Indigenous Protected Area

This article is about protected areas of land. For Aboriginal reserves created by Acts of parliament from the 19th C, see Aboriginal reserves.

An Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) is a class of protected area used in Australia; each is formed by voluntary agreement with Indigenous Australians, and declared by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander representative organisations. Each is formally recognised by the Australian Government as being part of its National Reserve System.^[1][2] The areas may comprise land and sea, and are managed by Indigenous groups for the conservation of biodiversity. Managing IPAs also helps to protect the cultural values of their country for future generations, and has benefits for Indigenous health, education, economic and social cohesion.^[3]

The proposed Ngarrabullgin Indigenous Protected Area

Yaua waterhole after rain, Angas Downs IPA

As of 2020, there were 78 IPAs, covering around 46.53% of the National Reserve system.^[4] In September 2021, a further seven IPAs were declared, which will lead to IPAs comprising more than half of Australia's National Reserve System.^[5]

Indigenous rangers are employed to work in IPAs as well as in other remote areas of Australia, on land management and related projects.^[6]

History

During the 1990s the Australian Government was working in cooperation with State and Territory Governments to build a National Reserve System aimed at protecting, for future generations, a representative sample of Australia's diverse range of flora, fauna and eco-systems.^[7]

As part of this effort, Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander owners of lands and seas were asked, and many who were interested in re-establishing effective indigenous land management agreed to participate in this endeavour.^[7]

At a national conference of Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders held in 1997, it was agreed and resolved by the delegates present that a new class of "Indigenous" protected area should be formed as follows:^[8]

An Indigenous Protected Area is [to be] governed by the continuing responsibilities of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to care for and protect lands and waters for present and future generations... Indigenous Protected Areas may include areas of land and waters over which Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders are custodians, and which shall be managed for cultural biodiversity and conservation, permitting customary sustainable resource use and sharing of benefit.

The first trialling of this new environmental partnership aimed at adding the new class of Protected Areas to Australia's National Reserve System, was with the Adnyamathanha people of Nepabunna Aboriginal community, volunteering 580 square kilometres (220 sq mi) of rugged limestone hills, siltstone flats, springs and waterholes between the Flinders Ranges and Gammon Ranges National Parks to be managed as an Indigenous Protected Area.^[7][9][10]

The land selected for the first proposed Indigenous Protected area was held by the South Australian Aboriginal Lands Trust (on a 99-year lease, for the Adnyamathanha people^[11]), and, by 26 August 1998, an agreement had been reached to see the people of Nepabunna Aboriginal community engaged and some employed in restoring the landscape to its former natural and cultural value, and Australia's first Indigenous Protected Area, the Nantawarrina Indigenous Protected Area was declared.^[9] At the opening ceremony in 1998, Nantawarrina was declared "the first Indigenous Protected Area in South Australia, Australia and internationally" by Gurtrude Johnson, an Adnyamathanha traditional owner.^[11]

By 2007 the kind of partnership agreed and started with the Nantawarrina Indigenous Protected Area had grown to include 23 declared Indigenous Protected Areas covering close to 170,000 km² (66,000 sq mi), or 23 per cent of the National Reserve System. By agreeing to establish Indigenous Protected Areas, Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander peoples contributed two-thirds of all new additions to Australia's National Reserve System over the decade 1997–2007.^[7]

In July 2012, The Nature Conservancy, alongside IPA alongside the Central Land Council and government representatives from Australia’s National Reserve System, helped announce the launch of the Southern Tanami Indigenous Protected Area. This Indigenous Protected Area is Australia’s largest land reserve, spanning 10,150,000 hectares (25,100,000 acres).^[12] It protects important pieces of the Northern Territory’s natural legacy. Included in the Southern Tanami reserve are much of Lake Mackay—Australia’s second-largest lake—and an enormous swathe of the Tanami Desert. This IPA links a variety of habitats that includes deserts and savannas, giving plant and animal species the space they need to manoeuvre around threats like bushfires and climate change.^[13]

Two new areas were declared in Western Australia in 2020, bringing the total number to 78.^[14]

In September 2021, a further seven IPAs were declared, which will lead to IPAs comprising more than half of Australia's National Reserve System.^[5]In September 2021, a further seven IPAs were declared, which will lead to IPAs comprising more than half of Australia's National Reserve System.^[5]

In May 2022, the incoming Labor government under Anthony Albanese committed to boosting the funding for managing the IPAs to the tune of A$10 million annually; also to doubling the number of Indigenous rangers to 38,000 by 2030, and also to improving gender diversity in employment.^[15]

Criteria and description

Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander land and sea owners (including native title holders) may be encouraged, or themselves apply to the Australian Government to establish an Indigenous Protected Area on their lands/seas. However, an Indigenous Protected Area can only come into existence where:^[1]

• land and/or seas are owned by Aboriginal Australian or Torres Strait Islander peoples; and
• significant biodiversity occurs within such Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander-owned lands or seas; and
• the Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders concerned enter into a formal conservation agreement with the Australian Government to manage some of their lands or seas as an IUCN standard "protected area".

Most IPAs are dedicated under IUCN Categories 5 and 6, which promote a balance between conservation and other sustainable uses to deliver social, cultural and economic benefits for local Indigenous communities.^[4][3] Indigenous rangers are employed to work in IPAs as well as in other remote areas of Australia, on land management and related projects.^[6]

IPA data

IPA data is available online from several sources.

• Three maps offering different views of all IPA project locations are available on the National Indigenous Australians Agency's IPA page: an interactive map and project summaries; Indigenous Protected Areas (PDF) and the Indigenous Protected Areas - Commonwealth Funded Indigenous Ranger Groups (PDF), which also lists the ranger group names.^[4]
• Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment's Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD).^[16] Updated on a two-year schedule, but some data values may be incorrect or out-of-date. Data provided via Excel spreadsheets, by state and territory.
• The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), "the most comprehensive global database of marine and terrestrial protected areas", is a produced by the UN Environment Programme and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Says it is updated monthly,^[17] but the Australian section as of September 2021 shows the Australian Government source as 2020 (lists 78 IPAs under "Indigenous peoples").^[18]

List of Indigenous Protected Areas

Federal

• Booderee National Park and Botanic Gardens, in the Jervis Bay Territory, managed by the Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community^[19][20]

New South Wales

New South Wales IPAs include:^[21]

• Brewarrina Ngemba Billabong Indigenous Protected Area
• Boorabee and The Willows Indigenous Protected Area
• Gumma Indigenous Protected Area
• Minyumai Indigenous Protected Area
• Ngunya Jargoon Indigenous Protected Area
• Tarriwa Kurrukun Indigenous Protected Area
• Toogimbie Indigenous Protected Area
• Wattleridge Indigenous Protected Area
• Weilmoringle Indigenous Protected Area

Northern Territory

Northern Territory IPAs include:^[22]

• Angas Downs Indigenous Protected Area
• Anindilyakwa Indigenous Protected Area
• Dhimurru Indigenous Protected Area – declared in 2000, it was the first land/sea IPA in Australia^[23]
• Djelk Indigenous Protected Area
• Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve ?
• Katiti Petermann Indigenous Protected Area - declared on 1 October 2015, more than 5,000,000 hectares (12,000,000 acres) in Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park.^[24]
• Laynhapuy Indigenous Protected Area - 600,000 hectares (1,500,000 acres), created in 2006^[25]
• Marri-Jabin | Stage one of the Thamarrurr Indigenous Protected Area
• Northern Tanami Indigenous Protected Area
• Southern Tanami Indigenous Protected Area
• South-East Arnhem Land Indigenous Protected Area
• Warddeken Indigenous Protected Area
• Yanyuwa Indigenous Protected Area

Queensland

Queensland IPAs include:

• Eastern Kuku Yalanji Indigenous Protected Area^[26]
• Guanaba Indigenous Protected Area^[26]
• Kaanju Ngaachi Wenlock and Pascoe Rivers Indigenous Protected Area^[26]
• Magani Lagaugal Indigenous Protected Area (Torres Strait Islands, declared Sep 2021)^[5]
• Mandingalbay Yidinji Indigenous Protected Area^[26]
• Masigalal Indigenous Protected Area (Torres Strait Islands, declared Sep 2021)^[5]
• Thuwathu-Bujimulla Indigenous Protected Area
• Umpila Indigenous Protected Area (Cape York, declared Sep 2021)^[5]
• Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area^[26]

South Australia

South Australian IPAs include:^[27]

• Antara-Sandy Bore Indigenous Protected Area
• Kalka-Pipalyatjara Indigenous Protected Area
• Mount Willoughby Indigenous Protected Area
• Nantawarrina Indigenous Protected Area
• Watarru and Walalkara Indigenous Protected Area
• Yalata Indigenous Protected Area^[28]

Tasmania

Tasmanian IPAs include:^[29]

• Preminghana Indigenous Protected Area
• Risdon Cove and Putalina Indigenous Protected Areas
• Mount Chappell and Badger Islands Indigenous Protected Areas

Victoria

Victorian IPAs include:^[30][31][32]

• Deen Maar Indigenous Protected Area
• Framlingham Forest Indigenous Protected Area
• Kurtonitj Indigenous Protected Area
• Lake Condah Indigenous Protected Area
• Tyrendarra Indigenous Protected Area

Western Australia

See also: List of Indigenous Protected Areas of Western Australia

Western Australian IPAs include:^[33][14][3]

• Balanggarra Indigenous Protected Area
• Bardi Jawi Indigenous Protected Area
• Birriliburu Indigenous Protected Area (Little Sandy Desert, and Gascoyne, 2013, Martu people, 6,600,000 hectares (16,000,000 acres)^[34])
• Dambimangari Indigenous Protected Area
• Karajarri Indigenous Protected Area
• Kiwirrkurra Indigenous Protected Area
• Matuwa and Kurrara-Kurrara Indigenous Protected Area
• Ngaanyatjarra Indigenous Protected Area
• Ngadju Indigenous Protected Area (2020, north of Esperance, in the Western Australian Goldfields, Ngadju people, 4,399,300 ha (10,871,000 acres))
• Ngururrpa Indigenous Protected Area (2020, in the Great Sandy Desert, 2,962,988 hectares (7,321,700 acres))
• Ninghan Indigenous Protected Area
• Nyangumarta Warrarn Indigenous Protected Area
• Paruku Indigenous Protected Area
• Uunguu Indigenous Protected Area
• Warlu Jilajaa Jumu Indigenous Protected Area
• Wilinggin Indigenous Protected Area
• Yawuru Indigenous Protected Area

New areas declared September 2021:^[5]

• Mayala Indigenous Protected Area (Kimberley)
• Ngurra Kayanta Indigenous Protected Area (Great Sandy Desert)
• Nykina Mangala Indigenous Protected Area (Kimberley)
• Warramba garr wambooriny Indigenous Protected Area (Kimberley)

2020: New IPAs

As of 2022^[update], there are 20 new proposed IPAs under consultation at the following locations:^[35]

• Tiwi Islands, north of Darwin, Northern Territory (Tiwi Land Council)
• Haasts Bluff, south-west Northern Territory (Central Land Council)
• Mamu Wet Tropics, far north Queensland (Mamu Aboriginal Corporation)
• Arafura Swamp, north-east Arnhem Land, Northern Territory (Arafura Swamp Rangers Aboriginal Corporation)
• Maralinga Tjarutja Lands, western South Australia (Oak Valley (Maralinga) Aboriginal Corporation)
• Mimal, south-east Arnhem Land, Northern Territory (Mimal Land Management).^[36][37]
• Wuthathi Shelburne Bay, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland (Wuthathi Aboriginal Corporation)
• Olkola, central Cape York Peninsula, Queensland (Olkola Aboriginal Corporation)
• Crocodile Islands Maringa, north-east Arnhem Land, Northern Territory (Milingimbi & Outstations Progress Resource Association)
• Spinifex Pilki, south-east Western Australia (Pila Nguru Aboriginal Corporation)

Awards

The World Future Council (WFC) awarded the Indigenous Protected Areas and Indigenous Rangers programs with the"Bronze Future Policy Award 2017: Desertification".^[38][39]

See also

• Aboriginal reserve
• Community Conservation Areas
• Indian reservation (US)
• Indian reserve (Canada)
• Minister for Indigenous Australians
• Protected areas of Australia
• Territory of Traditional Natural Resource Use, in Russia

References

1. . Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. 7 December 2007. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
2. "National Reserve System". Department of the Environment and Energy. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
3. "Indigenous Protected Areas". Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Retrieved 4 September 2021.   Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under an Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0 AU) licence.
4. "Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs)". National Indigenous Australians Agency. Retrieved 4 September 2021.   Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. (See notice.)
5. "A Huge Win for Country – Seven New Indigenous Protected Areas". Country Needs People. 3 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
6. "Indigenous Ranger Program". National Indigenous Australians Agency. Retrieved 1 February 2020.   Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under an Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.
7. Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Water Resources (May 2007), Growing up strong: The first 10 years of Indigenous Protected Areas in Australia (PDF), Canberra: Australian Government, ISBN 978-0-642-55352-2, retrieved 8 May 2008
8. . Archived from the original on 23 July 2008.
9. Australia, Parks. "Indigenous Protected Areas: Nantawarrina. Case study". Environment.gov.au. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
10. "Contact". Nepabunna. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
11. "Nantawarrina, the first IPA in Australia". indigenous.com.au. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
12. "Australia's biggest protected area declared". ABC. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
13. . The Nature Conservancy in Australia. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
14. Snow, Madison (10 October 2020). "Goldfields and Great Sandy Desert sites add 7 million hectares to Indigenous Protected Areas". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 27 November 2020.
15. "Doubling Indigenous Rangers". Australian Labor Party. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
16. "CAPAD: protected area data". Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Australian Government.
17. "Protected Areas (WDPA)". Protected Planet. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
18. "Australia". Protected Planet. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
19. "Caring for country - Indigenous Protected Areas land managers meet at Booderee". Department of the Environment and Energy. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
20. Farrier, David; Adams, Michael (8 August 2017). "Indigenous-Government Co-Management of Protected Areas: Booderee National Park and the National Framework in Australia". S2CID 130712967.
21. "Declared Indigenous Protected Areas in New South Wales". Department of the Environment. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
22. . Department of the Environment. Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
23. "Dhimurru". Country Needs People. 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
24. . The Central Land Council. 1 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
25. "Indigenous Land and Sea Management Projects". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
26. . environment.gov.au. 27 September 2013. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
27. "Declared Indigenous Protected Areas in South Australia". Department of the Environment. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
28. Neagle, N. (2009). "A Biological Survey of the Yalata Indigenous Protected Area, South Australia, 2007 – 2008" (PDF). Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
29. "Declared Indigenous Protected Areas in Tasmania". Department of the Environment. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
30. . Department of the Environment. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
31. "Indigenous land and sea management projects". National Indigenous Australians Agency. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
32. "Framlingham Forest IPA". National Indigenous Australians AgencyVic Projects. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
33. UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2022), Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) and World Database on Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (WD-OECM) [Online], May 2022, Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.
34. "Birriliburu IPA - Central and Southern region". National Indigenous Australians Agency WA projects. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
35. "Indigenous Protected Areas". Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. 18 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
36. "Mimal Land Management". Mimal Land Management. 2 May 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
37. Bardon, Jane (29 February 2020). "The gas field so big it could knock Australia off course from our climate target". ABC News (Background Briefing). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
38. "Bronze Future Policy Award 2017: Desertification". Indigenous.gov.au. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
39. "2017: Desertification". World Future Council. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

Further reading

• Australian Government. Department of the Environment and Water Resources (May 2007), Growing up strong: The first 10 years of Indigenous Protected Areas in Australia (PDF), Canberra: Australian Government, ISBN 978-0-642-55352-2
• Langton, Marcia; Ma Rhea, Zane; Palmer, Lisa (2005). "Community-Oriented Protected Areas for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities" (PDF). Journal of Political Ecology. 12 (1): 23–50. doi:10.2458/v12i1.21672.
• "What are IPAs?". Country Needs People.

External links

• Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment page
• National Indigenous Australians Agency page
• "Indigenous land and sea management projects". National Indigenous Australians Agency. Interactive map
• Map of IPAs as of February 2020