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Wikipedia

Sustainable tourism

February 07, 2023

Sustainable tourism is a concept that covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for economic, social and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences and addressing the needs of host communities.[1] Sustainable tourism should embrace concerns for environmental protection, social equity, and the quality of life, cultural diversity, and a dynamic, viable economy delivering jobs and prosperity for all.[2] It has its roots in sustainable development and there can be some confusion as to what "sustainable tourism" means.[3]: 23  There is now broad consensus that tourism should be sustainable.[4][5] In fact, all forms of tourism have the potential to be sustainable if planned, developed and managed properly.[3] Tourist development organizations are promoting sustainable tourism practices in order to mitigate negative effects caused by the growing impact of tourism, for example its environmental impacts.

A Canopy Walkway at Kakum National Park in Ghana, ensuring that tourists have least direct impact on the surrounding ecology. The visitor park received the Global Tourism for Tomorrow Award the following year.

The United Nations World Tourism Organization emphasized these practices by promoting sustainable tourism as part of the Sustainable Development Goals, through programs like the International Year for Sustainable Tourism for Development in 2017.[6] There is a direct link between sustainable tourism and several of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).[3]: 26  Tourism for SDGs focuses on how SDG 8 ("decent work and economic growth"), SDG 12 ("responsible consumption and production") and SDG 14 ("life below water") implicate tourism in creating a sustainable economy.[7] According to the World Travel & Tourism Travel, tourism constituted "10.3 percent to the global gross domestic product, with international tourist arrivals hitting 1.5 billion marks (a growth of 3.5 percent) in 2019" and generated $1.7 trillion export earnings yet, improvements are expected to be gained from suitable management aspects and including sustainable tourism as part of a broader sustainable development strategy.[8]

Definition

Sustainable tourism is "an exceedingly complex concept with varied definitions due to different interpretations of the meaning and use of the concept".[3]: 23  It has its roots in sustainable development, a term that is "open to wide interpretation". This can lead to some confusion as to what sustainable tourism means.[3]: 23 

A definition of sustainable tourism from 2020 is: "Tourism which is developed and maintained in an area in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an infinite period while safeguarding the Earth’s life-support system on which the welfare of current and future generations depends."[3]: 26 

Sustainable tourism covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for economic, social and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences.[9] The concept of sustainable tourism aims to reduce the negative effects of tourism activities. This has become almost universally accepted as a desirable and politically appropriate approach to tourism development.

Background

Global goals

The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), is the custodian agency to monitor the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 8 ("decent work and economic growth") that are related to tourism.[10][11] The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all".[12] Given the dramatic increase in tourism, the report strongly promotes responsible tourism.[13] Even though some countries and sectors in the industry are creating initiatives for tourism in addressing the SDGs, knowledge sharing, finance and policy for sustainable tourism are not fully addressing the needs of stakeholders.[13]

The SDGs include targets on tourism and sustainable tourism in several goals:

  • Target 8.9 of SDG 8 (Decent work and economic growth) states: "By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products".
  • Target 12.b of SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production) is formulated as "Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products." UNWTO is the custodian agency for this target.
  • Target 14.7 of SDG 14 (Life below Water) is to: "By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism".[14][12]

Comparison with conventional tourism and mass tourism

According to the UNWTO, "Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes."[15] Global economists forecast continuing international tourism growth, the amount depending on the location. As one of the world's largest and fastest-growing industries, this continuous growth will place great stress on remaining biologically diverse habitats and Indigenous cultures.[citation needed] Mass tourism is the organized movement of large numbers of tourists to popular destinations such as theme parks, national parks, beaches or cruise ships. Mass tourism uses standardized packaged leisure products and experiences packaged to accommodate large number of tourists at the same time.[16]

Related similar concepts

Responsible tourism

While "sustainable tourism" is a concept, the term "responsible tourism" refers to the behaviors and practices that can lead to sustainable tourism. For example, backpacker tourism is a trend that contributes to sustainability from the various environmental, economic, and cultural activities associated with it.[17] All stakeholders are responsible for the kind of tourism they develop or engage in. Both service providers and purchasers or consumers are held accountable.[18] Being responsible demands “thinking” by using planning and development frameworks that are properly grounded in ethical thinking around what is good and right for communities, the natural world and tourists.[19]

According to the Center for Responsible Tourism, responsible tourism is "tourism that maximizes the benefits to local communities, minimizes negative social or environmental impacts, and helps local people conserve fragile cultures and habitats or species."[20] Responsible tourism incorporates not only being responsible for interactions with the physical environment, but also of the economic and social interactions.[18] While different groups will see responsibility in different ways, the shared understanding is that responsible tourism should entail improvements in tourism.[21] This would include ethical thinking around what is "good" and "right" for local communities and the natural world, as well as for tourists. Responsible tourism is an aspiration that can be realized in different ways in different originating markets and in the diverse destinations of the world.[22]

Responsible tourism has also been critiqued. Studies have shown that the degree to which individuals engage in responsible tourism is contingent upon their engagement socially. Meaning, tourist behaviors will fluctuate depending on the range of social engagement that each tourist chooses to take part in.[23] A study regarding responsible tourists behavior concludes that it is not only a personal behavior of tourists that shape outcomes, but also a reflection of mechanisms put in place by governments.[23] Other research has put into question the promise that tourism, even responsible tourism, is inline with UN Sustainable Development Goals given the difficulties in measuring such impact.[24] Some argue that it actually detracts attention from the wider issues surrounding tourism that are in need of regulation, such as the number of visitors and environmental impact.[25][26]

Ecotourism

This section is an excerpt from Ecotourism.[edit]
Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving responsible travel (using sustainable transport) to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people.[27] Its purpose may be to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and for human rights. Since the 1980s, ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavor by environmentalists, so that future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention.[28]: 33  Ecotourism may focus on educating travelers on local environments and natural surroundings with an eye to ecological conservation. Some include in the definition of ecotourism the effort to produce economic opportunities that make conservation of natural resources financially possible.[29]

Criticism

See also: Ecotourism § Criticism

Although we are seeking solutions for sustainable tourism, there is no desirable change in the tourism system. Sustainable models must be able to adapt to new challenges a face a wider form of societal transformations.[30] Many critics view the extractive nature of "sustainable tourism" as an oxymoron, as it is fundamentally unable to continue indefinitely. True and perfect sustainability is likely impossible in all but the most favorable circumstances, as the interests of equity, economy, and ecology often conflict with one another and require tradeoffs. It is a reality that many things are done in the name of sustainability are actually masking the desire to allow extra profits.[31] There is often alienation of local populations from the tourists.[32] Such cases highlight that sustainable tourism covers a wide spectrum from "very weak" to "very strong" when the degree of anthropocentricism and exploitation of human and natural resources is taken into account.[3]: 5 

Stakeholders

Stakeholders of sustainable tourism can include organizations as well as individuals. A stakeholder in the tourism industry is deemed to be anyone who is impacted by development positively or negatively. Stakeholder involvement reduces potential conflict between the tourists and host community by involving the latter in shaping the way in which tourism develops.[33]

Governments and good governance

 
A 2017 stamp by the Government of Azerbaijan celebrating the International Year for Sustainable Tourism in 2017

The government plays an important role in encouraging sustainable tourism whether it be through marketing, information services, education, and advice through public-private collaborations. However, the values and ulterior motives of governments often need to be taken into account when assessing the motives for sustainable tourism. One important factor to consider in any ecologically sensitive or remote area or an area new to tourism is that of carrying capacity. This is the capacity of tourists of visitors an area can sustainably tolerate over time without damaging the environment or culture of the surrounding area.[34] This can be altered and revised in time and with changing perceptions and values.

Scholars have pointed out that partnerships "incrementally nudge governance towards greater inclusion of diverse stakeholders".[35][3]: 93  Partnerships refer to cooperation between private, public and civil society actors. Its purpose is to implement sustainability policies. Governance is essential in developing partnership initiatives.[3]: 93 

Good governance principles for National Parks and protected areas management include legitimacy and voice, direction, performance, accountability and fairness.[3]: 295 

Non-governmental organizations

Non-governmental organizations are one of the stakeholders in advocating sustainable tourism. Their roles can range from spearheading sustainable tourism practices to simply doing research. University research teams and scientists can be tapped to aid in the process of planning. Such solicitation of research can be observed in the planning of Cát Bà National Park in Vietnam.[36]

Dive resort operators in Bunaken National Park, Indonesia, play a crucial role by developing exclusive zones for diving and fishing respectively, such that both tourists and locals can benefit from the venture.[37]

Large conventions, meetings and other major organized events drive the travel, tourism, and hospitality industry. Cities and convention centers compete to attract such commerce, commerce which has heavy impacts on resource use and the environment. Major sporting events, such as the Olympic Games, present special problems regarding environmental burdens and degradation.[38] But burdens imposed by the regular convention industry can be vastly more significant.

Green conventions and events are a new but growing sector and marketing point within the convention and hospitality industry. More environmentally aware organizations, corporations, and government agencies are now seeking more sustainable event practices, greener hotels, restaurants and convention venues, and more energy-efficient or climate-neutral travel and ground transportation.[39] However, the convention trip not taken can be the most sustainable option: "With most international conferences having hundreds if not thousands of participants, and the bulk of these usually traveling by plane, conference travel is an area where significant reductions in air-travel-related GHG emissions could be made. ... This does not mean non-attendance" (Reay, 2004), since modern Internet communications are now ubiquitous and remote audio/visual participation.[40] For example, by 2003 Access Grid technology had already successfully hosted several international conferences.[40] A particular example is the large American Geophysical Union's annual meeting, which has used live streaming for several years. This provides live streams and recordings of keynotes, named lectures, and oral sessions, and provides opportunities to submit questions and interact with authors and peers.[41] Following the live-stream, the recording of each session is posted online within 24 hours.[42]

Some convention centers have begun to take direct action in reducing the impact of the conventions they host. One example is the Moscone Center in San Francisco, which has a very aggressive recycling program, a large solar power system, and other programs aimed at reducing impact and increasing efficiency.[43]

Local Communities

 
A Sustainable Tourism badge featuring the logo of the Sustainable Development Goals from the World Tourism Organization

Local communities benefit from sustainable tourism through economic development, job creation, and infrastructure development. Tourism revenues bring economic growth and prosperity to attractive tourist destinations, which can raise the standard of living in destination communities. Sustainable tourism operators commit themselves to creating jobs for local community members. An increase in tourism revenue to an area acts as a driver for the development of increased infrastructure. As tourist demands increase in a destination, a more robust infrastructure is needed to support the needs of both the tourism industry and the local community.[44] A 2009 study of rural operators throughout the province of British Columbia, Canada found "an overall strong 'pro-sustainability' attitude among respondents. Dominant barriers identified were lack of available money to invest, lack of incentive programs, other business priorities, and limited access to suppliers of sustainable products, with the most common recommendation being the need for incentive programs to encourage businesses to become more sustainable."[45][46]

International organizations

The Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) serves as the international body for fostering increased knowledge and understanding of sustainable tourism practices, promoting the adoption of universal sustainable tourism principles, and building demand for sustainable travel.[47][48] GSTC launched the GSTC Criteria, a global standard for sustainable travel and tourism, which includes criteria and performance indicators for destinations, tour operators and hotels.[49] The GSTC Criteria serve as the international standard for certification agencies (the organizations that would inspect a tourism product, and certify them as a sustainable company).[50] The GSTC Criteria has the potential to be applied to national parks to improve the standards of operation and increase sustainability efforts in the United States.[51]

 
Eco-friendly green train located in Paris.

Sustainable transport and mobility

Further information: sustainable transport and environmental impact of aviation
 
The Secretary, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Smt. Rashmi Verma flagging off a “Cycle Rally” to create awareness about Tourism, Environment and Sustainability, at India Gate, in New Delhi on October 05, 2017

Tourism can be related to travel for leisure, business and visiting friends and relatives and can also include means of transportation related to tourism.[52] Without travel there is no tourism, so the concept of sustainable tourism is tightly linked to a concept of sustainable transport.[53] Two relevant considerations are tourism's reliance on fossil fuels and tourism's effect on climate change. 72 percent of tourism's CO2 emissions come from transportation, 24 percent from accommodations, and 4 percent from local activities.[52] Aviation accounts for 55% of those transportation CO2 emissions (or 40% of tourism's total). However, when considering the impact of all greenhouse gas emissions, of condensation trails and induced cirrus clouds, aviation alone could account for up to 75% of tourism's climate impact.[54]

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) considers an annual increase in aviation fuel efficiency of 2 percent per year through 2050 to be realistic. However, both Airbus and Boeing expect the passenger-kilometers of air transport to increase by about 5 percent yearly through at least 2020, overwhelming any efficiency gains. By 2050, with other economic sectors having greatly reduced their CO2 emissions, tourism is likely to be generating 40 percent of global carbon emissions.[55] The main cause is an increase in the average distance traveled by tourists, which for many years has been increasing at a faster rate than the number of trips taken.[55][56][57][58] "Sustainable transportation is now established as the critical issue confronting a global tourism industry that is palpably unsustainable, and aviation lies at the heart of this issue."[55]

The European Tourism Manifesto has also called for an acceleration in the development of cycling infrastructure to boost local clean energy travel. Deployment of non-motorized infrastructures and the re-use of abandoned transport infrastructure (such as disused railways) for cycling and walking has been proposed. Connectivity between these non-motorized routes (greenways, cycle routes) and main attractions nearby (i.e. Natura2000 sites, UNESCO sites, etc.) has also been requested.[59] It has also called for sufficient and predictable rail infrastructure funding, and a focus on digital multimodal practices, including end-to-end ticketing (such as Interrail), all of which are in-line with the EU’s modal shift goal.[60]

Global tourism accounts for about eight percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. This percentage takes into account airline transportation as well as other significant environmental and social impacts that are not always beneficial to local communities and their economies.[61]

Challenges

Further information: Impacts of tourism

Displacement and resettlement

 
A beach in Zanzibar transformed into a transportation hub catering towards tourists, with vendors like the one in the foreground, selling goods mostly for tourists. Tourism frequently displaces local communities from access to natural resources in favor of tourist industry needs.

In places where there was no tourism prior to tourism companies' arrival, displacement and resettlement of local communities is a common issue.[62][63] For example, the Maasai tribes in Tanzania have been a victim of this problem. After the second World War, conservationists moved into the areas where the Maasai tribes lived, with the intent to make such areas accessible to tourists and to preserve the areas' natural beauty and ecology. This was often achieved through establishing national parks and conservation areas.[31][32] It has been claimed that Maasai activities did not threaten the wildlife and the knowledge was blurred by "colonial disdain" and misunderstandings of savannah wildlife.[31] As the Maasai have been displaced, the area within the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) has been adapted to allow easier access for tourists through the construction of campsites and tracks, as well as the removal of stone objects such as stones for souvenirs.[32]

 
Man dressed in traditional Maasai attire approaching a Tourist on the beach. Thousands of Maasai men have migrated to join the tourism industry on the island and using their ethnic dress to sell goods and services, including sexwork.[64] In the process they have displaced local communities.[64]

Environmental impacts

This section is an excerpt from Impacts of tourism § Environmental impacts.[edit]

Ecotourism, nature tourism, wildlife tourism, and adventure tourism take place in environments such as rain forests, high alpine, wilderness, lakes and rivers, coastlines and marine environments, as well as rural villages and coastline resorts. Peoples' desire for more authentic and challenging experiences results in their destinations becoming more remote, to the few remaining pristine and natural environments left on the planet. The positive impact of this can be an increased awareness of environmental stewardship.[65] The negative impact can be a destruction of the very experience that people are seeking. There are direct and indirect impacts, immediate and long-term impacts, and there are impacts that are both proximal and distal to the tourist destination. These impacts can be separated into three categories: facility impacts, tourist activities, and the transit effect.

Environmental sustainability focuses on the overall viability and health of ecological systems. Natural resource degradation, pollution, and loss of biodiversity are detrimental because they increase vulnerability, undermine system health, and reduce resilience. More research is needed to assess the impacts of tourism on natural capital and ecosystem services. Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research is needed to address how the tourism industry impacts waste and wastewater treatment, pollination, food security, raw materials, genetic resources, oil and natural gas regulation and ecosystem functions such as soil retention and nutrient recycling.[66][67]
 
2001 Royal Clipper Karibik is a sail boat that uses the wind to propel itself forward, thereby causing fewer greenhouse gas emissions and less air pollution than ships using fossil energy sources.

Improvements

 
Banda Kawayan Pilipinas, a bamboo orchestra, at the International School of Sustainable Tourism in the Philippines
 
The Minister of State for Tourism, Shri Sultan Ahmed addressing at the inauguration of the 2-day National Workshop on “Sustainable Tourism Criteria for India”, in New Delhi on July 27, 2010
 
Logo of Global Sustainable Tourism Council

Management aspects

Promotion of sustainable tourism practices are often connected to the management of tourist locations by locals or the community. This form of tourism is based on the premise that the people living next to a resource are the ones best suited to protecting it. This means that the tourism activities and businesses are developed and operated by local community members, and certainly with their consent and support. Sustainable tourism typically involves the conservation of resources that are capitalized upon for tourism purposes. Locals run the businesses and are responsible for promoting the conservation messages to protect their environment.

Community-based sustainable tourism (CBST) associates the success of the sustainability of the ecotourism location to the management practices of the communities who are directly or indirectly dependent on the location for their livelihoods. A salient feature of CBST is that local knowledge is usually utilized alongside wide general frameworks of ecotourism business models. This allows the participation of locals at the management level and typically allows a more intimate understanding of the environment.[68]

The use of local knowledge also means an easier entry level into a tourism industry for locals whose jobs or livelihoods are affected by the use of their environment as tourism locations. Environmentally sustainable development crucially depends on the presence of local support for a project.[69] It has also been noted that in order for success projects must provide direct benefits for the local community.[70]

However, recent research has found that economic linkages generated by CBST may only be sporadic, and that the linkages with agriculture are negatively affected by seasonality and by the small scale of the cultivated areas. This means that CBST may only have small-scale positive effects for these communities.[71]

Partnerships between governments and tourism agencies with smaller communities are not particularly effective because of the disparity in aims between the two groups, i.e. true sustainability versus mass tourism for maximum profit. In Honduras, such a divergence can be demonstrated where consultants from the World Bank and officials from the Institute of tourism wanted to set up a selection of 5-star hotels near various ecotourism destinations. But another operating approach in the region by USAID and APROECOH (an ecotourism association) promotes community-based efforts which have trained many local Hondurans. Grassroot organizations were more successful in Honduras.[72]

As part of a development strategy

Developing countries are especially interested in international tourism,[73] and many believe it brings countries a large selection of economic benefits including employment opportunities, small business development, and increased in payments of foreign exchange. Many assume that more money is gained through developing luxury goods and services in spite of the fact that this increases a countries dependency on imported products, foreign investments and expatriate skills.[74] This classic 'trickle down' financial strategy rarely makes its way down to brings its benefits down to small businesses.[75]

It has been said that the economic benefits of large-scale tourism are not doubted but that the backpacker or budget traveler sector is often neglected as a potential growth sector by developing countries governments.[76] This sector brings significant non-economic benefits which could help to empower and educate the communities involved in this sector. "Aiming 'low' builds upon the skills of the local population, promotes self-reliance, and develops the confidence of community members in dealing with outsiders, all signs of empowerment"[75] and all of which aid in the overall development of a nation.

In the 1990s, international tourism was seen as an import potential growth sector for many countries, particularly in developing countries as many of the world's most beautiful and 'untouched' places are located in developing countries.[62] Prior to the 1960s studies tended to assume that the extension of the tourism industry to LEDCs was a good thing. In the 1970s this changed as academics started to take a much more negative view on tourism's consequences, particularly criticizing the industry as an effective contributor towards development. International tourism is a volatile industry with visitors quick to abandon destinations that were formerly popular because of threats to health or security.[77]

Tourism is seen as a resilient industry and bounces back quickly after severe setbacks, like natural disasters, September 11th attacks and COVID-19. Many call for more attention to "lessons learned" from these setbacks to improve mitigation measures that could be taken in advance.[78][79]

 
An overpopulated beach may lead to issues such as pollution, and taking land away from where indigenous people reside.

Trends

Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic

Further information: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism

Due to COVID-19, an unprecedented decrease of 65% took place in international tourist numbers in first half of 2020 as compared to 2019. Countries around the world closed their borders and introduced travel restrictions in response to the pandemic. The situation is expected to gradually improve in 2021 depending upon lifting of travel restrictions, availability of COVID-19 vaccine and return of traveler confidence.[80]

Furthermore, the current corona pandemic has made many sustainability challenges of tourism clearer. Therefore sustainable tourism scholars call for a transformation of tourism.[81][82][83] They state that the corona pandemic has created a window of opportunity, in which we can shift towards more sustainable practices and rethink our systems. The system we have in place now, cannot be sustained in its current form. The constant aim for economic growth goes at the expense of Earth´s ecosystems, wildlife and our own well-being.[84] The gap between rich and poor is growing every year, and the pandemic has spurred this even further. Our current systems are often in place for the few, leaving the many behind.[85] This is no different for the global and local tourism systems. Therefore, tourism scholars argue we should learn from the pandemic. “COVID-19 provides striking lessons to the tourism industry, policy makers and tourism researchers about the effects of global change. The challenge is now to collectively learn from this global tragedy to accelerate the transformation of sustainable tourism”.[82][86]

Technology is seen as a partial solution to the disruptive impacts of pandemics like COVID-19. Although it can be counterproductive for sustainable tourism if it is utilized for data collection that may be misused for mass tourism, technology and digital advancements have provided the tools necessary for e-tourism to evolve and become more valuable amidst the pandemic.[87] Scholars argue that "surrogate tourism" will allow tourists to remain home while employing local guides at the destination to facilitate personalized, interactive, real-time tours (PIRTs). While these options will not take the place of conventional travel experience, there is a market for PIRTS especially for persons with disabilities and the elderly, and for the "sustainable citizen who wishes to minimize their impact on the planet".[88]

History

Historically, the movement toward sustainable tourism through responsible tourism emerged following the environmental awareness that rose out of the 1960s and 70s amidst a growing phenomenon of “mass tourism”. In 1973, the European Travel Commission initiated a multilateral effort to advance environmentally sound tourism and development.[18] Jost Krippendorf, a former professor at the University of Bern, is considered to be one of the first individuals to express ideas about sustainable tourism. In his book "The landscape eaters", Krippendorf argues for “sanfter turismus”, or "soft tourism".[89] The South African national tourism policy (1996)[90] used the term "responsible tourism" and mentioned the well-being of the local community as a main factor.[91] In 2014, the Cape Town Declaration on Responsible Tourism focused on the role of business in promoting responsible tourism.[92] While further research is needed to understand the impacts of responsible tourism, a study conducted in 2017 found that well-managed responsible tourism practices were beneficial to local communities.[93]

Examples

Forest tourism

The Haliburton Sustainable Forest in central Ontario, Canada is a sustainably managed and privately owned 100,000 forest that supports both tourism and the logging industry.[94] Based on a 100-year plan for sustaining the forest, the Haliburton Sustainable Forest has sources of income with tourism and logging that contribute to the long-term stability of the local economy and to the health of the forest. In just over four decades the forest has been transformed from a run-down forestry holding to a flourishing, multi-use operation with benefits to owners, employees and the public at large as well as the environment.[3]: 382 

Sustainable touristic cities

In 2019 Machu Picchu in Peru was "recognized as Latin America’s first 100% sustainable city through the management of its waste".[3]: 383 

Organizations

Biosphere Tourism is an organization that certifies industry players who are able to balance sociocultural, economic and ecological factors within a tourism destination.[3]: 384  The TreadRight Foundation (The Travel Corporation's not-for-profit foundation) has been recognized in 2019 by the UNWTO’s annual awards for its pioneering work in sustainability.[3]: 384 

See also

References

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External links

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Responsible travel.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sustainable tourism.
  • International Centre for Responsible Tourism
  • Linking Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Tourism at World Heritage Sites
  • UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development
  • African Fair Tourism & Trade Organisation
  • Cape Town Declaration on Responsible Tourism
  • Global Sustainable Tourism Council
  • [1]

February 07, 2023
sustainable, tourism, concept, that, covers, complete, tourism, experience, including, concern, economic, social, environmental, issues, well, attention, improving, tourists, experiences, addressing, needs, host, communities, should, embrace, concerns, environ. Sustainable tourism is a concept that covers the complete tourism experience including concern for economic social and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists experiences and addressing the needs of host communities 1 Sustainable tourism should embrace concerns for environmental protection social equity and the quality of life cultural diversity and a dynamic viable economy delivering jobs and prosperity for all 2 It has its roots in sustainable development and there can be some confusion as to what sustainable tourism means 3 23 There is now broad consensus that tourism should be sustainable 4 5 In fact all forms of tourism have the potential to be sustainable if planned developed and managed properly 3 Tourist development organizations are promoting sustainable tourism practices in order to mitigate negative effects caused by the growing impact of tourism for example its environmental impacts A Canopy Walkway at Kakum National Park in Ghana ensuring that tourists have least direct impact on the surrounding ecology The visitor park received the Global Tourism for Tomorrow Award the following year The United Nations World Tourism Organization emphasized these practices by promoting sustainable tourism as part of the Sustainable Development Goals through programs like the International Year for Sustainable Tourism for Development in 2017 6 There is a direct link between sustainable tourism and several of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals SDGs 3 26 Tourism for SDGs focuses on how SDG 8 decent work and economic growth SDG 12 responsible consumption and production and SDG 14 life below water implicate tourism in creating a sustainable economy 7 According to the World Travel amp Tourism Travel tourism constituted 10 3 percent to the global gross domestic product with international tourist arrivals hitting 1 5 billion marks a growth of 3 5 percent in 2019 and generated 1 7 trillion export earnings yet improvements are expected to be gained from suitable management aspects and including sustainable tourism as part of a broader sustainable development strategy 8 Contents 1 Definition 2 Background 2 1 Global goals 2 2 Comparison with conventional tourism and mass tourism 3 Related similar concepts 3 1 Responsible tourism 3 2 Ecotourism 4 Criticism 5 Stakeholders 5 1 Governments and good governance 5 2 Non governmental organizations 5 3 Local Communities 5 4 International organizations 6 Sustainable transport and mobility 7 Challenges 7 1 Displacement and resettlement 7 2 Environmental impacts 8 Improvements 8 1 Management aspects 8 2 As part of a development strategy 9 Trends 9 1 Impacts of COVID 19 pandemic 10 History 11 Examples 11 1 Forest tourism 11 2 Sustainable touristic cities 11 3 Organizations 12 See also 13 References 14 External linksDefinition EditSustainable tourism is an exceedingly complex concept with varied definitions due to different interpretations of the meaning and use of the concept 3 23 It has its roots in sustainable development a term that is open to wide interpretation This can lead to some confusion as to what sustainable tourism means 3 23 A definition of sustainable tourism from 2020 is Tourism which is developed and maintained in an area in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an infinite period while safeguarding the Earth s life support system on which the welfare of current and future generations depends 3 26 Sustainable tourism covers the complete tourism experience including concern for economic social and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists experiences 9 The concept of sustainable tourism aims to reduce the negative effects of tourism activities This has become almost universally accepted as a desirable and politically appropriate approach to tourism development Background EditGlobal goals Edit The United Nations World Tourism Organization UNWTO is the custodian agency to monitor the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 8 decent work and economic growth that are related to tourism 10 11 The Sustainable Development Goals SDGs or Global Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all 12 Given the dramatic increase in tourism the report strongly promotes responsible tourism 13 Even though some countries and sectors in the industry are creating initiatives for tourism in addressing the SDGs knowledge sharing finance and policy for sustainable tourism are not fully addressing the needs of stakeholders 13 The SDGs include targets on tourism and sustainable tourism in several goals Target 8 9 of SDG 8 Decent work and economic growth states By 2030 devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products Target 12 b of SDG 12 responsible consumption and production is formulated as Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products UNWTO is the custodian agency for this target Target 14 7 of SDG 14 Life below Water is to By 2030 increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources including through sustainable management of fisheries aquaculture and tourism 14 12 Comparison with conventional tourism and mass tourism Edit According to the UNWTO Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure business and other purposes 15 Global economists forecast continuing international tourism growth the amount depending on the location As one of the world s largest and fastest growing industries this continuous growth will place great stress on remaining biologically diverse habitats and Indigenous cultures citation needed Mass tourism is the organized movement of large numbers of tourists to popular destinations such as theme parks national parks beaches or cruise ships Mass tourism uses standardized packaged leisure products and experiences packaged to accommodate large number of tourists at the same time 16 Related similar concepts EditResponsible tourism Edit While sustainable tourism is a concept the term responsible tourism refers to the behaviors and practices that can lead to sustainable tourism For example backpacker tourism is a trend that contributes to sustainability from the various environmental economic and cultural activities associated with it 17 All stakeholders are responsible for the kind of tourism they develop or engage in Both service providers and purchasers or consumers are held accountable 18 Being responsible demands thinking by using planning and development frameworks that are properly grounded in ethical thinking around what is good and right for communities the natural world and tourists 19 According to the Center for Responsible Tourism responsible tourism is tourism that maximizes the benefits to local communities minimizes negative social or environmental impacts and helps local people conserve fragile cultures and habitats or species 20 Responsible tourism incorporates not only being responsible for interactions with the physical environment but also of the economic and social interactions 18 While different groups will see responsibility in different ways the shared understanding is that responsible tourism should entail improvements in tourism 21 This would include ethical thinking around what is good and right for local communities and the natural world as well as for tourists Responsible tourism is an aspiration that can be realized in different ways in different originating markets and in the diverse destinations of the world 22 Responsible tourism has also been critiqued Studies have shown that the degree to which individuals engage in responsible tourism is contingent upon their engagement socially Meaning tourist behaviors will fluctuate depending on the range of social engagement that each tourist chooses to take part in 23 A study regarding responsible tourists behavior concludes that it is not only a personal behavior of tourists that shape outcomes but also a reflection of mechanisms put in place by governments 23 Other research has put into question the promise that tourism even responsible tourism is inline with UN Sustainable Development Goals given the difficulties in measuring such impact 24 Some argue that it actually detracts attention from the wider issues surrounding tourism that are in need of regulation such as the number of visitors and environmental impact 25 26 Ecotourism Edit This section is an excerpt from Ecotourism edit Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving responsible travel using sustainable transport to natural areas conserving the environment and improving the well being of the local people 27 Its purpose may be to educate the traveler to provide funds for ecological conservation to directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities or to foster respect for different cultures and for human rights Since the 1980s ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavor by environmentalists so that future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention 28 33 Ecotourism may focus on educating travelers on local environments and natural surroundings with an eye to ecological conservation Some include in the definition of ecotourism the effort to produce economic opportunities that make conservation of natural resources financially possible 29 Criticism EditSee also Ecotourism Criticism Although we are seeking solutions for sustainable tourism there is no desirable change in the tourism system Sustainable models must be able to adapt to new challenges a face a wider form of societal transformations 30 Many critics view the extractive nature of sustainable tourism as an oxymoron as it is fundamentally unable to continue indefinitely True and perfect sustainability is likely impossible in all but the most favorable circumstances as the interests of equity economy and ecology often conflict with one another and require tradeoffs It is a reality that many things are done in the name of sustainability are actually masking the desire to allow extra profits 31 There is often alienation of local populations from the tourists 32 Such cases highlight that sustainable tourism covers a wide spectrum from very weak to very strong when the degree of anthropocentricism and exploitation of human and natural resources is taken into account 3 5 Stakeholders EditStakeholders of sustainable tourism can include organizations as well as individuals A stakeholder in the tourism industry is deemed to be anyone who is impacted by development positively or negatively Stakeholder involvement reduces potential conflict between the tourists and host community by involving the latter in shaping the way in which tourism develops 33 Governments and good governance Edit A 2017 stamp by the Government of Azerbaijan celebrating the International Year for Sustainable Tourism in 2017 The government plays an important role in encouraging sustainable tourism whether it be through marketing information services education and advice through public private collaborations However the values and ulterior motives of governments often need to be taken into account when assessing the motives for sustainable tourism One important factor to consider in any ecologically sensitive or remote area or an area new to tourism is that of carrying capacity This is the capacity of tourists of visitors an area can sustainably tolerate over time without damaging the environment or culture of the surrounding area 34 This can be altered and revised in time and with changing perceptions and values Scholars have pointed out that partnerships incrementally nudge governance towards greater inclusion of diverse stakeholders 35 3 93 Partnerships refer to cooperation between private public and civil society actors Its purpose is to implement sustainability policies Governance is essential in developing partnership initiatives 3 93 Good governance principles for National Parks and protected areas management include legitimacy and voice direction performance accountability and fairness 3 295 Non governmental organizations Edit Non governmental organizations are one of the stakeholders in advocating sustainable tourism Their roles can range from spearheading sustainable tourism practices to simply doing research University research teams and scientists can be tapped to aid in the process of planning Such solicitation of research can be observed in the planning of Cat Ba National Park in Vietnam 36 Dive resort operators in Bunaken National Park Indonesia play a crucial role by developing exclusive zones for diving and fishing respectively such that both tourists and locals can benefit from the venture 37 Large conventions meetings and other major organized events drive the travel tourism and hospitality industry Cities and convention centers compete to attract such commerce commerce which has heavy impacts on resource use and the environment Major sporting events such as the Olympic Games present special problems regarding environmental burdens and degradation 38 But burdens imposed by the regular convention industry can be vastly more significant Green conventions and events are a new but growing sector and marketing point within the convention and hospitality industry More environmentally aware organizations corporations and government agencies are now seeking more sustainable event practices greener hotels restaurants and convention venues and more energy efficient or climate neutral travel and ground transportation 39 However the convention trip not taken can be the most sustainable option With most international conferences having hundreds if not thousands of participants and the bulk of these usually traveling by plane conference travel is an area where significant reductions in air travel related GHG emissions could be made This does not mean non attendance Reay 2004 since modern Internet communications are now ubiquitous and remote audio visual participation 40 For example by 2003 Access Grid technology had already successfully hosted several international conferences 40 A particular example is the large American Geophysical Union s annual meeting which has used live streaming for several years This provides live streams and recordings of keynotes named lectures and oral sessions and provides opportunities to submit questions and interact with authors and peers 41 Following the live stream the recording of each session is posted online within 24 hours 42 Some convention centers have begun to take direct action in reducing the impact of the conventions they host One example is the Moscone Center in San Francisco which has a very aggressive recycling program a large solar power system and other programs aimed at reducing impact and increasing efficiency 43 Local Communities Edit A Sustainable Tourism badge featuring the logo of the Sustainable Development Goals from the World Tourism OrganizationLocal communities benefit from sustainable tourism through economic development job creation and infrastructure development Tourism revenues bring economic growth and prosperity to attractive tourist destinations which can raise the standard of living in destination communities Sustainable tourism operators commit themselves to creating jobs for local community members An increase in tourism revenue to an area acts as a driver for the development of increased infrastructure As tourist demands increase in a destination a more robust infrastructure is needed to support the needs of both the tourism industry and the local community 44 A 2009 study of rural operators throughout the province of British Columbia Canada found an overall strong pro sustainability attitude among respondents Dominant barriers identified were lack of available money to invest lack of incentive programs other business priorities and limited access to suppliers of sustainable products with the most common recommendation being the need for incentive programs to encourage businesses to become more sustainable 45 46 International organizations Edit The Global Sustainable Tourism Council GSTC serves as the international body for fostering increased knowledge and understanding of sustainable tourism practices promoting the adoption of universal sustainable tourism principles and building demand for sustainable travel 47 48 GSTC launched the GSTC Criteria a global standard for sustainable travel and tourism which includes criteria and performance indicators for destinations tour operators and hotels 49 The GSTC Criteria serve as the international standard for certification agencies the organizations that would inspect a tourism product and certify them as a sustainable company 50 The GSTC Criteria has the potential to be applied to national parks to improve the standards of operation and increase sustainability efforts in the United States 51 Eco friendly green train located in Paris Sustainable transport and mobility EditFurther information sustainable transport and environmental impact of aviation The Secretary Ministry of Culture and Tourism Smt Rashmi Verma flagging off a Cycle Rally to create awareness about Tourism Environment and Sustainability at India Gate in New Delhi on October 05 2017 Tourism can be related to travel for leisure business and visiting friends and relatives and can also include means of transportation related to tourism 52 Without travel there is no tourism so the concept of sustainable tourism is tightly linked to a concept of sustainable transport 53 Two relevant considerations are tourism s reliance on fossil fuels and tourism s effect on climate change 72 percent of tourism s CO2 emissions come from transportation 24 percent from accommodations and 4 percent from local activities 52 Aviation accounts for 55 of those transportation CO2 emissions or 40 of tourism s total However when considering the impact of all greenhouse gas emissions of condensation trails and induced cirrus clouds aviation alone could account for up to 75 of tourism s climate impact 54 The International Air Transport Association IATA considers an annual increase in aviation fuel efficiency of 2 percent per year through 2050 to be realistic However both Airbus and Boeing expect the passenger kilometers of air transport to increase by about 5 percent yearly through at least 2020 overwhelming any efficiency gains By 2050 with other economic sectors having greatly reduced their CO2 emissions tourism is likely to be generating 40 percent of global carbon emissions 55 The main cause is an increase in the average distance traveled by tourists which for many years has been increasing at a faster rate than the number of trips taken 55 56 57 58 Sustainable transportation is now established as the critical issue confronting a global tourism industry that is palpably unsustainable and aviation lies at the heart of this issue 55 The European Tourism Manifesto has also called for an acceleration in the development of cycling infrastructure to boost local clean energy travel Deployment of non motorized infrastructures and the re use of abandoned transport infrastructure such as disused railways for cycling and walking has been proposed Connectivity between these non motorized routes greenways cycle routes and main attractions nearby i e Natura2000 sites UNESCO sites etc has also been requested 59 It has also called for sufficient and predictable rail infrastructure funding and a focus on digital multimodal practices including end to end ticketing such as Interrail all of which are in line with the EU s modal shift goal 60 Global tourism accounts for about eight percent of global greenhouse gas emissions This percentage takes into account airline transportation as well as other significant environmental and social impacts that are not always beneficial to local communities and their economies 61 Challenges EditFurther information Impacts of tourism Displacement and resettlement Edit A beach in Zanzibar transformed into a transportation hub catering towards tourists with vendors like the one in the foreground selling goods mostly for tourists Tourism frequently displaces local communities from access to natural resources in favor of tourist industry needs In places where there was no tourism prior to tourism companies arrival displacement and resettlement of local communities is a common issue 62 63 For example the Maasai tribes in Tanzania have been a victim of this problem After the second World War conservationists moved into the areas where the Maasai tribes lived with the intent to make such areas accessible to tourists and to preserve the areas natural beauty and ecology This was often achieved through establishing national parks and conservation areas 31 32 It has been claimed that Maasai activities did not threaten the wildlife and the knowledge was blurred by colonial disdain and misunderstandings of savannah wildlife 31 As the Maasai have been displaced the area within the Ngorongoro Conservation Area NCA has been adapted to allow easier access for tourists through the construction of campsites and tracks as well as the removal of stone objects such as stones for souvenirs 32 Man dressed in traditional Maasai attire approaching a Tourist on the beach Thousands of Maasai men have migrated to join the tourism industry on the island and using their ethnic dress to sell goods and services including sexwork 64 In the process they have displaced local communities 64 Environmental impacts Edit This section is an excerpt from Impacts of tourism Environmental impacts edit Ecotourism nature tourism wildlife tourism and adventure tourism take place in environments such as rain forests high alpine wilderness lakes and rivers coastlines and marine environments as well as rural villages and coastline resorts Peoples desire for more authentic and challenging experiences results in their destinations becoming more remote to the few remaining pristine and natural environments left on the planet The positive impact of this can be an increased awareness of environmental stewardship 65 The negative impact can be a destruction of the very experience that people are seeking There are direct and indirect impacts immediate and long term impacts and there are impacts that are both proximal and distal to the tourist destination These impacts can be separated into three categories facility impacts tourist activities and the transit effect Environmental sustainability focuses on the overall viability and health of ecological systems Natural resource degradation pollution and loss of biodiversity are detrimental because they increase vulnerability undermine system health and reduce resilience More research is needed to assess the impacts of tourism on natural capital and ecosystem services Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research is needed to address how the tourism industry impacts waste and wastewater treatment pollination food security raw materials genetic resources oil and natural gas regulation and ecosystem functions such as soil retention and nutrient recycling 66 67 2001 Royal Clipper Karibik is a sail boat that uses the wind to propel itself forward thereby causing fewer greenhouse gas emissions and less air pollution than ships using fossil energy sources Improvements Edit Banda Kawayan Pilipinas a bamboo orchestra at the International School of Sustainable Tourism in the Philippines The Minister of State for Tourism Shri Sultan Ahmed addressing at the inauguration of the 2 day National Workshop on Sustainable Tourism Criteria for India in New Delhi on July 27 2010 Logo of Global Sustainable Tourism Council Management aspects Edit Promotion of sustainable tourism practices are often connected to the management of tourist locations by locals or the community This form of tourism is based on the premise that the people living next to a resource are the ones best suited to protecting it This means that the tourism activities and businesses are developed and operated by local community members and certainly with their consent and support Sustainable tourism typically involves the conservation of resources that are capitalized upon for tourism purposes Locals run the businesses and are responsible for promoting the conservation messages to protect their environment Community based sustainable tourism CBST associates the success of the sustainability of the ecotourism location to the management practices of the communities who are directly or indirectly dependent on the location for their livelihoods A salient feature of CBST is that local knowledge is usually utilized alongside wide general frameworks of ecotourism business models This allows the participation of locals at the management level and typically allows a more intimate understanding of the environment 68 The use of local knowledge also means an easier entry level into a tourism industry for locals whose jobs or livelihoods are affected by the use of their environment as tourism locations Environmentally sustainable development crucially depends on the presence of local support for a project 69 It has also been noted that in order for success projects must provide direct benefits for the local community 70 However recent research has found that economic linkages generated by CBST may only be sporadic and that the linkages with agriculture are negatively affected by seasonality and by the small scale of the cultivated areas This means that CBST may only have small scale positive effects for these communities 71 Partnerships between governments and tourism agencies with smaller communities are not particularly effective because of the disparity in aims between the two groups i e true sustainability versus mass tourism for maximum profit In Honduras such a divergence can be demonstrated where consultants from the World Bank and officials from the Institute of tourism wanted to set up a selection of 5 star hotels near various ecotourism destinations But another operating approach in the region by USAID and APROECOH an ecotourism association promotes community based efforts which have trained many local Hondurans Grassroot organizations were more successful in Honduras 72 As part of a development strategy Edit Developing countries are especially interested in international tourism 73 and many believe it brings countries a large selection of economic benefits including employment opportunities small business development and increased in payments of foreign exchange Many assume that more money is gained through developing luxury goods and services in spite of the fact that this increases a countries dependency on imported products foreign investments and expatriate skills 74 This classic trickle down financial strategy rarely makes its way down to brings its benefits down to small businesses 75 It has been said that the economic benefits of large scale tourism are not doubted but that the backpacker or budget traveler sector is often neglected as a potential growth sector by developing countries governments 76 This sector brings significant non economic benefits which could help to empower and educate the communities involved in this sector Aiming low builds upon the skills of the local population promotes self reliance and develops the confidence of community members in dealing with outsiders all signs of empowerment 75 and all of which aid in the overall development of a nation In the 1990s international tourism was seen as an import potential growth sector for many countries particularly in developing countries as many of the world s most beautiful and untouched places are located in developing countries 62 Prior to the 1960s studies tended to assume that the extension of the tourism industry to LEDCs was a good thing In the 1970s this changed as academics started to take a much more negative view on tourism s consequences particularly criticizing the industry as an effective contributor towards development International tourism is a volatile industry with visitors quick to abandon destinations that were formerly popular because of threats to health or security 77 Tourism is seen as a resilient industry and bounces back quickly after severe setbacks like natural disasters September 11th attacks and COVID 19 Many call for more attention to lessons learned from these setbacks to improve mitigation measures that could be taken in advance 78 79 An overpopulated beach may lead to issues such as pollution and taking land away from where indigenous people reside Trends EditImpacts of COVID 19 pandemic Edit Further information Impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on tourism Due to COVID 19 an unprecedented decrease of 65 took place in international tourist numbers in first half of 2020 as compared to 2019 Countries around the world closed their borders and introduced travel restrictions in response to the pandemic The situation is expected to gradually improve in 2021 depending upon lifting of travel restrictions availability of COVID 19 vaccine and return of traveler confidence 80 Furthermore the current corona pandemic has made many sustainability challenges of tourism clearer Therefore sustainable tourism scholars call for a transformation of tourism 81 82 83 They state that the corona pandemic has created a window of opportunity in which we can shift towards more sustainable practices and rethink our systems The system we have in place now cannot be sustained in its current form The constant aim for economic growth goes at the expense of Earth s ecosystems wildlife and our own well being 84 The gap between rich and poor is growing every year and the pandemic has spurred this even further Our current systems are often in place for the few leaving the many behind 85 This is no different for the global and local tourism systems Therefore tourism scholars argue we should learn from the pandemic COVID 19 provides striking lessons to the tourism industry policy makers and tourism researchers about the effects of global change The challenge is now to collectively learn from this global tragedy to accelerate the transformation of sustainable tourism 82 86 Technology is seen as a partial solution to the disruptive impacts of pandemics like COVID 19 Although it can be counterproductive for sustainable tourism if it is utilized for data collection that may be misused for mass tourism technology and digital advancements have provided the tools necessary for e tourism to evolve and become more valuable amidst the pandemic 87 Scholars argue that surrogate tourism will allow tourists to remain home while employing local guides at the destination to facilitate personalized interactive real time tours PIRTs While these options will not take the place of conventional travel experience there is a market for PIRTS especially for persons with disabilities and the elderly and for the sustainable citizen who wishes to minimize their impact on the planet 88 History EditHistorically the movement toward sustainable tourism through responsible tourism emerged following the environmental awareness that rose out of the 1960s and 70s amidst a growing phenomenon of mass tourism In 1973 the European Travel Commission initiated a multilateral effort to advance environmentally sound tourism and development 18 Jost Krippendorf a former professor at the University of Bern is considered to be one of the first individuals to express ideas about sustainable tourism In his book The landscape eaters Krippendorf argues for sanfter turismus or soft tourism 89 The South African national tourism policy 1996 90 used the term responsible tourism and mentioned the well being of the local community as a main factor 91 In 2014 the Cape Town Declaration on Responsible Tourism focused on the role of business in promoting responsible tourism 92 While further research is needed to understand the impacts of responsible tourism a study conducted in 2017 found that well managed responsible tourism practices were beneficial to local communities 93 Examples EditForest tourism Edit The Haliburton Sustainable Forest in central Ontario Canada is a sustainably managed and privately owned 100 000 forest that supports both tourism and the logging industry 94 Based on a 100 year plan for sustaining the forest the Haliburton Sustainable Forest has sources of income with tourism and logging that contribute to the long term stability of the local economy and to the health of the forest In just over four decades the forest has been transformed from a run down forestry holding to a flourishing multi use operation with benefits to owners employees and the public at large as well as the environment 3 382 Sustainable touristic cities Edit In 2019 Machu Picchu in Peru was recognized as Latin America s first 100 sustainable city through the management of its waste 3 383 Organizations Edit Biosphere Tourism is an organization that certifies industry players who are able to balance sociocultural economic and ecological factors within a tourism destination 3 384 The TreadRight Foundation The Travel Corporation s not for profit foundation has been recognized in 2019 by the UNWTO s annual awards for its pioneering work in sustainability 3 384 See also EditBEST Education Network International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development Journal of Sustainable Tourism Mohonk Agreement World Tourism Day OvertourismReferences Edit Sustainable development UNWTO www unwto org Retrieved 2020 09 25 Zeng L Economic Development and Mountain Tourism Research from 2010 to 2020 Bibliometric Analysis and Science Mapping Approach Sustainability 2022 14 562 https doi org 10 3390 su14010562 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Fennell David A Cooper Chris 2020 Sustainable Tourism Principles Contexts and Practices Bristol Blue Ridge Summit Multilingual Matters pp 198 234 doi 10 21832 9781845417673 ISBN 978 1 84541 767 3 S2CID 228913882 Peeters P Gossling S Ceron J P Dubois G Patterson T Richardson R B Studies E 2004 The Eco efficiency of Tourism Bramwell B amp Lane B 1993 Sustainable tourism An evolving global approach Journal of sustainable tourism 1 1 1 5 Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals Journey to 2030 Highlights World Tourism Organization 2017 12 18 doi 10 18111 9789284419340 ISBN 978 92 844 1934 0 Tourism amp Sustainable Development Goals Tourism for SDGs Retrieved 2021 01 10 Travel amp Tourism Economic Impact World Travel amp Tourism Council WTTC wttc org Retrieved 2022 10 21 New directions in rural tourism Derek Hall Lesley Roberts Morag Mitchell London England 2016 ISBN 978 1 351 91502 1 OCLC 980828139 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link TOURISM 4 SDGs UNWTO www unwto org Retrieved 2021 08 30 United Nations 2018 Economic and Social Council Conference of European Statisticians Geneva PDF United Nations Geneva Retrieved September 19 2020 a b United Nations 2017 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development A RES 71 313 Archived 28 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine a b Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals Journey to 2030 Highlights World Tourism Organization 2017 doi 10 18111 9789284419340 ISBN 9789284419340 Retrieved 2021 01 10 Goal 14 targets UNDP Retrieved 2020 09 24 UNWTO Tourism Definitions August 28 2021 UNWTO Tourism Definitions UNWTO a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Poon Auliana 1993 Tourism technology and competitive strategies Wallingford CAB International ISBN 0 85198 751 6 OCLC 29467917 Han Heesup 2021 Consumer behavior and environmental sustainability in tourism and hospitality a review of theories concepts and latest research Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29 7 1021 1042 doi 10 1080 09669582 2021 1903019 S2CID 233247168 a b c Responsible tourism concepts theories and practices David Leslie Cambridge MA CAB International 2012 ISBN 978 1 84593 987 8 OCLC 785808916 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Fennell David A 2008 Responsible Tourism A Kierkegaardian Interpretation Tourism Recreation Research 33 1 3 12 doi 10 1080 02508281 2008 11081285 ISSN 0250 8281 S2CID 154024781 CREST 2016 The Case for Responsible Travel Trends amp Statistics 2016 PDF a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Apollo Michal 2018 Ethics in tourism as a key to development prosperity and well being of all stakeholders 3rd International Congress on Ethics and Tourism Krakow 27 28 April 2017 International Journal of Environmental Studies 75 2 361 365 doi 10 1080 00207233 2017 1383076 ISSN 0020 7233 S2CID 103853371 Goodwin Harold 2016 Responsible Tourism Using Tourism for Sustainable Development 2nd ed Oxford Goodfellow Publishers Ltd ISBN 978 1 910158 86 9 OCLC 962452286 a b Diallo Mbaye Fall Diop Sall Fatou Leroux Erick Valette Florence Pierre 2015 Responsible tourist behaviour The role of social engagement Recherche et Applications en Marketing English Edition 3 85 104 via SAGE Ferguson Lucy Moreno Alarcon Daniela September 2014 Gender and sustainable tourism reflections on theory and practice Journal of Sustainable Tourism 23 401 416 via Taylor amp Francis Anita Pelumarom The Politics of Tourism and Poverty Reduction Responsible Tourism Ed David Leslie CABI 2012 90 106 Wheeler Brian June 1991 Tourism s troubled times Responsible Tourism is not the answer Tourism Management 91 16 What is not Ecotourism Global Ecotourism Network GEN www globalecotourismnetwork org Retrieved 2020 08 17 Honey Martha 2008 Ecotourism and Sustainable Development Who Owns Paradise Second ed Washington DC Island Press ISBN 978 1 59726 125 8 Ecotourism vs Sustainable Tourism Integra developing impact from opportunity September 1 2021 Archived from the original on 2021 09 01 Budeanu Miller 2016 Sustainable tourism progress challenges and opportunities an introduction Journal of Cleaner Production 111 285 294 doi 10 1016 j jclepro 2015 10 027 a b c Monbiot G 1994 No Man s Land London Macmillan a b c Olerokonga T 1992 What about the Maasai In Focus 4 6 7 Aas C Ladkin A Fletcher J 2005 Stakeholder collaboration and heritage management PDF Annals of Tourism Research 32 1 28 48 doi 10 1016 j annals 2004 04 005 Fennell David A 2020 Ecotourism 5th ed Abingdon Oxon ISBN 978 0 367 36459 5 OCLC 1125278245 McAllister Ryan RJ Taylor Bruce M 2015 Partnerships for sustainability governance a synthesis of key themes Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 12 86 90 doi 10 1016 j cosust 2015 01 001 Iyyer Chaitanya December 2009 Land management challenges and strategies ISBN 9789380228488 north sulawesi information pages Malhado A de Araujo L Rothfuss R 2014 The attitude behavior gap and the role of information in influencing sustainable mobility in mega events Ch 7 in Understanding and Governing Sustainable Tourism Mobility Psychological and Behavioural Approaches Ostrowska Tryzno Anna Muszynska Agnieszka 2018 Sustainable Tourism Services As An Exceptional Product For The Mice Destination Case Study Reykjavik Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula in Polish 1 55 164 174 ISSN 2084 4689 a b Reay DS 2004 New Directions Flying in the face of the climate change convention Atmospheric Environment 38 5 p 793 794 AGU Fall Meeting FAQs See the Virtual Options section Anukrati Sharma amp Haza A 2021 Overtourism as Destination Risk Impacts and Solutions Bingley Emerald Group Environmental Sustainability Moscone Center www moscone com Retrieved 2022 06 15 McCool S F Moisey R N 2001 Integrating environmental and social concerns over tourism development In S F McCool amp R N Moisey eds Tourism recreation and sustainability linking culture and the environment pp 17 20 CABI Publishing Oxon Thuot Lea Vaugeois Nicole Maher Patrick 2010 Fostering innovation in sustainable tourism Journal of Rural and Community Development 5 76 89 doi 10 25316 ir 138 ISSN 1712 8277 Moscardo Gianna Konovalov Elena Murphy Laurie McGehee Nancy G Schurmann Andrea 2017 12 01 Linking tourism to social capital in destination communities Journal of Destination Marketing amp Management 6 4 286 295 doi 10 1016 j jdmm 2017 10 001 ISSN 2212 571X Bushell Robyn Bricker Kelly 2017 01 01 Tourism in protected areas Developing meaningful standards Tourism and Hospitality Research 17 1 106 120 doi 10 1177 1467358416636173 ISSN 1467 3584 S2CID 155767802 Global Sustainable Tourism Council GSTC the international accreditation body for sustainable tourism certification Global Sustainable Tourism Council GSTC Retrieved 2021 06 03 Coping with Success Managing Overcrowding in Tourism Destinations McKinsey amp Company December 2017 Singh S 2019 Recognising Sustainability in Tourism Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Bricker Kelly S Lackey N Qwynne Joyner Leah 2022 A Framework for Sustainable Tourism Development in and around National Parks Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 40 1 doi 10 18666 JPRA 2021 11113 ISSN 2160 6862 S2CID 245920801 a b Peeters P Dubois G 2010 Tourism travel under climate change mitigation constraints Journal of Transport Geography 18 3 447 457 doi 10 1016 j jtrangeo 2009 09 003 Hoyer K G 2000 Sustainable tourism or sustainable mobility The Norwegian case Journal of Sustainable Tourism 8 2 147 160 doi 10 1080 09669580008667354 S2CID 153821161 Gossling S Hall M Peeters P Scott D 2010 The future of tourism can tourism growth and climate policy be reconciled A mitigation perspective Tourism Recreation Research 35 2 119 130 doi 10 1080 02508281 2010 11081628 S2CID 128883926 a b c Cohen S Higham J E Peeters P Gossling S 2014 Why tourism mobility behaviors must change Ch 1 in Understanding and Governing Sustainable Tourism Mobility Psychological and Behavioural Approaches Cohen S Higham J Cavaliere C 2011 Binge flying Behavioural addiction and climate change Annals of Tourism Research Larsen G R Guiver J W 2013 Understanding tourists perceptions of distance a key to reducing the environmental impacts of tourism mobility Journal of Sustainable Tourism 21 7 968 981 doi 10 1080 09669582 2013 819878 S2CID 154395334 Gossling S Ceron J P Dubois G Hall C M Gossling I S Upham P Earthscan L 2009 Hypermobile travellers Archived 2010 06 19 at the Wayback Machine Chapter 6 in Climate Change and Aviation Issues Challenges and Solutions Call for Action Accelerate Social and Economic Recovery by investing in sustainable tourism Policy priorities Lenzen Manfred Sun Ya Yen Faturay Futu Ting Yuan Peng Geschke Arne Malik Arunima 7 May 2018 The carbon footprint of global tourism Nature Climate Change Springer Nature Limited 8 6 522 528 Bibcode 2018NatCC 8 522L doi 10 1038 s41558 018 0141 x ISSN 1758 6798 S2CID 90810502 between 2009 and 2013 tourism s global carbon footprint has increased from 3 9 to 4 5 GtCO2e four times more than previously estimated accounting for about 8 of global greenhouse gas emissions Transport shopping and food are significant contributors The majority of this footprint is exerted by and in high income countries a b Brohman J 1996 New Directions in Tourism for Third World Development Annals of Tourism Research 23 48 70 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 330 6563 doi 10 1016 0160 7383 95 00043 7 Mowforth M amp Munt I 1998 Tourism and Sustainability New Tourism in the Third World London Routledge a b Avieli Nir Sermoneta Tsahala 2020 10 07 Maasai on the phone materiality tourism and the extraordinary in Zanzibar Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 7 1 1 10 doi 10 1057 s41599 020 00607 7 ISSN 2662 9992 Moghimehfar F amp Halpenny E A 2016 How do people negotiate through their constraints to engage in pro environmental behavior A study of front country campers in Alberta Canada Tourism Management 57 362 372 Pueyo Ros Josep 2018 09 18 The Role of Tourism in the Ecosystem Services Framework Land 7 3 111 doi 10 3390 land7030111 ISSN 2073 445X de Groot Rudolf S Wilson Matthew A Boumans Roelof M J 2002 A typology for the classification description and valuation of ecosystem functions goods and services Ecological Economics 41 3 393 408 doi 10 1016 S0921 8009 02 00089 7 Chapter 3 EIA process www fao org Retrieved 2022 06 15 Drake S 1991 Local Participation in ecotourism project in Nature Tourism Washington D C Island Press p 132 Epler Wood M 1991 Global Solutions on ecotourism society in Nature Tourism Washington D C Island Press p 204 Trejos B Chiang LHN 2009 Local economic linkages to community based tourism in rural Costa Rica Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 30 3 373 387 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9493 2009 00375 x Mader R 1996 Honduras Notes email communications cited in Mowforth and Munt 1998 Tourism and Sustainability New Tourism in the Third World London Routledge ISBN 978 0203437292 Harrison D 1992 International Tourism in the less developed countries Chichester Wiley pp 1 18 Baskin J 1995 Local economic development Tourism Good or Bad In Tourism workshop proceedings small medium micro enterprises Johannesburg Land and Agriculture Policy Center pp 102 116 a b Scheyvens R 1999 Ecotourism and the Empowerment of Local Communities Tourism Management 20 2 245 249 doi 10 1016 s0261 5177 98 00069 7 Scheyvens R 2002 Backpacker tourism and third world development Annals of Tourism Research 1 29 144 164 doi 10 1016 s0160 7383 01 00030 5 Lea J P 1988 Tourism and Development in the Third World London Routledge ISBN 978 0 203 04039 3 de Ville de Goyet Claude Marti Ricardo Zapata Osorio Claudio 2006 Jamison Dean T Breman Joel G Measham Anthony R Alleyne George eds Natural Disaster Mitigation and Relief Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries 2nd ed Washington DC World Bank ISBN 978 0 8213 6179 5 PMID 21250364 retrieved 2022 06 18 Tourism Policy Responses to the coronavirus COVID 19 OECD Retrieved 2022 06 18 International Tourist Numbers Down 65 in the First Half of 2020 UNWTO Reports www unwto org Retrieved 2020 09 25 Ateljevic Irena 2020 05 26 Transforming the tourism world for good and re generating the potential new normal Tourism Geographies 22 3 467 475 doi 10 1080 14616688 2020 1759134 ISSN 1461 6688 S2CID 219046224 a b Gossling Stefan Scott Daniel Hall C Michael 2021 01 02 Pandemics tourism and global change a rapid assessment of COVID 19 Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29 1 1 20 doi 10 1080 09669582 2020 1758708 ISSN 0966 9582 S2CID 219068765 Higgins Desbiolles Freya 2021 04 03 The war over tourism challenges to sustainable tourism in the tourism academy after COVID 19 Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29 4 551 569 doi 10 1080 09669582 2020 1803334 ISSN 0966 9582 S2CID 225441193 Claudia Seabra et al 2020 Pandemics and Travel COVID 19 Impacts in the Tourism Industry Bingley Emerald The political economy of degrowth a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Sharma A amp Hassan A 2020 Overtourism as Destination Risk Impacts and Solutions Bingley Emerald Li Zhenhuan Wang Dake Abbas Jaffar Hassan Saad Mubeen Riaqa 2022 04 07 Tourists Health Risk Threats Amid COVID 19 Era Role of Technology Innovation Transformation and Recovery Implications for Sustainable Tourism Frontiers in Psychology 12 769175 doi 10 3389 fpsyg 2021 769175 ISSN 1664 1078 PMC 9022775 PMID 35465147 Fennell David A 2021 Technology and the sustainable tourist in the new age of disruption Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29 5 767 773 doi 10 1080 09669582 2020 1769639 ISSN 0966 9582 S2CID 219751875 Bac Dorin Paul 2014 THE EMERGENCE OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM A LITERATURE REVIEW PDF Quaestus Multidisciplinary Research Journal 1 1 1 via University of Oradea http www haroldgoodwin info resources Explanatory 20Note pdf bare URL PDF Brohman John 1996 New directions in tourism for third world development Annals of Tourism Research 23 48 70 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 330 6563 doi 10 1016 0160 7383 95 00043 7 Cape Town Declaration on Responsible Tourism Responsible Tourism Partnership 20 October 2014 Retrieved 9 September 2020 Mathew Paul V Sreejesh S July 2016 Impact of responsible tourism on destination sustainability and quality of life of community in tourism destinations Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 31 83 89 via Elsevier Science Direct The Haliburton Forest amp Wildlife Reserve Ltd August 24 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link External links Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Responsible travel Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sustainable tourism International Centre for Responsible Tourism Linking Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Tourism at World Heritage Sites UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Sustainable Development African Fair Tourism amp Trade Organisation Cape Town Declaration on Responsible Tourism Global Sustainable Tourism Council 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sustainable tourism amp oldid 1134626925, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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