fbpx
Wikipedia

Central Asian Arabic

March 15, 2024

Central Asian Arabic or Jugari Arabic (in Arabic: العربية الآسيوية الوسطى) is a variety of Arabic currently facing extinction and spoken predominantly by Arab communities living in portions of Central Asia.

Central Asian Arabic
Jugari Arabic
Native toAfghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
Speakers(16,000 cited 1992–2023)[1]
Dialects
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
abh – Tajiki Arabic
auz – Uzbeki Arabic
Glottologcent2410
Enclaves in Afghanistan, Iran and Uzbekistan where Central Asian Arabic is still spoken. In brackets, after the name of each region, is the number of villages with Arabic-speaking inhabitants.

It is a very different variant from others known in the Arabic language and, although it bears certain similarities with North Mesopotamian Arabic, it is part of the Central Asian family, an independent linguistic branch of the five main groups of the Modern Standard Arabic. There is no diglossia with Modern Standard Arabic.[2]

It is spoken by an estimated 6,000 people in Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, countries where Arabic is not an official language, and reported to be declining in number.[2]

In contrast to all Arab countries, it is not characterized by diglossia; The Arab ethnic group use Uzbek and Persian (including Dari and Tajiki) to communicate with each other, and as literary language; Speakers are reported to be bilingual, others speak these languages as mother tongue, and only few members of the communities now speak Jugari Arabic.[2]

History edit

Further information: Rashidun Caliphate, Umayyad Caliphate, and Abbasid Caliphate

It was once spoken among Central Asia's numerous settled and nomadic Arab communities who moved there after the fall of Sasanian Empire. They inhabited areas in Samarqand, Bukhara, Qashqadarya, Surkhandarya (present-day Uzbekistan), and Khatlon (present-day Tajikistan), as well as Afghanistan. The first wave of Arabs migrated to this region in the 8th century during the Muslim conquests and was later joined by groups of Arabs from Balkh and Andkhoy (present-day Afghanistan). According to Ibn Al-Athir, the Arabic conquerors settled about 50,000 Arabic families in to Iranian Khorasan, modern day Northern Afghanistan and southern Turkmenistan, but the number is definitely exaggerated.[3] Owing to heavy Islamic influences, Arabic quickly became the common language of science and literature of the epoch. Most Central Asian Arabs lived in isolated communities and did not favour intermarriages with the local population. This factor helped their language survive in a multilingual milieu until the 20th century. By the 1880s many Arab pastoralists had migrated to northern Afghanistan from what is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan following the Russian conquest of Central Asia. These Arabs nowadays speak no Arabic, having adapted to Dari and Uzbek.[4]

With the establishment of the Soviet rule in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, Arab communities faced major linguistic and identity changes having had to abandon nomadic lifestyles and gradually mixing with Uzbeks, Tajiks and Turkmen. According to the 1959 census, only 34% of Soviet Arabs, mostly elderly, spoke their language at a native level. Others reported Uzbek or Tajik as their mother tongue.

Varieties edit

Giorgi Tsereteli and Isaak Natanovich Vinnikov were responsible for the first academic studies of Central Asian Arabic, which is heavily influenced by the local languages in phonetics, vocabulary and syntax.

The Jugari Arabic comprises four varieties: Bakhtiari Arabic (also called Bactrian Arabic), Bukhara Arabic (also called Buxara Arabic), Kashkadarya Arabic and Khorasani Arabic. The first three have their speakers spread across Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Khorasani came to be considered by scholars as part of the Central Asian Arabic dialect family only recently.

It is reported to be spoken in 5 villages of Surkhandarya, Qashqadarya and Bukhara. In Uzbekistan, there are at least two dialects of Central Asian Arabic: Bukharian (influenced by Tajik) and Qashqadaryavi (influenced by Turkic languages). These dialects are not mutually intelligible.[5] In Tajikistan, Central Asian Arabic is spoken by 35.7% of the country's Arab population, having been largely replaced by Tajik.[6] Bakhtiari Arabic is spoken in Arab communities in northern Afghanistan.[7][8] Recent studies considered Khorasani Arabic (spoken in Khorasan, Iran) as part of the Central Asian Arabic family, and found that it was closely related to Qashqadaryavi.[9]

Numbers edit

  • wahid > fad
  • ithnaân > isnen
  • thalatha > salaâs
  • arba’a > orba’

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Tajiki Arabic at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)  
    Uzbeki Arabic at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)  
  2. ^ a b c Frawley, William (2003). "Semitic Languages". International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0195139778.
  3. ^ Prof. Dr. Aydın Usta, Türkler ve İslamiyet, Yeditepe Yayınevi, 1. Baskı, March 2020, s. 56-57 (using the Turkish translation of el-Kamil fi't-Tarih by Ibn Al-Athir as a source)
  4. ^ Peter R. Blood, ed. Afghanistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 2001
  5. ^ (in Russian) Ethnic Minorities of Uzbekistan: Arabs February 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine by Olga Kobzeva
  6. ^ (in Russian) Ethnic Minorities of Tajikistan: Arabs 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Sharqāwī, Muḥammad; al-Sharkawi, Muhammad, eds. (2005). "Foreigner Talk in Arabic". The Ecology of Arabic: A Study of Arabicization. Brill. p. 243. ISBN 978-9004186064.
  8. ^ Owens, Jonathan (2000). Owens, Jonathan (ed.). Arabic as a Minority Language (Contributions to the Sociology of Language). De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 978-3110165784.
  9. ^ Ulrich Seeger, On the Relationship of the Central Asian Arabic Dialects (translated from German to English by Sarah Dickins)

Bibliography edit

  • Versteegh, Kees. The Arabic Language. — Edinburgh University Press, 2014. — 410 p. — ISBN 9780748645282.

March 15, 2024
central, asian, arabic, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, arabic, july, 2022, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, arabic, article, machine, translation, like, d. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Arabic July 2022 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Arabic article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Wikipedia article at ar اللهجات العربية في آسيا الوسطى see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ar اللهجات العربية في آسيا الوسطى to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Central Asian Arabic or Jugari Arabic in Arabic العربية الآسيوية الوسطى is a variety of Arabic currently facing extinction and spoken predominantly by Arab communities living in portions of Central Asia Central Asian ArabicJugari ArabicNative toAfghanistan Iran Tajikistan UzbekistanSpeakers 16 000 cited 1992 2023 1 Language familyAfro Asiatic SemiticWest SemiticCentral SemiticArabicCentral Asian ArabicDialectsBakhtiari Bukharian Kashkadarian KhorasaniLanguage codesISO 639 3Either a href https iso639 3 sil org code abh class extiw title iso639 3 abh abh a Tajiki Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code auz class extiw title iso639 3 auz auz a Uzbeki ArabicGlottologcent2410Enclaves in Afghanistan Iran and Uzbekistan where Central Asian Arabic is still spoken In brackets after the name of each region is the number of villages with Arabic speaking inhabitants It is a very different variant from others known in the Arabic language and although it bears certain similarities with North Mesopotamian Arabic it is part of the Central Asian family an independent linguistic branch of the five main groups of the Modern Standard Arabic There is no diglossia with Modern Standard Arabic 2 It is spoken by an estimated 6 000 people in Afghanistan Iran Tajikistan and Uzbekistan countries where Arabic is not an official language and reported to be declining in number 2 In contrast to all Arab countries it is not characterized by diglossia The Arab ethnic group use Uzbek and Persian including Dari and Tajiki to communicate with each other and as literary language Speakers are reported to be bilingual others speak these languages as mother tongue and only few members of the communities now speak Jugari Arabic 2 Contents 1 History 2 Varieties 3 Numbers 4 See also 5 References 6 BibliographyHistory editFurther information Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate and Abbasid Caliphate It was once spoken among Central Asia s numerous settled and nomadic Arab communities who moved there after the fall of Sasanian Empire They inhabited areas in Samarqand Bukhara Qashqadarya Surkhandarya present day Uzbekistan and Khatlon present day Tajikistan as well as Afghanistan The first wave of Arabs migrated to this region in the 8th century during the Muslim conquests and was later joined by groups of Arabs from Balkh and Andkhoy present day Afghanistan According to Ibn Al Athir the Arabic conquerors settled about 50 000 Arabic families in to Iranian Khorasan modern day Northern Afghanistan and southern Turkmenistan but the number is definitely exaggerated 3 Owing to heavy Islamic influences Arabic quickly became the common language of science and literature of the epoch Most Central Asian Arabs lived in isolated communities and did not favour intermarriages with the local population This factor helped their language survive in a multilingual milieu until the 20th century By the 1880s many Arab pastoralists had migrated to northern Afghanistan from what is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan following the Russian conquest of Central Asia These Arabs nowadays speak no Arabic having adapted to Dari and Uzbek 4 With the establishment of the Soviet rule in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan Arab communities faced major linguistic and identity changes having had to abandon nomadic lifestyles and gradually mixing with Uzbeks Tajiks and Turkmen According to the 1959 census only 34 of Soviet Arabs mostly elderly spoke their language at a native level Others reported Uzbek or Tajik as their mother tongue Varieties editGiorgi Tsereteli and Isaak Natanovich Vinnikov were responsible for the first academic studies of Central Asian Arabic which is heavily influenced by the local languages in phonetics vocabulary and syntax The Jugari Arabic comprises four varieties Bakhtiari Arabic also called Bactrian Arabic Bukhara Arabic also called Buxara Arabic Kashkadarya Arabic and Khorasani Arabic The first three have their speakers spread across Afghanistan Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Khorasani came to be considered by scholars as part of the Central Asian Arabic dialect family only recently It is reported to be spoken in 5 villages of Surkhandarya Qashqadarya and Bukhara In Uzbekistan there are at least two dialects of Central Asian Arabic Bukharian influenced by Tajik and Qashqadaryavi influenced by Turkic languages These dialects are not mutually intelligible 5 In Tajikistan Central Asian Arabic is spoken by 35 7 of the country s Arab population having been largely replaced by Tajik 6 Bakhtiari Arabic is spoken in Arab communities in northern Afghanistan 7 8 Recent studies considered Khorasani Arabic spoken in Khorasan Iran as part of the Central Asian Arabic family and found that it was closely related to Qashqadaryavi 9 Numbers editwahid gt fad ithnaan gt isnen thalatha gt salaas arba a gt orba See also editHistory of Arabs in Afghanistan Khoja ru Sredneaziatskie araby central Asian ArabsReferences edit Tajiki Arabic at Ethnologue 27th ed 2024 nbsp Uzbeki Arabic at Ethnologue 27th ed 2024 nbsp a b c Frawley William 2003 Semitic Languages International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 4 Volume Set Oxford University Press p 39 ISBN 978 0195139778 Prof Dr Aydin Usta Turkler ve Islamiyet Yeditepe Yayinevi 1 Baski March 2020 s 56 57 using the Turkish translation of el Kamil fi t Tarih by Ibn Al Athir as a source Peter R Blood ed Afghanistan A Country Study Washington GPO for the Library of Congress 2001 in Russian Ethnic Minorities of Uzbekistan Arabs Archived February 5 2007 at the Wayback Machine by Olga Kobzeva in Russian Ethnic Minorities of Tajikistan Arabs Archived 2007 09 30 at the Wayback Machine Sharqawi Muḥammad al Sharkawi Muhammad eds 2005 Foreigner Talk in Arabic The Ecology of Arabic A Study of Arabicization Brill p 243 ISBN 978 9004186064 Owens Jonathan 2000 Owens Jonathan ed Arabic as a Minority Language Contributions to the Sociology of Language De Gruyter Mouton ISBN 978 3110165784 Ulrich Seeger On the Relationship of the Central Asian Arabic Dialects translated from German to English by Sarah Dickins Bibliography editVersteegh Kees The Arabic Language Edinburgh University Press 2014 410 p ISBN 9780748645282 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Central Asian Arabic amp oldid 1213552240, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.