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Ethnology

April 10, 2024

Not to be confused with Ethology, Ethnography, Etiology, or Ecology.
For the journal, see Ethnology (journal).

Ethnology (from the Greek: ἔθνος, ethnos meaning 'nation')[1] is an academic field and discipline that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationships between them (compare cultural, social, or sociocultural anthropology).[2]

Scientific discipline edit

 
Adam František Kollár, 1779
Further information: Ethnicity

Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes the research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures.

The term ethnologia (ethnology) is credited to Adam Franz Kollár (1718-1783) who used and defined it in his Historiae ivrisqve pvblici Regni Vngariae amoenitates published in Vienna in 1783.[3] as: "the science of nations and peoples, or, that study of learned men in which they inquire into the origins, languages, customs, and institutions of various nations, and finally into the fatherland and ancient seats, in order to be able better to judge the nations and peoples in their own times."[4]

Kollár's interest in linguistic and cultural diversity was aroused by the situation in his native multi-ethnic and multilingual Kingdom of Hungary and his roots among its Slovaks, and by the shifts that began to emerge after the gradual retreat of the Ottoman Empire in the more distant Balkans.[5]

Among the goals of ethnology have been the reconstruction of human history, and the formulation of cultural invariants, such as the incest taboo and culture change, and the formulation of generalizations about "human nature", a concept which has been criticized since the 19th century by various philosophers (Hegel, Marx, structuralism, etc.). In some parts of the world, ethnology has developed along independent paths of investigation and pedagogical doctrine, with cultural anthropology becoming dominant especially in the United States, and social anthropology in Great Britain. The distinction between the three terms is increasingly blurry. Ethnology has been considered an academic field since the late 18th century, especially in Europe and is sometimes conceived of as any comparative study of human groups.

 
Claude Lévi-Strauss
 
İzmir Ethnography Museum seen from the courtyard

The 15th-century exploration of America by European explorers had an important role in formulating new notions of the Occident (the Western world), such as the notion of the "Other". This term was used in conjunction with "savages", which was either seen as a brutal barbarian, or alternatively, as the "noble savage". Thus, civilization was opposed in a dualist manner to barbary, a classic opposition constitutive of the even more commonly shared ethnocentrism. The progress of ethnology, for example with Claude Lévi-Strauss's structural anthropology, led to the criticism of conceptions of a linear progress, or the pseudo-opposition between "societies with histories" and "societies without histories", judged too dependent on a limited view of history as constituted by accumulative growth.

Lévi-Strauss often referred to Montaigne's essay on cannibalism as an early example of ethnology. Lévi-Strauss aimed, through a structural method, at discovering universal invariants in human society, chief among which he believed to be the incest taboo. However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th- and 20th-century social thinkers, including Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, Derrida, Althusser, and Deleuze.

The French school of ethnology was particularly significant for the development of the discipline, since the early 1950s. Important figures in this movement have included Lévi-Strauss, Paul Rivet, Marcel Griaule, Germaine Dieterlen, and Jean Rouch.

Scholars edit

See: List of scholars of ethnology

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ . Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  2. ^ . Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  3. ^ Zmago Šmitek and Božidar Jezernik, "The anthropological tradition in Slovenia." In: Han F. Vermeulen and Arturo Alvarez Roldán, eds. Fieldwork and Footnotes: Studies in the History of European Anthropology. 1995.
  4. ^ Kollár, Adam František − Historiae jurisque publici regni Ungariae amoenitates, I-II. Vienna., 1783
  5. ^ Gheorghiţă Geană, "Discovering the whole of humankind: the genesis of anthropology through the Hegelian looking-glass." In: Han F. Vermeulen and Arturo Alvarez Roldán, eds. Fieldwork and Footnotes: Studies in the History of European Anthropology. 1995.

Bibliography edit

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethnology.
  • What is European Ethnology?
  • Webpage "History of German Anthropology/Ethnology 1945/49-1990
  • Languages describes the languages and ethnic groups found worldwide, grouped by host nation-state.
  • Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History – over 160,000 objects from Pacific, North American, African, Asian ethnographic collections with images and detailed description, linked to the original catalogue pages, field notebooks, and photographs are available online.
  • National Museum of Ethnology – Osaka, Japan
  •   Texts on Wikisource:

April 10, 2024
ethnology, confused, with, ethology, ethnography, etiology, ecology, journal, journal, from, greek, ἔθνος, ethnos, meaning, nation, academic, field, discipline, that, compares, analyzes, characteristics, different, peoples, relationships, between, them, compar. Not to be confused with Ethology Ethnography Etiology or Ecology For the journal see Ethnology journal Ethnology from the Greek ἔ8nos ethnos meaning nation 1 is an academic field and discipline that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationships between them compare cultural social or sociocultural anthropology 2 Contents 1 Scientific discipline 2 Scholars 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksScientific discipline edit nbsp Adam Frantisek Kollar 1779Further information Ethnicity Compared to ethnography the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture ethnology takes the research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures The term ethnologia ethnology is credited to Adam Franz Kollar 1718 1783 who used and defined it in his Historiae ivrisqve pvblici Regni Vngariae amoenitates published in Vienna in 1783 3 as the science of nations and peoples or that study of learned men in which they inquire into the origins languages customs and institutions of various nations and finally into the fatherland and ancient seats in order to be able better to judge the nations and peoples in their own times 4 Kollar s interest in linguistic and cultural diversity was aroused by the situation in his native multi ethnic and multilingual Kingdom of Hungary and his roots among its Slovaks and by the shifts that began to emerge after the gradual retreat of the Ottoman Empire in the more distant Balkans 5 Among the goals of ethnology have been the reconstruction of human history and the formulation of cultural invariants such as the incest taboo and culture change and the formulation of generalizations about human nature a concept which has been criticized since the 19th century by various philosophers Hegel Marx structuralism etc In some parts of the world ethnology has developed along independent paths of investigation and pedagogical doctrine with cultural anthropology becoming dominant especially in the United States and social anthropology in Great Britain The distinction between the three terms is increasingly blurry Ethnology has been considered an academic field since the late 18th century especially in Europe and is sometimes conceived of as any comparative study of human groups nbsp Claude Levi Strauss nbsp Izmir Ethnography Museum seen from the courtyardThe 15th century exploration of America by European explorers had an important role in formulating new notions of the Occident the Western world such as the notion of the Other This term was used in conjunction with savages which was either seen as a brutal barbarian or alternatively as the noble savage Thus civilization was opposed in a dualist manner to barbary a classic opposition constitutive of the even more commonly shared ethnocentrism The progress of ethnology for example with Claude Levi Strauss s structural anthropology led to the criticism of conceptions of a linear progress or the pseudo opposition between societies with histories and societies without histories judged too dependent on a limited view of history as constituted by accumulative growth Levi Strauss often referred to Montaigne s essay on cannibalism as an early example of ethnology Levi Strauss aimed through a structural method at discovering universal invariants in human society chief among which he believed to be the incest taboo However the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th and 20th century social thinkers including Marx Nietzsche Foucault Derrida Althusser and Deleuze The French school of ethnology was particularly significant for the development of the discipline since the early 1950s Important figures in this movement have included Levi Strauss Paul Rivet Marcel Griaule Germaine Dieterlen and Jean Rouch Scholars editSee List of scholars of ethnologySee also editAnthropology Cultural anthropology Comparative cultural studies Cross cultural studies Ethnography Folklore studies Cultural survival Culture Ethnocentrism Evolutionism Indigenous peoples Intangible cultural heritage Marxism Meta analysis Critical theory Modernism Postmodernism Postcolonial Decoloniality Primitive culture Primitivism Scientific Racism Secondary research Society Structural anthropology Structural functionalism Ethnobiology Ethnopoetics Ethnic studies Critical race studies Cultural studiesReferences edit ethno Oxford Dictionaries Oxford University Press Archived from the original on May 15 2013 Retrieved 21 March 2013 ethnology Oxford Dictionaries Oxford University Press Archived from the original on May 15 2013 Retrieved 21 March 2013 Zmago Smitek and Bozidar Jezernik The anthropological tradition in Slovenia In Han F Vermeulen and Arturo Alvarez Roldan eds Fieldwork and Footnotes Studies in the History of European Anthropology 1995 Kollar Adam Frantisek Historiae jurisque publici regni Ungariae amoenitates I II Vienna 1783 Gheorghiţă Geană Discovering the whole of humankind the genesis of anthropology through the Hegelian looking glass In Han F Vermeulen and Arturo Alvarez Roldan eds Fieldwork and Footnotes Studies in the History of European Anthropology 1995 Bibliography editForster Johann Georg Adam Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty s Sloop Resolution Commanded by Capt James Cook during the Years 1772 3 4 and 5 2 vols London 1777 Levi Strauss Claude The Elementary Structures of Kinship 1949 Structural Anthropology 1958 Mauss Marcel originally published as Essai sur le don Forme et raison de l echange dans les societes archaiques in 1925 this classic text on gift economy appears in the English edition as The Gift The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies Maybury Lewis David Akwe Shavante society 1967 The Politics of Ethnicity Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States 2003 Clastres Pierre Society Against the State 1974 Pop Mihai and Glauco Sanga Problemi generali dell etnologia europea La Ricerca Folklorica No 1 La cultura popolare Questioni teoriche April 1980 pp 89 96 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethnology What is European Ethnology Webpage History of German Anthropology Ethnology 1945 49 1990 Languages describes the languages and ethnic groups found worldwide grouped by host nation state Division of Anthropology American Museum of Natural History over 160 000 objects from Pacific North American African Asian ethnographic collections with images and detailed description linked to the original catalogue pages field notebooks and photographs are available online National Museum of Ethnology Osaka Japan nbsp Texts on Wikisource Rhyn G A F Van 1879 Ethnology The American Cyclopaedia McGee W J 1905 Ethnology New International Encyclopedia Ethnology The Nuttall Encyclopaedia 1907 Ethnology and ethnography Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed 1911 Ethnology The New Student s Reference Work 1914 Butler Amos W 1920 Ethnology Encyclopedia Americana Ethnology Collier s New Encyclopedia 1921 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ethnology amp oldid 1210685730, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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