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Nepabunna, South Australia

January 01, 1970

Nepabunna, also spelt Nipapanha, is a small community in the northern Flinders Ranges in north-eastern South Australia, about 600 kilometres (370 mi) north of Adelaide. It is located just west of the Gammon Ranges, and the traditional owners are the Adnyamathanha people.

Nepabunna
South Australia
Nepabunna
Coordinates30°34′54″S 138°58′46″E / 30.58167°S 138.97944°E / -30.58167; 138.97944
Population26 (SAL 2021)[1]
Established1998
Area76.37 km2 (29.5 sq mi)
MayorIan Johnson
Council seatNepabunna
RegionFar North[2]
State electorate(s)Flinders
Federal division(s)Grey

The settlement was originally established as Nepabunna Mission in 1931, becoming the local government area (LGA) of Nepabunna Community Council with the establishment of a council in 1998. Iga Warta is a separate, independently run small cultural tourism enterprise within the LGA. The Nipabanha Community Aboriginal Corporation runs the Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) over land known as Nantawarrina, once a station for mixed livestock.

At the 2016 Australian census, Nepabunna had a population of 66. Access is via the main Copley to Balcanoona road.

History edit

The land upon which Nepabunna is situation lies within the traditional lands of the Adnyamathanha people.[3]

Nepabunna Mission edit

 
Nepabunna Mission, c.1937

The Adnyamathanha people were displaced from their traditional lands in the 1850s by pastoralists,[4] no longer able to travel around their lands as before owing to the establishment of pastoral leases. They had been used to moving around the land because of the lack of a reliable water source, but since European settlement, they had been forced to camp in groups. One of these camps was near a place known as Damper Hill, and another, Ram Paddock. Many of them worked on the stations.[5]

Nepabunna Mission was established in 1931 by the United Aborigines Mission, created on 52 km2 (20 sq mi) of land[6] that was then part of Balcoona Station, given by the owner Roy Thomas.[4] Jim Page and Fred Eaton were instrumental in the creation of the mission,[7] and Page was remembered many years later for his kindness and for his encouragement of the continuance of traditional practices. However, this was frowned upon by others in the organisation and there were plans to investigate him, before he committed suicide at Nepabunna, where he was buried.[8] A school was built, which was also used for church services. A dormitory was built in the 1940s, although not used for many years, but sometime after 1948 it was used to house children of parents who worked elsewhere. A government school was built in 1963.[6]

R. M. Williams had become a missionary with the UAM in 1927, and he started a workshop nearby to develop his business making riding equipment and his trademark boots, employing not only "Dollar Mick" Smith, an Aboriginal man originally from Lyndhurst who taught Williams leatherwork skills, but also at least eight mission residents, between 1932 and 1934.[9]

The mission passed into state government control in 1973,[6] before being handed back to the Adnyamathanha people in 1977.[4]

The last person born on the mission, Ronald Coulthard,[8] died in 2014.[10]

Charles Mountford edit

A University of Adelaide anthropological expedition travelled to Nepabunna in May 1937 led by J.B. Cleland, which included Charles P. Mountford as ethnologist and photographer, as well as botanist Thomas Harvey Johnston, virologist Frank Fenner, and others. Mountford was especially interested in the Adnyamathanha people's art, mythology and rituals. He came back later in the year and many times thereafter, recording Adnyamathanha language and culture. The Mountford-Sheard Collection in the State Library of South Australia shows that he had intended to write a book about them, but this was never realised. However the library has a large collection of handwritten journals, photographs, sound and film recordings gathered by him from and about the people.[7][11]

Governance edit

 
Aerial view of the Campbell Bald Hill Range, just south of Nepabunna

The LGA, established in 1998, is managed by Nepabunna Community Inc., under an ALT lease with an expiry date of 2081.[12] The council provides housing maintenance and general municipal services as well as organising cultural tours and education and an annual gymkhana and family day.[13]

Nantawarrina edit

The Nipabanha Community Aboriginal Corporation[14] runs the Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) over land known as Nantawarrina, once a pastoral station.[15] It was the first IPA established in Australia, in 1998.[16]

In 1982[16] or 1987, more than 58,000 hectares (140,000 acres) of Adnyamathanha traditional land was purchased from a pastoralist by the South Australian Aboriginal Lands Trust (SAALT). It was first leased out for grazing, until it became obvious that the land was so degraded by overgrazing and other factors[16] that it was no longer suitable grazing land. Around 1997, the IPA programme was just starting up, and the Adnyamathanha people at Nepabunna leapt at the chance to become part of a pilot project. The existing land would be converted into an IPA, which would become part of the Australian National Reserve System, but managed by the Nepabunna Community. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) would help guide the project, while the federal government would provide funding for land management and preservation of cultural heritage, infrastructure and training for Indigenous rangers.[17]

On 1 August 1998 the area, which lies adjacent to the southern boundary of the Gammon Ranges National Park, was formally proclaimed,[18][19] as the "First Indigenous Protected Area in South Australia, Australia and internationally".[17]

Since then, the rangers have replanted native vegetation, and helped to protect native animals such as the yellow-footed rock wallaby (andu). A programme of removal of feral animals, in particular goats, has been undertaken. Bores have been built and irrigation laid. Restoration work on an old homestead, Irish Well Hut, has been undertaken, and camping sites,[17] a dormitory in a converted TAFE building, as well as separate provision for women, provide accommodation for tourists.[20] They also provide educational and cultural tours and grow bushfoods, as a destination for those interested in sustainable tourism.[21]

In 2000, Nantawarrina won a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) award, and was inscribed in the Global 500 Roll of Honour for Environmental Achievement.[21]

The North Flinders Soil Conservation Board, National Parks and Wildlife Service (South Australia), Primary Industries and Resources SA and Save the Bush have also supported the project.[citation needed]

Bush Heritage Australia works with the rangers to help monitor the flora and fauna of the IPA.[22]

Iga Warta edit

Iga Warta is a cultural tourism enterprise, run independently by Terrence Coulthard and his family, about 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi) in size.[12] Terrence and his wife Josephine compiled the first comprehensive bilingual dictionary of the Adnyamathanha language, which includes descriptions of cultural practices, music and other features of Adnyamathanha life.[23]

Iga Warta means "native orange",[24] named by 19th-century English botanist John Lindley as Capparis mitchelii.[25][26]

Population and culture edit

In 2011, there were only about 30 permanent residents at Nepabunna, but the older people were encouraging younger ones to return and learn about their culture. Older adults were engaging in and teaching traditional ceremonies such as the smoking ceremony, skills such as the creation of boomerangs by woodcarving, identifying and cooking bush tucker in traditional ways, and they were passing on the dreamtime stories of the Adnyamathanha people.[8]

At the 2006 census, 49 people were at Nepabunna,[27] but this figure had grown to 66 by the 2016 Census.[3]

Access and facilities edit

The community, also spelt Nipapanha, is located just west of the Gammon Ranges.[3] Access is via the main Copley to Balcanoona road.[12]

In 2011 a flag of the Adnyamathanha people was created, and raised at Nepabunna on the 80th anniversary of its establishment.[8]

There is a school, Nepabunna Aboriginal School,[8] a church, Nepabunna Community Church, and a cemetery.[10]

Notes and references edit

  1. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Nepabunna (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.  
  2. ^ "Far North SA Government Region" (PDF). Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  3. ^ a b c "Nepabunna (Nipapanha)". indigenous.com.au. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  4. ^ a b c "Aboriginal missions in South Australia: Nepabunna". LibGuides at State Library of South Australia. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  5. ^ "Our Story". Nepabunna. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  6. ^ a b c "Nepabunna Mission (1931-1977)". Find & Connect. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  7. ^ a b "Nepabunna, 1937-39". SA Memory. State Library of South Australia. 28 October 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e Gage, Nicola (30 November 2011). "Aboriginal community's own flag an 'historic moment'". (Updated 5 December 2011). Australia: ABC News. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  9. ^ Marsh, Walter (1 May 2021). "Sole of a nation". The Monthly. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  10. ^ a b "Coulthard, Ronald [Funeral notice]". The Weekly Times. My Tributes. August 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  11. ^ "Mountford-Sheard Collection". State Library of South Australia Collection. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  12. ^ a b c "Nepabunna Community Incorporated Company Profile". LG Assist. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  13. ^ "Nipapanha Community Aboriginal Corporation: Overview". Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission. Australian Government. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  14. ^ "Contact". Nepabunna. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  15. ^ "Nantawarrina". Nepabunna. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  16. ^ a b c Braham, Kate (2007). Creating Livelihoods Through Indigenous Protected Areas: The Nantawarrina Experience (PDF) (BEnvMgmt (Hons) thesis). Flinders University. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  17. ^ a b c "Nantawarrina, the first IPA in Australia". indigenous.gov.au. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  18. ^ "Nantawarrina Indigenous Protected Area". Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements (ATNS). 22 December 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  19. ^ National Native Title Tribunal. Geospatial Services (27 October 2004). "Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements: Nantawarrina Financial Assistance Agreement" (map). Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements (ATNS). Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  20. ^ "Accommodation". Niphapanha Community Aboriginal Corporation. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  21. ^ a b "The Flinders Ranges" (PDF). Australian Government. Director of National Parks.
  22. ^ "Nantawarrina 'warndu mai'". Bush Heritage Australia. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  23. ^ Skujins, Angela (9 November 2020). "The first Adnyamathanha dictionary, 40 years in the making". CityMag. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  24. ^ Iga Warta: The Place of the Native Orange (PDF). Iga Warta. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  25. ^ Clarke, Philip A. (2008). Aboriginal Plant Collectors: Botanists and Australian Aboriginal People in the Nineteenth Century. Rosenberg Pub. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-877058-68-4. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  26. ^ "Plants Used by the Adnjamathanha". Australian Plants Society. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  27. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Nepabunna (State Suburb)". 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 14 October 2011.

Further reading edit

  • Aborigine News. 1984. Contains news items relating to Missions and settlements at Copley (Nepabunna), Marree, Oodnadatta and Gerard, as well as Colebrook Home, Eden Hills. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) SLSA holdings of Aborigine News, published by the United Aborigines Mission. No. 56 (July 1974/Jan. 1975)-no. 84 (Sept.-Dec. 1984)
  • "Nepabunna [search result]". State Library of South Australia Collection. Many online photos of Nepabunna, including people who lived on the mission.
  • Spencer, Tracy (2007). "'We had to give them everything': Adnyamathanha Agency in the Economy of 'Whiteness'". Historicising Whiteness: Transnational Perspectives on the Construction of an Identity (Conference paper). Humanities & Social Sciences Collection. RMIT and University of Melbourne. ISBN 9781921166808.
  • Spencer, Tracy (2011). White Lives in a Black Community: The lives of Jim Page and Rebecca Forbes in the Adnyamathanha community: Volume Two: Exegetical Essays (PDF) (Thesis). Includes full text of 'We had to give them everything': Adnyamathanha Agency in the Economy of 'Whiteness', cited above. Flinders University.

External links edit

  • Niphapanha Community Aboriginal Corporation
  • Iga Warta
  • LGA page for Nepabunna CC (No details given)

January 01, 1970
nepabunna, south, australia, nepabunna, also, spelt, nipapanha, small, community, northern, flinders, ranges, north, eastern, south, australia, about, kilometres, north, adelaide, located, just, west, gammon, ranges, traditional, owners, adnyamathanha, people,. Nepabunna also spelt Nipapanha is a small community in the northern Flinders Ranges in north eastern South Australia about 600 kilometres 370 mi north of Adelaide It is located just west of the Gammon Ranges and the traditional owners are the Adnyamathanha people Nepabunna South AustraliaNepabunnaCoordinates30 34 54 S 138 58 46 E 30 58167 S 138 97944 E 30 58167 138 97944Population26 SAL 2021 1 Established1998Area76 37 km2 29 5 sq mi MayorIan JohnsonCouncil seatNepabunnaRegionFar North 2 State electorate s FlindersFederal division s Grey The settlement was originally established as Nepabunna Mission in 1931 becoming the local government area LGA of Nepabunna Community Council with the establishment of a council in 1998 Iga Warta is a separate independently run small cultural tourism enterprise within the LGA The Nipabanha Community Aboriginal Corporation runs the Indigenous Protected Area IPA over land known as Nantawarrina once a station for mixed livestock At the 2016 Australian census Nepabunna had a population of 66 Access is via the main Copley to Balcanoona road Contents 1 History 1 1 Nepabunna Mission 1 2 Charles Mountford 2 Governance 2 1 Nantawarrina 2 2 Iga Warta 3 Population and culture 4 Access and facilities 5 Notes and references 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory editThe land upon which Nepabunna is situation lies within the traditional lands of the Adnyamathanha people 3 Nepabunna Mission edit nbsp Nepabunna Mission c 1937 The Adnyamathanha people were displaced from their traditional lands in the 1850s by pastoralists 4 no longer able to travel around their lands as before owing to the establishment of pastoral leases They had been used to moving around the land because of the lack of a reliable water source but since European settlement they had been forced to camp in groups One of these camps was near a place known as Damper Hill and another Ram Paddock Many of them worked on the stations 5 Nepabunna Mission was established in 1931 by the United Aborigines Mission created on 52 km2 20 sq mi of land 6 that was then part of Balcoona Station given by the owner Roy Thomas 4 Jim Page and Fred Eaton were instrumental in the creation of the mission 7 and Page was remembered many years later for his kindness and for his encouragement of the continuance of traditional practices However this was frowned upon by others in the organisation and there were plans to investigate him before he committed suicide at Nepabunna where he was buried 8 A school was built which was also used for church services A dormitory was built in the 1940s although not used for many years but sometime after 1948 it was used to house children of parents who worked elsewhere A government school was built in 1963 6 R M Williams had become a missionary with the UAM in 1927 and he started a workshop nearby to develop his business making riding equipment and his trademark boots employing not only Dollar Mick Smith an Aboriginal man originally from Lyndhurst who taught Williams leatherwork skills but also at least eight mission residents between 1932 and 1934 9 The mission passed into state government control in 1973 6 before being handed back to the Adnyamathanha people in 1977 4 The last person born on the mission Ronald Coulthard 8 died in 2014 10 Charles Mountford edit A University of Adelaide anthropological expedition travelled to Nepabunna in May 1937 led by J B Cleland which included Charles P Mountford as ethnologist and photographer as well as botanist Thomas Harvey Johnston virologist Frank Fenner and others Mountford was especially interested in the Adnyamathanha people s art mythology and rituals He came back later in the year and many times thereafter recording Adnyamathanha language and culture The Mountford Sheard Collection in the State Library of South Australia shows that he had intended to write a book about them but this was never realised However the library has a large collection of handwritten journals photographs sound and film recordings gathered by him from and about the people 7 11 Governance edit nbsp Aerial view of the Campbell Bald Hill Range just south of Nepabunna The LGA established in 1998 is managed by Nepabunna Community Inc under an ALT lease with an expiry date of 2081 12 The council provides housing maintenance and general municipal services as well as organising cultural tours and education and an annual gymkhana and family day 13 Nantawarrina edit The Nipabanha Community Aboriginal Corporation 14 runs the Indigenous Protected Area IPA over land known as Nantawarrina once a pastoral station 15 It was the first IPA established in Australia in 1998 16 In 1982 16 or 1987 more than 58 000 hectares 140 000 acres of Adnyamathanha traditional land was purchased from a pastoralist by the South Australian Aboriginal Lands Trust SAALT It was first leased out for grazing until it became obvious that the land was so degraded by overgrazing and other factors 16 that it was no longer suitable grazing land Around 1997 the IPA programme was just starting up and the Adnyamathanha people at Nepabunna leapt at the chance to become part of a pilot project The existing land would be converted into an IPA which would become part of the Australian National Reserve System but managed by the Nepabunna Community The International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN would help guide the project while the federal government would provide funding for land management and preservation of cultural heritage infrastructure and training for Indigenous rangers 17 On 1 August 1998 the area which lies adjacent to the southern boundary of the Gammon Ranges National Park was formally proclaimed 18 19 as the First Indigenous Protected Area in South Australia Australia and internationally 17 Since then the rangers have replanted native vegetation and helped to protect native animals such as the yellow footed rock wallaby andu A programme of removal of feral animals in particular goats has been undertaken Bores have been built and irrigation laid Restoration work on an old homestead Irish Well Hut has been undertaken and camping sites 17 a dormitory in a converted TAFE building as well as separate provision for women provide accommodation for tourists 20 They also provide educational and cultural tours and grow bushfoods as a destination for those interested in sustainable tourism 21 In 2000 Nantawarrina won a United Nations Environment Programme UNEP award and was inscribed in the Global 500 Roll of Honour for Environmental Achievement 21 The North Flinders Soil Conservation Board National Parks and Wildlife Service South Australia Primary Industries and Resources SA and Save the Bush have also supported the project citation needed Bush Heritage Australia works with the rangers to help monitor the flora and fauna of the IPA 22 Iga Warta edit Iga Warta is a cultural tourism enterprise run independently by Terrence Coulthard and his family about 1 square kilometre 0 39 sq mi in size 12 Terrence and his wife Josephine compiled the first comprehensive bilingual dictionary of the Adnyamathanha language which includes descriptions of cultural practices music and other features of Adnyamathanha life 23 Iga Warta means native orange 24 named by 19th century English botanist John Lindley as Capparis mitchelii 25 26 Population and culture editIn 2011 there were only about 30 permanent residents at Nepabunna but the older people were encouraging younger ones to return and learn about their culture Older adults were engaging in and teaching traditional ceremonies such as the smoking ceremony skills such as the creation of boomerangs by woodcarving identifying and cooking bush tucker in traditional ways and they were passing on the dreamtime stories of the Adnyamathanha people 8 At the 2006 census 49 people were at Nepabunna 27 but this figure had grown to 66 by the 2016 Census 3 Access and facilities editThe community also spelt Nipapanha is located just west of the Gammon Ranges 3 Access is via the main Copley to Balcanoona road 12 In 2011 a flag of the Adnyamathanha people was created and raised at Nepabunna on the 80th anniversary of its establishment 8 There is a school Nepabunna Aboriginal School 8 a church Nepabunna Community Church and a cemetery 10 Notes and references edit Australian Bureau of Statistics 28 June 2022 Nepabunna suburb and locality Australian Census 2021 QuickStats Retrieved 28 June 2022 nbsp Far North SA Government Region PDF Department of Planning Transport and Infrastructure Retrieved 10 October 2014 a b c Nepabunna Nipapanha indigenous com au Retrieved 13 November 2020 a b c Aboriginal missions in South Australia Nepabunna LibGuides at State Library of South Australia 2 November 2020 Retrieved 13 November 2020 Our Story Nepabunna Retrieved 13 November 2020 a b c Nepabunna Mission 1931 1977 Find amp Connect 23 May 2014 Retrieved 13 November 2020 a b Nepabunna 1937 39 SA Memory State Library of South Australia 28 October 2009 Retrieved 13 November 2020 a b c d e Gage Nicola 30 November 2011 Aboriginal community s own flag an historic moment Updated 5 December 2011 Australia ABC News Retrieved 14 November 2020 Marsh Walter 1 May 2021 Sole of a nation The Monthly Retrieved 17 May 2021 a b Coulthard Ronald Funeral notice The Weekly Times My Tributes August 2014 Retrieved 14 November 2020 Mountford Sheard Collection State Library of South Australia Collection Retrieved 13 November 2020 a b c Nepabunna Community Incorporated Company Profile LG Assist Retrieved 13 November 2020 Nipapanha Community Aboriginal Corporation Overview Australian Charities and Not for profits Commission Australian Government Retrieved 13 November 2020 Contact Nepabunna Retrieved 13 November 2020 Nantawarrina Nepabunna Retrieved 13 November 2020 a b c Braham Kate 2007 Creating Livelihoods Through Indigenous Protected Areas The Nantawarrina Experience PDF BEnvMgmt Hons thesis Flinders University Retrieved 13 November 2020 a b c Nantawarrina the first IPA in Australia indigenous gov au 23 August 2018 Retrieved 15 November 2020 Nantawarrina Indigenous Protected Area Agreements Treaties and Negotiated Settlements ATNS 22 December 2004 Retrieved 15 November 2020 National Native Title Tribunal Geospatial Services 27 October 2004 Agreements Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Nantawarrina Financial Assistance Agreement map Agreements Treaties and Negotiated Settlements ATNS Retrieved 15 November 2020 Accommodation Niphapanha Community Aboriginal Corporation Retrieved 15 November 2020 a b The Flinders Ranges PDF Australian Government Director of National Parks Nantawarrina warndu mai Bush Heritage Australia Retrieved 15 November 2020 Skujins Angela 9 November 2020 The first Adnyamathanha dictionary 40 years in the making CityMag Retrieved 12 November 2020 Iga Warta The Place of the Native Orange PDF Iga Warta Retrieved 12 November 2020 Clarke Philip A 2008 Aboriginal Plant Collectors Botanists and Australian Aboriginal People in the Nineteenth Century Rosenberg Pub p 44 ISBN 978 1 877058 68 4 Retrieved 12 November 2020 Plants Used by the Adnjamathanha Australian Plants Society Retrieved 12 November 2020 Australian Bureau of Statistics 25 October 2007 Nepabunna State Suburb 2006 Census QuickStats Retrieved 14 October 2011 Further reading editAborigine News 1984 Contains news items relating to Missions and settlements at Copley Nepabunna Marree Oodnadatta and Gerard as well as Colebrook Home Eden Hills a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help SLSA holdings of Aborigine News published by the United Aborigines Mission No 56 July 1974 Jan 1975 no 84 Sept Dec 1984 Nepabunna search result State Library of South Australia Collection Many online photos of Nepabunna including people who lived on the mission Spencer Tracy 2007 We had to give them everything Adnyamathanha Agency in the Economy of Whiteness Historicising Whiteness Transnational Perspectives on the Construction of an Identity Conference paper Humanities amp Social Sciences Collection RMIT and University of Melbourne ISBN 9781921166808 Spencer Tracy 2011 White Lives in a Black Community The lives of Jim Page and Rebecca Forbes in the Adnyamathanha community Volume Two Exegetical Essays PDF Thesis Includes full text of We had to give them everything Adnyamathanha Agency in the Economy of Whiteness cited above Flinders University External links editNiphapanha Community Aboriginal Corporation Iga Warta LGA page for Nepabunna CC No details given Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nepabunna South Australia amp oldid 1199215587, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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