctive beyond, for instance, the rejection of papal infallibility. Most spent many years within those mainstream jurisdictions [and now as independent Catholic clergy] they have often expended great energy in appearing 'real,' and 'just like' the larger liturgical churches, with only one or two adjustments."[50]

Many Independent Catholic clergy are "essentially alone in their priestly practice"[51] and exercise a primarily solitary vocation, with many of their family members and friends not even knowing of their clerical status.[52] In line with Jesus' command to pray to God in secret[53] and with the monastic tradition of hermit priests (e.g., Catholic Carthusians) praying alone but in mystical union with the entire church and interceding for the entire world, much of their worship is performed in private.[54] Plummer suggests: "A growing number of clergy are comfortable with private celebration, when a community is not available, or if they have discerned that their vocation is largely a hidden one [...].Private celebration is often grounded in a deep conviction of the objective reality and efficacy of the sacraments. From such a perspective, even a mass said in one's living room unknown to any other soul, is still a radiant gift to the world, and a powerful prayer for those held in mind and heart. On a less exalted level, private masses for those without a community enforce one's priestly identity, which may be outwardly expressed in less obvious ways."[55] Practically speaking, Plummer says, "viable independent communities are not always easily created, and these clergy would deprive themselves of the benefits of communion, and of the joining of themselves to Christ in his sacrifice, if they waited for the presence of others in order to approach the altar."[56]

Often volunteering their time in ministry, many Independent Catholic bishops, priests and deacons are a "working clergy" who support themselves and their ministries with jobs outside their ministries. As such, many often struggle to integrate their secular jobs and "ordinary" lives with their vocations and ministries.[57]

Religious orders

Similar to the Catholic Church, which possesses a rich tradition of varied religious orders, Independent Catholicism also consists of a diversity of religious communities. Most often, these communities and their jurisdictions resemble their Catholic counterparts.[58]

Formation of clergy

Apart from those members of the clergy who were formed within the seminary system of the Catholic Church or of a similar mainstream church, very few Independent Catholic clergy have received a formal theological education.[50] Independent Catholic clergy "are not usually specialized professionals, but volunteers who hopefully know at least enough to celebrate the sacraments for themselves and those around them. [...] Such radically different models of Christian priesthood raise questions of what sort of clergy training is needed, and offered within these communities."[59] Plummer shares interviewee feedback suggesting that "the challenge of clergy training [...] was cited as the most important challenge facing the movement."[60]

Resources for the formation and education of Independent Catholic clergy and seminarians are sparse, many Independent Catholic seminarians lack the financial and personal resources to be full-time seminarians,[60] and many are not "willing to go to such lengths, and incur such debt [for a graduate degree], with no prospect of paid ministry."[61] Instead, many Independent Catholic seminarians work full-time at secular jobs and do not have the leisure to pursue full-time studies. Independent Catholic clergy have established a number of seminaries, most featuring distance learning or mentoring programs that vary considerably in quality,[60] but very few of which grant legitimate degrees possess meaningful accreditation or could lead to a paycheck or a reasonably well-assured career path.[62] More common is the mentoring and training of candidates by bishops and priests who have few if any clear guidelines or expectations for ordinands and instead adjust training requirements to meet the needs of the ordinand's vocation. Plummer concludes: "Mentoring will likely continue to be the primary means of clergy training in the Independent Sacramental Movement, due in part to the extremely flexible, anarchic nature of the movement, which works against the creation of formalized seminary programs."[63]

The grace of God in the sacrament of Holy Orders is often freely shared within Independent Catholicism, thus leading to such characterizations as that of the young and ministerially-unprepared teenager whom poet Robert Kelly (b. 1935) says he once was: "A Unitarian I came into the world in Pride's Crossing, Massachusetts, and a Unitarian I shall leave it, notwithstanding my daily practice of certain Vedic sacrifices, my twenty-year long pursuit of ritual magic, the fact that I am technically a Muslim, and the more resplendent fact that I awoke from a teenage binge one day to find myself consecrated bishop of the Primitive Restored Old Catholic Church of North America."[64] Plummer concludes: "It is very difficult to know what to do about such untrained clergy. Some provide themselves the training they did not receive from their bishop, and serve admirably well, perhaps better than some of their formally educated peers. Others are walking disasters, spiraling into psychological distortions that injure themselves and others, or ignoring their ordained status altogether."[65]

Literature

Much of the writing (and liturgical books) concerning the Independent Catholic movement are self-published,[66] and they are often directed by Independent Catholic clergy toward other Independent Catholic clergy.[42] It has been suggested by Plummer that sustained theological reflection might eventually emerge from clergy and communities with greater theological formation or from larger and more stable communities that have survived into their second or third generation.[23] According to Plummer, "as Independent clergy are most often volunteers with secular jobs, and little formal theological training, they lack both the time and the tools helpful to the development of a fully imagined theology."[27] Academic literature on Independent Catholicism has historically been relatively sparse and often not sympathetic to the movement.[67]

See also

References

  1. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 86.
  2. ^ Jarvis 2018, pp. 6–7.
  3. ^ Mauro Castagnaro, (foreword) in Jarvis 2019
  4. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 3.
  5. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 5.
  6. ^ Jarvis 2018, pp. 197–99.
  7. ^ "Dominique Marie Varlet". www.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  8. ^ Varlet, Dominique-Marie (1 January 1986). Domestic Correspondence of Dominique-Marie Varlet: Bishop of Babylon 1678–1742 (in French). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-07671-6.
  9. ^ a b Kemp, Alan R. (ed.). . concentric.net. Ascension Alliance. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  10. ^ Moss, pp. 301–4. Peter F. Anson, Bishops at Large, pp. 180–81.
  11. ^ Plummer 2004, pp. 19–20.
  12. ^ Old Catholic SourceBook – General info[dead link]
  13. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 29.
  14. ^ a b Plummer 2004, p. 23.
  15. ^ (PDF). SLDB 2011. Czso. 14 November 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  16. ^ Jarvis 2019, pp. 69–78.
  17. ^ "Tabela 2103 – População residente, por situação do domicílio, sexo, grupos de idade e religião: Religião = Católica Apostólica Brasileira". Censo Demográfico 2010 (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro, BR: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 2010. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
  18. ^ Jarvis 2018.
  19. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 13.
  20. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 15.
  21. ^ Bain, p. 16.
  22. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 77.
  23. ^ a b Plummer 2004, p. 70.
  24. ^ a b c d Plummer 2004, p. 37.
  25. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 91.
  26. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 1.
  27. ^ a b Plummer 2004, p. 128.
  28. ^ Julie Byrne, The Other Catholics: Remaking America's Largest Religion (Columbia University Press 2016), p. 4
  29. ^ a b Plummer 2004, p. 25.
  30. ^ Plummer 2004, pp. 1 & 3.
  31. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 112.
  32. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 113.
  33. ^ The Liturgy of the Liberal Catholic Church, p. 196.
  34. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 101.
  35. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 102.
  36. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 70–71.
  37. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 85.
  38. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 40.
  39. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 4.
  40. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 7.
  41. ^ a b c Plummer 2004, p. 14.
  42. ^ a b Plummer 2004, p. 10.
  43. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 9.
  44. ^ Sacra Congregatio pro doctrina Fidei (17 September 1976). "Decretum circa quasdam illegitimas ordinationes presbyterales et episcopales" (PDF). Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Latin) (published 31 October 1976). 68 (10): 623. ISSN 0001-5199. English translation: Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, "Decree concerning certain unlawful priestly and episcopal ordinations", 17 September 1976. The statement was repeated in a Notification of 12 March 1983.
  45. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 127.
  46. ^ a b c Plummer 2004, p. 67.
  47. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 66.
  48. ^ Plummer 2004, pp. 66–68.
  49. ^ Plummer 2004, pp. 2–3.
  50. ^ a b Plummer 2004, p. 69.
  51. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 64.
  52. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 2.
  53. ^ Matthew 6:6.
  54. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 92.
  55. ^ Plummer 2004, pp. 64–65.
  56. ^ Plummer 2004, pp. 114–115.
  57. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 119.
  58. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 117.
  59. ^ Plummer 2004, pp. 104–105.
  60. ^ a b c Plummer 2004, p. 105.
  61. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 122.
  62. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 120.
  63. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 125.
  64. ^ http://www.lumen.org/intros/intro37.html, as cited in Plummer 2004, p. 106.
  65. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 106.
  66. ^ Plummer 2004, pp. 3–4.
  67. ^ Plummer 2004, p. 6.

Sources

  • Bain, Alan (1985). Bishops Irregular: An International Directory of Independent Bishops. Bristol: A.M. Bain. ISBN 0-95102980-0.
  • Jarvis, Edward (2018), God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB, Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press, ISBN 978-1-94782690-8
  • ——— (2018b), Sede Vacante: The Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc, Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press, ISBN 978-1-94964302-2
  • ——— (2019), Carlos Duarte Costa: Testament of a Socialist Bishop, Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press, ISBN 978-1-94964323-7
  • Moss, Claude Beaufort (2005) [1964], The Old Catholic Movement: Its Origins and History (2nd ed.), Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press, ISBN 0-9764025-9-9
  • Plummer, John P. (2004), The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement, Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press, ISBN 0-9771461-2-X

Further reading

  • Byrne, Julie (24 May 2016). The Other Catholics: Remaking America's Largest Religion. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/byrn16676. ISBN 978-0-23154170-1. Retrieved 27 March 2018.

independent, catholicism, list, list, independent, catholic, denominations, independent, sacramental, movement, clergy, laity, self, identify, catholic, most, often, catholic, independent, catholic, form, micro, churches, claiming, apostolic, succession, valid. For a list see list of Independent Catholic denominations Independent Catholicism is an independent sacramental movement of clergy and laity who self identify as Catholic most often as Old Catholic or as Independent Catholic and form micro churches claiming apostolic succession and valid sacraments 1 in spite of not being affiliated to the historic Catholic churches such as the Roman Catholic and Utrechter Old Catholic churches 2 The term Independent Catholic derives from the fact that these denominations affirm both their belonging to the Catholic tradition as well as their independence from Rome 3 It is difficult to determine the number of jurisdictions communities clergy and members who make up Independent Catholicism 4 particularly since the movement is growing and changing in every moment 5 Some adherents choose Independent Catholicism as an alternative way to live and express their Catholic faith outside the Roman Catholic Church with whose structures beliefs and practices Independent Catholicism often closely aligns while rejecting some traditional Catholic teachings 6 Independent Catholicism may be considered part of the larger independent sacramental movement in which clergy and laity of various faith traditions including the Eastern Orthodox Church the Anglican Communion and various non Catholic Christian churches have separated themselves from the institutions with which they previously identified Within this movement various independent churches have sprung from the Eastern Orthodox Church but the members of these independent Eastern Orthodox groups most often self identify as Independent or Autocephalous Orthodox and not as Independent Catholic Many Independent Catholic churches have joined the International Council of Community Churches a denomination based in Frankfort Illinois in the United States In doing so it gives them a place and voice in organizations such as Churches Uniting in Christ the National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA and the World Council of Churches Contents 1 History 1 1 Early episcopal consecrations without papal approval 1 2 First departure from the Catholic Church 1 3 Episcopal consecrations by Arnold Harris Mathew 1 4 Episcopal consecrations by Joseph Rene Vilatte 1 5 Subsequent departures from the Catholic Church 1 5 1 Czechoslovak Hussite Church 1 5 2 Episcopal consecrations by Carlos Duarte Costa 1 5 3 Episcopal consecrations by Pierre Martin Ngo Dinh Thuc 1 5 4 Episcopal consecrations by Emmanuel Milingo 2 Appeal of Independent Catholicism to Catholic and Christian tradition 3 Independent Catholic beliefs and practices 4 Autocephalous nature of Independent Catholicism 5 Importance of apostolic succession in Independent Catholicism 5 1 Conditional consecrations and ordinations 6 Independent Catholic clergy 7 Religious orders 8 Formation of clergy 9 Literature 10 See also 11 References 11 1 Sources 12 Further readingHistory EditEarly episcopal consecrations without papal approval Edit Dominique Marie Varlet Catholic Bishop of Babylon 1678 1742 Beginning in 1724 Dominique Marie Varlet 1678 1742 the Roman Catholic Bishop of Babylon consecrated four men successively as Archbishop of Utrecht without papal approval 7 8 The cathedral chapter of Utrecht which elected these men had previously obtained an opinion from Zeger Bernhard van Espen 1646 1728 and two other doctors of canon law at the University of Louvain which said that the chapter had the right in special circumstances to elect its own archbishop and have him consecrated without the consent of the pope and that in the case of necessity one bishop alone might validly consecrate another Nineteen doctors of the theological faculties at Paris Nantes Rheims and Padua approved of this opinion This consecration by Varlet caused a theological controversy and schism within the Catholic Church which now possessed bishops who were validly consecrated without the permission of the pope This schism marked the birth of the movement that would later be known as the Old Catholic Church a term coined in 1853 for the Catholics of Utrecht and it marked the beginning of an era in the Western Church in which validly consecrated bishops enjoyed apostolic succession but were not subject to the rights and responsibilities of the Catholic Church First departure from the Catholic Church Edit The sharing of apostolic succession in the west outside the Catholic Church was largely confined to the Church of Utrecht for over a century After the First Vatican Council in 1870 many Austro Hungarian German and Swiss Catholics rejected assertions of universal jurisdiction of the pope and the declaration of papal infallibility and their bishops inspired by earlier acts in Utrecht decided to leave the Roman Catholic Church to form their own churches independent of Rome Now independent of the pope these bishops were sometimes referred to as autocephalous or self governing bishops or episcopi vaganti wandering bishops These validly consecrated bishops enjoyed apostolic succession and they continued to share valid lines of apostolic succession with the priests and deacons they ordained In 1889 they formally united as part of the Utrecht Union of Churches UU 9 Episcopal consecrations by Arnold Harris Mathew Edit Bishop Arnold Harris Mathew 1852 1919 In 1908 the movement that would become Independent Catholicism left continental Europe when Arnold Harris Mathew 1852 1919 a former Catholic priest was consecrated in Great Britain by Archbishop Gerardus Gul 1847 1920 of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands Mathew believed that Old Catholicism might provide a home for disaffected Anglican clergy who reacted to Pope Leo XIII s declaration that Anglican orders were null and void and Gul incorrectly believed that Mathew had a significant following in the United Kingdom Two years later in 1910 Mathew consecrated two priests to the episcopate without clear reasons and without consulting the Archbishop of Utrecht and in response to the ensuing protest declared his autonomy from the Old Catholic Church 10 Mathew later consecrated several other bishops who spread through England and North America Plummer writes that as a result we begin to see the small endlessly multiplying groups with a high percentage of the membership in holy orders which came to characterize the independent movement 11 From a historical perspective one of Mathew s most important consecrations was of Frederick Samuel Willoughby who in turn consecrated James Wedgwood the co founder in 1918 of the Liberal Catholic Church an esoteric community closely aligned with the Theosophical Society and allowing complete freedom of belief Episcopal consecrations by Joseph Rene Vilatte Edit Joseph Rene Vilatte 1854 1929 9 an Old Catholic priest ordained by Bishop Eduard Herzog 1841 1924 of the Old Catholic Church in Switzerland 12 is credited with being the first person to bring to North America the movement that would result in Independent Catholicism In 1892 Vilatte traveled to India where he was consecrated as Mar Timotheos by Mar Julius I 1836 1923 of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church In 1915 Vilatte founded the American Catholic Church which still exists During the following 28 years Vilatte consecrated a number of men who are the episcopal ancestors of an enormous variety of descendants in North America 13 Subsequent departures from the Catholic Church Edit The 20th century has seen a number of clergy and laity move into the Independent Catholic movement from the Roman Catholic Church Czechoslovak Hussite Church Edit Perhaps the largest departure from the Roman Church was the Czechoslovak Hussite Church CHC which organized on 8 January 1920 when several thousand priests and laypeople formed an independent church in response to their deep concerns over the Catholic Church s opposition to modernism 14 The church s first patriarch was Karel Farsky 1880 1927 a modernist and former Catholic priest The first bishops of the CHC were consecrated by priests through the laying on of hands In 1931 Louis Charles Winnaert 1880 1937 who was consecrated by Liberal Catholic bishop James Wedgwood 1883 1951 consecrated two CHC bishops Gustav Prochazka 1872 1942 and Rostislav Stejskal 1894 1946 thus sharing apostolic succession with the CHC 14 The CHC ordained its first woman priest in 1947 and it consecrated its first woman bishop in 1999 According to the 2011 Czech Republic census 39 276 people at that time self identified as members of the CHC 15 Episcopal consecrations by Carlos Duarte Costa Edit Roman Catholic Bishop Carlos Duarte left at the episcopal consecration of Luis Fernando Castillo Mendez at the Panama Canal Carlos Duarte Costa 1888 1961 was a Roman Catholic bishop in Brazil for twenty years before distancing himself and being excommunicated by the Catholic Church over his opposition to its position on clerical celibacy divorce vernacular liturgy and accused the Catholic Church of fascist sympathies 16 In 1945 Duarte Costa founded the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church and began consecrating numerous bishops in the apostolic succession He is known as St Charles of Brazil by the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church which had grown to 560 781 members by 2010 17 Episcopal consecrations by Pierre Martin Ngo Dinh Thuc Edit From 1975 until his death in 1984 exiled Roman Catholic Archbishop Ngo Đinh Thục 1897 1984 of Huế Vietnam an older brother of Ngo Dinh Diem the first president of South Vietnam consecrated a number of bishops first for the Palmarian Catholic Church then for the sedevacantists of the Tridentine Latin Rite Catholic Church 18 Thục also consecrated individuals unaffiliated to either of these groups such as Jean Laborie In 1999 pop star Sinead O Connor was ordained a priest by Bishop Michael Cox of the Irish Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church whose lines of apostolic succession came through Thục Episcopal consecrations by Emmanuel Milingo Edit Emmanuel Milingo served as Roman Catholic Archbishop of Lusaka Zambia from 1969 to 1983 As such he had lines of apostolic succession from the Roman Catholic Church and after departing from the Catholic Church in 1983 over the issues of faith healing and clerical celibacy he formed Married Priests Now and consecrated four married priests as bishops George Stallings of Imani Temple African American Catholic Congregation Peter Paul Brennan of the Old Catholic Confederation Appeal of Independent Catholicism to Catholic and Christian tradition EditUpon encountering Independent Catholicism for the first time the questions of many individuals are often historical Where did this come from Who ordained you Did you invent this 19 Many Independent Catholics respond by emphasizing their tie to the larger Christian tradition of which they form part the heritage they have received from larger historic mainstream churches like the Roman Catholic Church and their continuity of faith and ministry with those churches 20 Like Christians of the early Church many see their efforts as the seeds of a new kind of ministry that can adapt itself to the time and place of its exercise the needs of the moment and the people who are actually present in that particular place at that particular time And yet is it so new Is it not perhaps the very way that St Paul set about spreading the Gospel and building the Church 21 Many Independent Catholic communities look to the past seeking to create communities according to models provided by the New Testament e g home based fellowships led by volunteer clergy 22 and restoring various practices of the primitive Church 23 Independent Catholic beliefs and practices EditVirtually all members of the Independent Catholic movement possess a deep commitment to the catholic in the broadest possible sense sacramental tradition 24 and worship according to a prescribed liturgy usually derived from a mainstream Christian rite like the Roman Rite Plummer suggests that the most critical factor for independent sacramental identity is the single minded focus on sacramental activity and that very few independent communities offer coffee hour Sunday School and the array of other social programs which have come to characterize many mainstream churches 25 Like the liturgies of early Christian community the liturgies of Independent Catholic communities often vary widely with each cleric or community making its own choices of emphasis in terms of doctrine liturgy and other matters 24 In practice Independent Catholic polity is often essentially congregational 24 For the most part Independent Catholic communities possess a sacramental and eucharistic spirituality often mirroring the sacramental life and theology of the Roman Catholic Church Most possess a mediatory priesthood and an historic episcopate 26 which are often the only constants amid diversity that ranges from extreme traditionalism to radical experimentation 27 Julie Byrne comments Independents vary widely ranging from right to left in the political spectrum On the right traditionalist churches practice versions of Catholicism more conservative than Rome These include the Society of St Pius X founded by Marcel Lefebvre as well as the Mount St Michael s community in Spokane Washington and actor Mel Gibson s church in Malibu California which made headlines when he directed the movie The Passion of the Christ in 2004 On the left stand groups such as the Church of Antioch the Ecumenical Catholic Communion and the White Robed Monks of St Benedict 28 While the Western Church and its theology have remained constant despite changing clergy Independent Catholicism often possesses another model in which the priesthood remains constant while the church it serves and the theology it teaches are often in a state of flux While some western Christians may see this state of affairs as a distortion it is nonetheless the centerpiece of the independent sacramental inheritance from the west 29 Plummer says Independent sacramental Christians have given a unique primacy to the priesthood carrying the priesthood of all believers to an extent never before envisioned In many such churches most or all of the members are ordained with ordination functioning more like the sacrament of confirmation rather than a professional credential For better or worse there is great freedom to create new church structures new forms for the sacraments and new theologies or at least a new synthesis of inherited elements 24 Many Independent Catholic communities are small are led by an unpaid clergy and lack a stable schedule or location 30 Larger Independent Catholic communities have often resulted from schism within the Roman Catholic Church or are often led by clergy who were formed by and formerly ministered to the Catholic church these communities often resemble mainstream churches with a larger population of laity and a small number of paid clergy 31 In Independent Catholicism freelance ministries meeting the needs of a small number of persons are far more common than large parishes 32 While many Independent Catholic clergy and communities affirm the Apostles Creed and the Nicene Creed with or without the filioque and with varying interpretations they espouse a variety of doctrines and beliefs ranging from neo gnostic and theosophical beliefs allowing for freedom in the interpretation of scriptures creeds and liturgies 33 or the belief in no creed at all 34 to extremely traditional orthodox Catholic positions Plummer says The nature of the movement makes it virtually impossible for there to ever be a unified theology among Independent Catholics 35 Within the movement of Independent Catholicism views vary widely on such issues as the ordination of women homosexuality divorce issues of conscience and other issues that are also controversial in other mainstream Catholic and Christian churches Drawing from the ecumenical Christian tradition and other religious traditions a growing number of Independent Catholic clergy and communities espouse a certain universalism believing that God s loving embrace and forgiveness might be extended to all 36 Sometimes reaching beyond the bounds of the Christian tradition some Independent Catholic clergy and communities feel greater liberty to incorporate into their lives and their worship a wide ranges of elements from other spiritual and religious traditions 37 Plummer suggests the following categories for Independent Catholic communities clergy who primarily celebrate alone traditionalists with conservative theological commitments churches maintaining traditional liturgy but with a different social or theological vision e g full inclusion groups with a particular focus on women s issues e g the ordination of women or the recovery of the Divine Feminine in worship groups seeking liberal non dogmatic approaches to being church with little if any standards of dogmatic beliefs and fellowships with an esoteric spirituality 38 Hundreds of websites are devoted to Independent Catholic jurisdictions and communities some of which seem to exist primarily in cyberspace Others have no web presence at all 39 Autocephalous nature of Independent Catholicism EditIndependent Catholic clergy do not fall under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Church Rather the bishops of the Independent Catholic movement are autocephalous or self governing At present there is no single unifying structure for the many clergy and laity who make up Independent Catholicism and no reliable centralized record keeping 40 Independent Catholic communities are often small and extremely fluid 41 Various directories of Independent Catholic clergy have been attempted through the years much of the information is provided by subjects often with little verification 42 and most such directories contain hardly more than the quickly outdated contact information of individual clerics with little information on jurisdictions communities apostolic succession and forms of worship 43 Importance of apostolic succession in Independent Catholicism EditThe notion of apostolic succession i e the ability of a bishop to trace spiritual ancestry through a purportedly unbroken line of bishops back to the original faith established by Jesus of Nazareth and his apostles has played an important role in the history of the Western Church since the Donatist controversy in the fourth and fifth centuries AD The traditional Catholic position holds that a validly consecrated bishop shares apostolic succession with the bishops he consecrates and the priests and deacons he ordains regardless of any heresy or schism he may have committed 29 Some theologians argue that this view is mechanical and reductionist and that episcopal consecration is for service within a specific Christian community in this view consecration or ordination of an individual with no reference to a community is without effect Independent Catholic clergy reject this view arguing that bishops are consecrated and priests and deacons ordained for the service of others whether of a defined community or jurisdiction or of a more broadly defined group Independent Catholics tend to share the view that whatever else we may disagree about we all believe earnestly in apostolic succession 41 Many in the Independent Catholic movement who say they possess valid lines of apostolic succession received them from lines derived from Roman Catholic Bishop Carlos Duarte Costa Roman Catholic Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngo Dihn Thuc Old Catholic Bishop Rene Vilatte who later reconciled with the Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholic Archbishop Emmanuel Milingo who are seen within the movement as having validly even if illicitly consecrated and ordained individuals outside the Roman Catholic Church While making no explicit statement about the validity or invalidity of consecrations and ordinations carried out in the Independent Catholic movement the Roman Catholic Church suspended Roman Catholic Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngo Dihn Thuc who had purportedly excommunicated himself by his latae sententiae act of consecrating other bishops and ordaining priests whom the Catholic Church will not recognize 44 Conditional consecrations and ordinations Edit Conditional consecrations and ordinations complicate conversations on the historical origins of the Independent Catholic movement and its communities Plummer writes Many independent bishops have been consecrated multiple times in an effort to ensure sacramental validity and consolidate claims to the historic episcopate Such consecrations in which literally dozens of lineages can be transmitted from one bishop to another only increase the difficulty of accurately describing the ancestry of any given group 41 He says that this crossbreeding of ecclesiastical lineage has reached such a point that most Independent Catholic clergy share most or all of their heritage in common even if this shared heritage has not contributed in any way toward jurisdictional unity 45 Independent Catholic clergy EditIndependent Catholicism comprises a wide variety of clergy many of whom are primarily ritually focused 46 and possess a particularly strong attachment to the liturgical aspect of being Christian 46 Many Independent Catholic clergy and their communities are those who have felt themselves excluded from the mainstream liturgical churches due to gender sexuality race culture style of worship or theology 47 Plummer says that within the Independent Sacramental Movement which includes Independent Catholicism ordination is often open to a much larger percentage of the membership than in mainstream churches Thus those who want to become priests can generally do so In the case of women and gay lesbian bisexual and transgender persons there is a redemptive reversal in which those who were denied a public role in the church s sacramental life have assumed the previously forbidden place at the altar Persons from ethnic or cultural minority groups who have been denied leadership positions or who feel that their culture has been stifled can work to more fully integrate their cultural identity and their faith Thus we have those who have been excluded from the church s sacramental life for whatever reasons taking ownership of the liturgical traditions and creatively innovating to form new communities 48 Outside of mainstream churches Plummer says such clergy have often been accused of playing church Perhaps there is a grain of truth in that barb as there is a touch of a playful attitude when all these unlikely folks process into the church s sanctuary 46 Independent Catholic clergy have been described as often very attached to their individual views of theology liturgy and other matters and would rather belong to minuscule groups which more closely approximate their vision of Christianity 49 Plummer shares Many independent clergy perhaps a majority at least theoretically subscribe to fairly standard Catholic Orthodox Anglican theology with few distinctive beyond for instance the rejection of papal infallibility Most spent many years within those mainstream jurisdictions and now as independent Catholic clergy they have often expended great energy in appearing real and just like the larger liturgical churches with only one or two adjustments 50 Many Independent Catholic clergy are essentially alone in their priestly practice 51 and exercise a primarily solitary vocation with many of their family members and friends not even knowing of their clerical status 52 In line with Jesus command to pray to God in secret 53 and with the monastic tradition of hermit priests e g Catholic Carthusians praying alone but in mystical union with the entire church and interceding for the entire world much of their worship is performed in private 54 Plummer suggests A growing number of clergy are comfortable with private celebration when a community is not available or if they have discerned that their vocation is largely a hidden one Private celebration is often grounded in a deep conviction of the objective reality and efficacy of the sacraments From such a perspective even a mass said in one s living room unknown to any other soul is still a radiant gift to the world and a powerful prayer for those held in mind and heart On a less exalted level private masses for those without a community enforce one s priestly identity which may be outwardly expressed in less obvious ways 55 Practically speaking Plummer says viable independent communities are not always easily created and these clergy would deprive themselves of the benefits of communion and of the joining of themselves to Christ in his sacrifice if they waited for the presence of others in order to approach the altar 56 Often volunteering their time in ministry many Independent Catholic bishops priests and deacons are a working clergy who support themselves and their ministries with jobs outside their ministries As such many often struggle to integrate their secular jobs and ordinary lives with their vocations and ministries 57 Religious orders EditSimilar to the Catholic Church which possesses a rich tradition of varied religious orders Independent Catholicism also consists of a diversity of religious communities Most often these communities and their jurisdictions resemble their Catholic counterparts 58 Formation of clergy EditApart from those members of the clergy who were formed within the seminary system of the Catholic Church or of a similar mainstream church very few Independent Catholic clergy have received a formal theological education 50 Independent Catholic clergy are not usually specialized professionals but volunteers who hopefully know at least enough to celebrate the sacraments for themselves and those around them Such radically different models of Christian priesthood raise questions of what sort of clergy training is needed and offered within these communities 59 Plummer shares interviewee feedback suggesting that the challenge of clergy training was cited as the most important challenge facing the movement 60 Resources for the formation and education of Independent Catholic clergy and seminarians are sparse many Independent Catholic seminarians lack the financial and personal resources to be full time seminarians 60 and many are not willing to go to such lengths and incur such debt for a graduate degree with no prospect of paid ministry 61 Instead many Independent Catholic seminarians work full time at secular jobs and do not have the leisure to pursue full time studies Independent Catholic clergy have established a number of seminaries most featuring distance learning or mentoring programs that vary considerably in quality 60 but very few of which grant legitimate degrees possess meaningful accreditation or could lead to a paycheck or a reasonably well assured career path 62 More common is the mentoring and training of candidates by bishops and priests who have few if any clear guidelines or expectations for ordinands and instead adjust training requirements to meet the needs of the ordinand s vocation Plummer concludes Mentoring will likely continue to be the primary means of clergy training in the Independent Sacramental Movement due in part to the extremely flexible anarchic nature of the movement which works against the creation of formalized seminary programs 63 The grace of God in the sacrament of Holy Orders is often freely shared within Independent Catholicism thus leading to such characterizations as that of the young and ministerially unprepared teenager whom poet Robert Kelly b 1935 says he once was A Unitarian I came into the world in Pride s Crossing Massachusetts and a Unitarian I shall leave it notwithstanding my daily practice of certain Vedic sacrifices my twenty year long pursuit of ritual magic the fact that I am technically a Muslim and the more resplendent fact that I awoke from a teenage binge one day to find myself consecrated bishop of the Primitive Restored Old Catholic Church of North America 64 Plummer concludes It is very difficult to know what to do about such untrained clergy Some provide themselves the training they did not receive from their bishop and serve admirably well perhaps better than some of their formally educated peers Others are walking disasters spiraling into psychological distortions that injure themselves and others or ignoring their ordained status altogether 65 Literature EditMuch of the writing and liturgical books concerning the Independent Catholic movement are self published 66 and they are often directed by Independent Catholic clergy toward other Independent Catholic clergy 42 It has been suggested by Plummer that sustained theological reflection might eventually emerge from clergy and communities with greater theological formation or from larger and more stable communities that have survived into their second or third generation 23 According to Plummer as Independent clergy are most often volunteers with secular jobs and little formal theological training they lack both the time and the tools helpful to the development of a fully imagined theology 27 Academic literature on Independent Catholicism has historically been relatively sparse and often not sympathetic to the movement 67 See also EditCatholic term Continuing churchReferences Edit Plummer 2004 p 86 Jarvis 2018 pp 6 7 Mauro Castagnaro foreword in Jarvis 2019 Plummer 2004 p 3 Plummer 2004 p 5 Jarvis 2018 pp 197 99 Dominique Marie Varlet www britishmuseum org Retrieved 6 September 2020 Varlet Dominique Marie 1 January 1986 Domestic Correspondence of Dominique Marie Varlet Bishop of Babylon 1678 1742 in French BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 07671 6 a b Kemp Alan R ed A Brief History of Independent Catholicism in North America concentric net Ascension Alliance Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 Retrieved 15 June 2014 Moss pp 301 4 Peter F Anson Bishops at Large pp 180 81 Plummer 2004 pp 19 20 Old Catholic SourceBook General info dead link Plummer 2004 p 29 a b Plummer 2004 p 23 Uvodni stranka PDF SLDB 2011 Czso 14 November 2014 Archived from the original PDF on 4 November 2013 Retrieved 21 November 2015 Jarvis 2019 pp 69 78 Tabela 2103 Populacao residente por situacao do domicilio sexo grupos de idade e religiao Religiao Catolica Apostolica Brasileira Censo Demografico 2010 in Portuguese Rio de Janeiro BR Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica 2010 Retrieved 2015 10 09 Jarvis 2018 Plummer 2004 p 13 Plummer 2004 p 15 Bain p 16 Plummer 2004 p 77 a b Plummer 2004 p 70 a b c d Plummer 2004 p 37 Plummer 2004 p 91 Plummer 2004 p 1 a b Plummer 2004 p 128 Julie Byrne The Other Catholics Remaking America s Largest Religion Columbia University Press 2016 p 4 a b Plummer 2004 p 25 Plummer 2004 pp 1 amp 3 Plummer 2004 p 112 Plummer 2004 p 113 The Liturgy of the Liberal Catholic Church p 196 Plummer 2004 p 101 Plummer 2004 p 102 Plummer 2004 p 70 71 Plummer 2004 p 85 Plummer 2004 p 40 Plummer 2004 p 4 Plummer 2004 p 7 a b c Plummer 2004 p 14 a b Plummer 2004 p 10 Plummer 2004 p 9 Sacra Congregatio pro doctrina Fidei 17 September 1976 Decretum circa quasdam illegitimas ordinationes presbyterales et episcopales PDF Acta Apostolicae Sedis in Latin published 31 October 1976 68 10 623 ISSN 0001 5199 English translation Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Decree concerning certain unlawful priestly and episcopal ordinations 17 September 1976 The statement was repeated in a Notification of 12 March 1983 Plummer 2004 p 127 a b c Plummer 2004 p 67 Plummer 2004 p 66 Plummer 2004 pp 66 68 Plummer 2004 pp 2 3 a b Plummer 2004 p 69 Plummer 2004 p 64 Plummer 2004 p 2 Matthew 6 6 Plummer 2004 p 92 Plummer 2004 pp 64 65 Plummer 2004 pp 114 115 Plummer 2004 p 119 Plummer 2004 p 117 Plummer 2004 pp 104 105 a b c Plummer 2004 p 105 Plummer 2004 p 122 Plummer 2004 p 120 Plummer 2004 p 125 http www lumen org intros intro37 html as cited in Plummer 2004 p 106 Plummer 2004 p 106 Plummer 2004 pp 3 4 Plummer 2004 p 6 Sources Edit Bain Alan 1985 Bishops Irregular An International Directory of Independent Bishops Bristol A M Bain ISBN 0 95102980 0 Jarvis Edward 2018 God Land amp Freedom The True Story of ICAB Berkeley CA The Apocryphile Press ISBN 978 1 94782690 8 2018b Sede Vacante The Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc Berkeley CA The Apocryphile Press ISBN 978 1 94964302 2 2019 Carlos Duarte Costa Testament of a Socialist Bishop Berkeley CA The Apocryphile Press ISBN 978 1 94964323 7 Moss Claude Beaufort 2005 1964 The Old Catholic Movement Its Origins and History 2nd ed Berkeley CA The Apocryphile Press ISBN 0 9764025 9 9 Plummer John P 2004 The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement Berkeley CA The Apocryphile Press ISBN 0 9771461 2 XFurther reading EditByrne Julie 24 May 2016 The Other Catholics Remaking America s Largest Religion Columbia University Press doi 10 7312 byrn16676 ISBN 978 0 23154170 1 Retrieved 27 March 2018 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