fbpx
Wikipedia

Ottoman dynasty

June 15, 2023

This article is about the historical royal family. For the territorial state over which it ruled, see Ottoman Empire. For current members of the House of Osman, see Osmanoğlu family.

The Ottoman dynasty (Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı) consisted of the members of the imperial House of Osman (Ottoman Turkish: خاندان آل عثمان, romanized: Ḫānedān-ı Āl-i ʿOsmān), also known as the Ottomans (Turkish: Osmanlılar). According to Ottoman tradition, the family originated from the Kayı tribe[nb 1] branch of the Oghuz Turks,[2] under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia in the district of Bilecik Söğüt. The Ottoman dynasty, named after Osman I, ruled the Ottoman Empire from c. 1299 to 1922.

During much of the Empire's history, the sultan was the absolute regent, head of state, and head of government, though much of the power often shifted to other officials such as the Grand Vizier. During the First (1876–78) and Second Constitutional Eras (1908–20) of the late Empire, a shift to a constitutional monarchy was enacted, with the Grand Vizier taking on a prime ministerial role as head of government and heading an elected General Assembly.

The imperial family was deposed from power and the sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 during the Turkish War of Independence. The Republic of Turkey was declared the following year. The living members of the dynasty were initially sent into exile as personae non-gratae, though some have been allowed to return and live as private citizens in Turkey. In its current form, the family is known as the Osmanoğlu family.

History

The Ottoman dynasty operated under several basic premises: that the Sultan governed the empire's entire territory, that every male member of the dynastic family was hypothetically eligible to become Sultan, and that only one person at a time could be the Sultan.[3] Such rules were fairly standard for monarchic empires of the time. The certain processes through which men rose to the Sultanate, however, were very specific to the Ottoman Empire. To go into greater detail about these processes, the history of succession between Sultans can be divided into two eras: the period between the reign of Orhan (1323–1362), the first person to inherit the Ottoman sultanate, and the reign of Ahmed I (1603–1617); and the period following Ahmed I's reign.

 
Sultans of the Ottoman Dynasty.

The succession process during the first period was dominated by violence and intra-familial conflict, in which the various sons of the deceased Sultan fought until only one remained alive and, thus, inherited the throne. This tradition was known as fratricide in the Ottoman Empire but may have evolved from tanistry, a similar succession procedure that existed in many Turco-Mongolian dynasties predating the Ottomans.[4] Sons of the Sultan were often given provincial territories to govern until the Sultan's death, at which point they would each vie for the throne.[5] Each son had to, according to historian H. Erdem Cipa, "demonstrate that his fortune was superior to the fortunes of his rivals", a demonstration that often took the form of military accomplishment and ruthlessness.[6] This violence was not considered particularly unexpected or unusual. As Cipa has noted, the Ottoman words for "successor" and "conflict" share the same Arabic root,[7] and indeed, all but one of the successions in this roughly 200-year period involved a resolution by combat.[8] Over time, the combat became increasingly prevalent and recognized, especially after a Jannissary uprising negated Murad II's attempt to abdicate the throne peacefully to his son, Mehmed II, in 1444. During the eventual reign of Mehmed II (1451–1481), fratricide was legalized as an official practice; during the reign of Bayezid II (1481–1512), fratricide between Bayezid II's sons occurred before Bayezid II himself died;[9] and after the reign of Murad III (1574–1595), his successor Mehmed III executed 19 brothers to claim the throne.[10]

During the second period, the tradition of fratricide was replaced by a simpler and less violent procedure. Starting with the succession from Ahmed I to Mustafa I in 1617, the Ottoman throne was inherited by the eldest male blood relative – not necessarily the son – of the Sultan, regardless of how many eligible family members were alive.[11] The change in succession procedure was likely instigated by numerous factors, including fratricide’s decline in popularity among Ottoman elites[12] and Ahmed I’s decision not to kill Mustafa when inheriting the throne from Mehmed III in 1603. With the door open for a policy change, a political debate arose between those who supported unrestricted Sultanic privilege and those who supported a stronger, centralized law system that would supersede even the Sultan’s power to an extent. Historian Baki Tezcan has argued that the latter faction – with the help of the influential şeyhülislam Hocazade Esad Efendi – was able to prevail in this instance.[11] The bloodless succession from Ahmed I to Mustafa I in 1617 "provided a reference for the eventual stabilization of the rule of Ottoman succession, the very regulation of which by an outside force was in effect a constitutional check on the dynastic prerogative," Tezcan has written.[13] The precedent set in 1617 stuck, as the eldest living family member successfully inherited the throne in each of the following 21 successions, with relatively few instances of a son inheriting the throne.[14]

Succession practices

See also: War of succession § Ottoman Empire, and List of wars of succession

From the fourteenth through the late sixteenth centuries, the Ottomans practiced open succession – something historian Donald Quataert has described as "survival of the fittest, not eldest, son."[15] During their father's lifetime, all adult sons of the reigning Osmanoğlu family's sultan were given provincial governorships in order to gain experience in administration (a practice commonly found in Central Asian tradition), accompanied and mentored by their retinues and tutors.[16] Upon the death of their father, the reigning sultan, these sons would fight amongst themselves for the succession until one emerged triumphant.[16] The first son to reach the capital and seize control of the court would usually become the new ruler.[16] The proximity of a Şehzade (=Prince) to Constantinople improved his chances of success, simply because he could hear of his father's death, seize control of the Ottoman court in the capital, and declare himself Sultan first.[citation needed] A Sultan could thus hint at his preferred successor by giving a favourite son a closer governorship.[citation needed] Bayezid II, for instance, had to fight his brother Cem Sultan in the 1480s for the right to rule.[citation needed]

Occasionally, the half-brothers would begin the struggle even before the death of their father. Under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), strife between his sons Şehzade Mustafa and Şehzade Selim (later Selim II) caused such internal turmoil that Suleiman ordered the deaths of both Şehzade Mustafa and another son, Şehzade Bayezid, leaving Şehzade Selim the sole heir.[citation needed]

During the reigns of Suleiman I and Selim II, the Haseki Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: خاصکى سلطان) or chief consort rose to greater prominence. Gaining power within the Imperial Harem, the favourite was able to manoeuvre to ensure the succession for one of her sons. This led to a short period of effective primogeniture. However, unlike in the earlier period, when the sultan had already defeated his brothers and potential rivals for the throne in battle, these sultans had the problem of many half-brothers who could act as the focus for rival factions. Thus, to prevent attempts at seizing the throne, reigning sultans practiced fratricide upon accession, starting with Murad I in 1362.[17] Both Murad III and his son Mehmed III had their half-brothers murdered. The killing of all the new sultan's brothers and half-brothers (who were usually quite numerous) was traditionally done by manual strangling with a silk cord. As the centuries passed, the ritual killing was gradually replaced by lifetime solitary confinement in the "Golden Cage" or kafes, a room in the harem from where the sultan's brothers could never escape, unless perchance they became heir presumptive. Some had already become mentally unstable by the time they were asked to reign.[citation needed]

Mehmed III was the last sultan to have previously held a provincial governorship. Sons now remained within the harem until the death of their father. This not only denied them the ability to form powerful factions capable of usurping their father but also denied them the opportunity to have children while their father remained alive. Thus, when Mehmet's son came to the throne as Ahmed I, he had no children of his own. Moreover, as a minor, there was no evidence he could have children. This had the potential to create a crisis of succession and led to a gradual end to fratricide. Ahmed had some of his brothers killed, but not Mustafa (later Mustafa I). Similarly, Osman II allowed his half-brothers Murad IV and Ibrahim to live. This led to a shift in the 17th century from a system of primogeniture to one based on agnatic seniority, in which the eldest male within the dynasty succeeded, also to guarantee adult sultans and prevent both fratricides as well as the sultanate of women. Thus, Mustafa succeeded his brother Ahmed; Suleiman II and Ahmed II succeeded their brother Mehmed IV before being succeeded in turn by Mehmed's son Mustafa II. Agnatic seniority explains why from the 17th century onwards a deceased sultan was rarely succeeded by his son, but usually by an uncle or brother. It also meant that potential rulers had to wait a long time in the kafes before ascending the throne, hence the old age of certain sultans upon their enthronement.[18] Although attempts were made in the 19th century to replace agnatic seniority with primogeniture, they were unsuccessful, and seniority was retained until the abolition of the sultanate in 1922.[19]

Chronology of sultans

Further information: List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
 
Ottoman Imperial Standard, Late 19th and early 20th Century.

List of heirs since 1922

The Ottoman dynasty was expelled from Turkey in 1924 and most members took on the surname Osmanoğlu, meaning "son of Osman."[44] The female members of the dynasty were allowed to return after 1951,[44] and the male members after 1973.[45] Below is a list of people who would have been heirs to the Ottoman throne following the abolition of the sultanate on 1 November 1922.[45] These people have not necessarily made any claim to the throne; for example, Ertuğrul Osman said "Democracy works well in Turkey."[46]

 
Rukiye Sabiha Sultan’s wedding day in 1920, left to right: Fatma Ulviye Sultan, Ayşe Hatice Hayriye Dürrüşehvar Sultan, Emine Nazikeda Kadınefendi, Rukiye Sabiha Sultan, Mehmed Ertuğrul Efendi, Şehsuvar Hanımefendi.
 
Ottoman Ceremonial Barbering Cape (detail), early 18th century, Turkey. LACMA textile collection.
Name Title Relationship to predecessor and Sultan Head of the House of Osman Duration as Head of the House of Osman
Mehmed VI Last Ottoman Sultan and Caliph (1918–1922)
36th Head of the House of Osman (1922–1926)[45]		 Son of Sultan Abdulmejid I, grandson of Sultan Mahmud II, younger brother of Murad V, Abdul Hamid II and Mehmed V. 1 November 1922 – 16 May 1926 3 years, 196 days
Abdulmejid II Last Ottoman Caliph (1922–1924)
37th Head of the House of Osman following Mehmed VI's death (1926–1944) 		First cousin of Mehmed VI, son of Sultan Abdülaziz.[45] 16 May 1926 – 23 August 1944 18 years, 99 days
Ahmed Nihad 38th Head of the House of Osman (1944–1954) First cousin twice removed of Abdulmejid II, grandson of Sultan Murad V.[45] 23 August 1944 – 4 June 1954 9 years, 285 days
Osman Fuad 39th Head of the House of Osman (1954–1973) Younger half-brother of Ahmed Nihad, grandson of Sultan Murad V.[45] 4 June 1954 – 19 May 1973 18 years, 349 days
Mehmed Abdulaziz 40th Head of the House of Osman (1973–1977) Second cousin twice removed of Osman Fuad, grandson of Sultan Abdülaziz.[45] 19 May 1973 – 19 January 1977 3 years, 245 days
Ali Vâsib 41st Head of the House of Osman (1977–1983) Second cousin twice removed of Mehmed Abdulaziz, great-grandson of Sultan Murad V.[45] 19 January 1977 – 9 December 1983 6 years, 324 days
Mehmed Orhan 42nd Head of the House of Osman (1983–1994) Second cousin once removed of Ali Vâsib, grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.[47] 9 December 1983 – 12 March 1994 10 years, 93 days
Ertuğrul Osman 43rd Head of the House of Osman (1994–2009) First cousin of Mehmed Orhan, grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.[46] 12 March 1994 – 23 September 2009 15 years, 195 days
Bayezid Osman 44th Head of the House of Osman (2009–2017) Second cousin of Ertuğrul Osman, great-grandson of Sultan Mehmed V.[48] 23 September 2009 – 6 January 2017 7 years, 105 days
Dündar Ali Osman 45th Head of the House of Osman (2017–2021) Second cousin once removed of Bayezid Osman, great-grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. 6 January 2017 – 18 January 2021 4 years, 12 days
Harun Osman 46th Head of the House of Osman (2021–present) Younger brother of Dündar Ali Osman, great-grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. 18 January 2021–present 2 years, 146 days

Family tree, showing relationships among the heads of the Ottoman dynasty

Line of succession in November 1922

See also

Notes

  1. ^ A claim which has come under criticism from many historians, who argue either that the Kayı genealogy was fabricated in the fifteenth century, or that there is otherwise insufficient evidence to believe in it.[1]

References

  1. ^ Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-520-20600-7. That they hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oğuz confederacy seems to be a creative "rediscovery" in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century. It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also, and more importantly, in the Yahşi Fakih-Aşıkpaşazade narrative, which gives its own version of an elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah. If there was a particularly significant claim to Kayı lineage, it is hard to imagine that Yahşi Fakih would not have heard of it
    • Lowry, Heath (2003). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. SUNY Press. p. 78. ISBN 0-7914-5636-6. Based on these charters, all of which were drawn up between 1324 and 1360 (almost one hundred fifty years prior to the emergence of the Ottoman dynastic myth identifying them as members of the Kayı branch of the Oguz federation of Turkish tribes), we may posit that...
    • Shaw, Stanford (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. The problem of Ottoman origins has preoccupied students of history, but because of both the absence of contemporary source materials and conflicting accounts written subsequent to the events there seems to be no basis for a definitive statement.
  2. ^ Shaw, Stanford (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
  3. ^ Çıpa, H. Erdem. The Making of Selim: Succession, Legitimacy, and Memory in the Early Modern Ottoman World. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2017. Page 29.
  4. ^ Fletcher, Joseph. Turco-Mongolian Monarchic Tradition in the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Ukrainian Research Institute, 1979. Pages 236–251.
  5. ^ Tezcan, Baki. The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Page 46.
  6. ^ Çıpa. The Making of Selim. Page 31.
  7. ^ Çıpa. The Making of Selim. Page 29.
  8. ^ Peirce, Leslie P. The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Studies in Middle Eastern History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Page 21.
  9. ^ Tezcan. The Second Ottoman Empire. Page 46.
  10. ^ Çıpa. The Making of Selim. Page 30.
  11. ^ a b Tezcan. The Second Ottoman Empire. Page 47.
  12. ^ Peirce. The Imperial Harem. Page 102.
  13. ^ Tezcan. The Second Ottoman Empire. Page 77.
  14. ^ Peirce. The Imperial Harem. Page 22.
  15. ^ Quataert 2005, p. 90–91.
  16. ^ a b c Quataert 2005, p. 91.
  17. ^ Quataert 2005, p. 91
  18. ^ Quataert, p. 92
  19. ^ Karateke 2005, p. 37–54
  20. ^ İnalcık, Halil (2007). "Osmanlı Beyliği'nin Kurucusu Osman Beg". Belleten. Ankara (261): 487–490.
  21. ^ Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol: 11, pages: 314-315, 1995.
  22. ^ İnalcık, Halil (2007). OSMAN I (PDF). Vol. 33. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. p. 443-453. ISBN 978-9-7538-9590-3.
  23. ^ Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol: 33, pages: 443-453, 2007.
  24. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 112. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6..
  25. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 136. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6..
  26. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. pp. 113–117. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6..
  27. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6. (It is disputed that the names of Âişe and Gül-Bahar belong to two different persons or they designate two different names for the own mother of Yavuz Sultan Selim.).
  28. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 136. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6. (The name of the own mother of Yavuz Sultan Selim is registered as Âişe Hâtûn from The Beylik of Dulkadir in İzahlı Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi of İsmail Hami Danişmend).
  29. ^ Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol: 36, pages: 407-414, 2009 (Âişe Hâtûn is the daughter of Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey from Dulkadiroğulları. (Although her name was indicated as Gül-Bahar bint-i Abdü's-Samed in some sources, it can easily be understood that this is not true.)
  30. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 221. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.
  31. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 238. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.. (The name of Mâh-i Rûze in Persian is composed of Mâh=Moon and Rûz=Day.)
  32. ^ a b Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 224. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.. (The name of Mâh-Peyker in Persian is composed of Mâh=Moon and Peyker=Face/Countenance. It means Moon-Faced.)
  33. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 280. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6..
  34. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. pp. 253–254. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6..
  35. ^ Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol: 14, pages: 248-249, 1996. (The name of Meh-Pâre in Persian is composed of Meh=Moon and Pâre=Piece. It means Piece of Moon.)
  36. ^ Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol: 36, pages: 45, 2009
  37. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 326. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6..
  38. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 286. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.. She is the daughter of a poor family in Azapkapı in Istanbul.
  39. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 380. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6..
  40. ^ Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol: 32, pages: 343-344, 2006. (She is of Caucasusian descent. It is untrue that she was from French royal family and her name was not Aimée du Buc de Rivéry.)
  41. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 356. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6. (Marthe Aimée du Buc de Rivéry.)
  42. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 355. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6. (Nakşîdil Sultan was of Circassian descent).
  43. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 356. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6. (Nakşîdil Sultan was of Georgian descent).
  44. ^ a b Brookes, Douglas (2008). The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem. University of Texas Press. pp. 278, 285. ISBN 978-0-292-78335-5.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Opfell, Olga (2001). Royalty who wait: the 21 heads of formerly regnant houses of Europe. McFarland. pp. 146, 151. ISBN 978-0-7864-5057-2.
  46. ^ a b c d Bernstein, Fred. “Ertugrul Osman, Link to Ottoman Dynasty, Dies at 97”, The New York Times (24 September 2009).
  47. ^ a b c Pope, Hugh. "Oldest Ottoman to come home at last", The Independent (22 July 1992).
  48. ^ a b "'Osmanoğulları'na insanlık şehadet edecek' 14 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine", Zaman (27 September 2009).
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q . tarihvemedeniyet.org (in Turkish). 11 March 2013. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  50. ^ . Foundation of the Ottoman Dynasty. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  51. ^ . Sabah. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  52. ^ İbrahim Pazan (15 September 2009). "Osmanoğullarının yeni reisi Osman Bayezid Efendi Hazretleri". Netgazete. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  53. ^ Almanach de Gotha (184th ed.). Almanach de Gotha. 2000. pp. 365, 912–915.
  54. ^ Burke's Royal Families of the World (2 ed.). Burke's Peerage. 1980. p. 247.
  55. ^ . Official Ottoman Family Website. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ottoman Dynasty.
  • Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Usmania Empire. New York: Oxford University Press US. ISBN 9780195086775. OCLC 243767445. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
  • Quataert, Donald (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521839105. OCLC 59280221. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
  • Karateke, Hakan T. (2005). "Who is the Next Ottoman Sultan? Attempts to Change the Rule of Succession during the Nineteenth Century". In Weismann, Itzchak; Zachs, Fruma (eds.). Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration: Studies in Honour of Butrus Abu-Manneb. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 9781850437574. OCLC 60416792. Retrieved 2 May 2009.

In English

  • Official website of the immediate living descendants of the Ottoman dynasty
  • Everything about Ottoman Empire Everything about the history, culture and civilization of Ottoman Empire
  • Ottoman Empire – The Family

In Turkish

  • Osmanlı Hanedanlığı, Ottoman dynasty
  • Osmanlı Sultanları
  • Tarihvemedeniyet.org

In French

  • Interview with Neslişah Sultan, granddaughter of the last emperor about her family's exile on YouTube
House of Osman
New Dynasty
Ruling house of the Ottoman Empire
c. 1299 – 19 November 1922 		Vacant
Preceded by Caliphate dynasty
1517–3 March 1924

June 15, 2023
ottoman, dynasty, this, article, about, historical, royal, family, territorial, state, over, which, ruled, ottoman, empire, current, members, house, osman, osmanoğlu, family, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, thi. This article is about the historical royal family For the territorial state over which it ruled see Ottoman Empire For current members of the House of Osman see Osmanoglu family This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Ottoman dynasty news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Ottoman dynasty Turkish Osmanli Hanedani consisted of the members of the imperial House of Osman Ottoman Turkish خاندان آل عثمان romanized Ḫanedan i Al i ʿOsman also known as the Ottomans Turkish Osmanlilar According to Ottoman tradition the family originated from the Kayi tribe nb 1 branch of the Oghuz Turks 2 under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia in the district of Bilecik Sogut The Ottoman dynasty named after Osman I ruled the Ottoman Empire from c 1299 to 1922 House of OsmanCountry Ottoman EmpireFoundedc 1299FounderOsman IFinal rulerMehmed VI Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdulmejid II Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate TitlesPadishah Sultan Pasha Bey Khan Ghazi Qayser i Rum Sehzade Efendi Celebi Caliph Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Amir al Mu mininTraditionsSunni IslamDeposition1 November 1922 Ottoman Empire 3 March 1924 Ottoman Caliphate Cadet branchesOsmanoglu familyDuring much of the Empire s history the sultan was the absolute regent head of state and head of government though much of the power often shifted to other officials such as the Grand Vizier During the First 1876 78 and Second Constitutional Eras 1908 20 of the late Empire a shift to a constitutional monarchy was enacted with the Grand Vizier taking on a prime ministerial role as head of government and heading an elected General Assembly The imperial family was deposed from power and the sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 during the Turkish War of Independence The Republic of Turkey was declared the following year The living members of the dynasty were initially sent into exile as personae non gratae though some have been allowed to return and live as private citizens in Turkey In its current form the family is known as the Osmanoglu family Contents 1 History 2 Succession practices 3 Chronology of sultans 4 List of heirs since 1922 4 1 Family tree showing relationships among the heads of the Ottoman dynasty 5 Line of succession in November 1922 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksHistory EditThe Ottoman dynasty operated under several basic premises that the Sultan governed the empire s entire territory that every male member of the dynastic family was hypothetically eligible to become Sultan and that only one person at a time could be the Sultan 3 Such rules were fairly standard for monarchic empires of the time The certain processes through which men rose to the Sultanate however were very specific to the Ottoman Empire To go into greater detail about these processes the history of succession between Sultans can be divided into two eras the period between the reign of Orhan 1323 1362 the first person to inherit the Ottoman sultanate and the reign of Ahmed I 1603 1617 and the period following Ahmed I s reign Sultans of the Ottoman Dynasty The succession process during the first period was dominated by violence and intra familial conflict in which the various sons of the deceased Sultan fought until only one remained alive and thus inherited the throne This tradition was known as fratricide in the Ottoman Empire but may have evolved from tanistry a similar succession procedure that existed in many Turco Mongolian dynasties predating the Ottomans 4 Sons of the Sultan were often given provincial territories to govern until the Sultan s death at which point they would each vie for the throne 5 Each son had to according to historian H Erdem Cipa demonstrate that his fortune was superior to the fortunes of his rivals a demonstration that often took the form of military accomplishment and ruthlessness 6 This violence was not considered particularly unexpected or unusual As Cipa has noted the Ottoman words for successor and conflict share the same Arabic root 7 and indeed all but one of the successions in this roughly 200 year period involved a resolution by combat 8 Over time the combat became increasingly prevalent and recognized especially after a Jannissary uprising negated Murad II s attempt to abdicate the throne peacefully to his son Mehmed II in 1444 During the eventual reign of Mehmed II 1451 1481 fratricide was legalized as an official practice during the reign of Bayezid II 1481 1512 fratricide between Bayezid II s sons occurred before Bayezid II himself died 9 and after the reign of Murad III 1574 1595 his successor Mehmed III executed 19 brothers to claim the throne 10 During the second period the tradition of fratricide was replaced by a simpler and less violent procedure Starting with the succession from Ahmed I to Mustafa I in 1617 the Ottoman throne was inherited by the eldest male blood relative not necessarily the son of the Sultan regardless of how many eligible family members were alive 11 The change in succession procedure was likely instigated by numerous factors including fratricide s decline in popularity among Ottoman elites 12 and Ahmed I s decision not to kill Mustafa when inheriting the throne from Mehmed III in 1603 With the door open for a policy change a political debate arose between those who supported unrestricted Sultanic privilege and those who supported a stronger centralized law system that would supersede even the Sultan s power to an extent Historian Baki Tezcan has argued that the latter faction with the help of the influential seyhulislam Hocazade Esad Efendi was able to prevail in this instance 11 The bloodless succession from Ahmed I to Mustafa I in 1617 provided a reference for the eventual stabilization of the rule of Ottoman succession the very regulation of which by an outside force was in effect a constitutional check on the dynastic prerogative Tezcan has written 13 The precedent set in 1617 stuck as the eldest living family member successfully inherited the throne in each of the following 21 successions with relatively few instances of a son inheriting the throne 14 Succession practices EditSee also War of succession Ottoman Empire and List of wars of succession From the fourteenth through the late sixteenth centuries the Ottomans practiced open succession something historian Donald Quataert has described as survival of the fittest not eldest son 15 During their father s lifetime all adult sons of the reigning Osmanoglu family s sultan were given provincial governorships in order to gain experience in administration a practice commonly found in Central Asian tradition accompanied and mentored by their retinues and tutors 16 Upon the death of their father the reigning sultan these sons would fight amongst themselves for the succession until one emerged triumphant 16 The first son to reach the capital and seize control of the court would usually become the new ruler 16 The proximity of a Sehzade Prince to Constantinople improved his chances of success simply because he could hear of his father s death seize control of the Ottoman court in the capital and declare himself Sultan first citation needed A Sultan could thus hint at his preferred successor by giving a favourite son a closer governorship citation needed Bayezid II for instance had to fight his brother Cem Sultan in the 1480s for the right to rule citation needed Occasionally the half brothers would begin the struggle even before the death of their father Under Suleiman the Magnificent 1520 1566 strife between his sons Sehzade Mustafa and Sehzade Selim later Selim II caused such internal turmoil that Suleiman ordered the deaths of both Sehzade Mustafa and another son Sehzade Bayezid leaving Sehzade Selim the sole heir citation needed During the reigns of Suleiman I and Selim II the Haseki Sultan Ottoman Turkish خاصکى سلطان or chief consort rose to greater prominence Gaining power within the Imperial Harem the favourite was able to manoeuvre to ensure the succession for one of her sons This led to a short period of effective primogeniture However unlike in the earlier period when the sultan had already defeated his brothers and potential rivals for the throne in battle these sultans had the problem of many half brothers who could act as the focus for rival factions Thus to prevent attempts at seizing the throne reigning sultans practiced fratricide upon accession starting with Murad I in 1362 17 Both Murad III and his son Mehmed III had their half brothers murdered The killing of all the new sultan s brothers and half brothers who were usually quite numerous was traditionally done by manual strangling with a silk cord As the centuries passed the ritual killing was gradually replaced by lifetime solitary confinement in the Golden Cage or kafes a room in the harem from where the sultan s brothers could never escape unless perchance they became heir presumptive Some had already become mentally unstable by the time they were asked to reign citation needed Mehmed III was the last sultan to have previously held a provincial governorship Sons now remained within the harem until the death of their father This not only denied them the ability to form powerful factions capable of usurping their father but also denied them the opportunity to have children while their father remained alive Thus when Mehmet s son came to the throne as Ahmed I he had no children of his own Moreover as a minor there was no evidence he could have children This had the potential to create a crisis of succession and led to a gradual end to fratricide Ahmed had some of his brothers killed but not Mustafa later Mustafa I Similarly Osman II allowed his half brothers Murad IV and Ibrahim to live This led to a shift in the 17th century from a system of primogeniture to one based on agnatic seniority in which the eldest male within the dynasty succeeded also to guarantee adult sultans and prevent both fratricides as well as the sultanate of women Thus Mustafa succeeded his brother Ahmed Suleiman II and Ahmed II succeeded their brother Mehmed IV before being succeeded in turn by Mehmed s son Mustafa II Agnatic seniority explains why from the 17th century onwards a deceased sultan was rarely succeeded by his son but usually by an uncle or brother It also meant that potential rulers had to wait a long time in the kafes before ascending the throne hence the old age of certain sultans upon their enthronement 18 Although attempts were made in the 19th century to replace agnatic seniority with primogeniture they were unsuccessful and seniority was retained until the abolition of the sultanate in 1922 19 Chronology of sultans EditFurther information List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire The genealogy of the Ottoman Sultans including their mothers Suleyman Sah Gunduz Alp 20 1227 Ertugrul Gazi 21 أرطغرل غازی 1227 1281 Halime Hatun 1 22 Gazi Bey Osman Gazi 23 عثمان غازى1281 1326Malhun Hatun 2 Gazi Bey Orhan Gazi اورخان غازی1326 1359Nilufer Hatun 3 Hudavendigar Murad I مراد اول خداوندگار1359 1389Gul Cicek Hatun 4 Yildirim Gazi Bayezid I ییلدیرم بايزيد الأول1389 1403Devlet Hatun 5 Celebi Kirisci Mehmed I چلبی محمد1421 1423Emine Valide Hatun 6 Koca Sultan Murad II مراد ثانى1421 1451Hadice AlimeHuma Valide Hatun 7 Fatih Sultan Mehmedthe Conqueror محمد الثانى الفاتح1432 1481Emine Gul Bahar Valide Hatun Own mother 24 25 amp Sitt iMukrime Hatun Stepmother 26 8 Sultan Bayezid iVeli Han Bayezid II بايزيد ثانى1481 1512Gul Bahar Hatun Stepmother 27 amp Ayse Hatun Own mother 28 29 9 Yavuz SultanSelim Han Selim I سليم الأول1512 1520 The FirstOttoman Caliph 1517 1520 Hafize Ayse Hafsa Valide Sultan 10 Kanuni SultanSuleyman Han Suleimanthe Magnificent القانونى سليمان1520 1566Hurrem Haseki Sultan خرم سلطان 11 Sari Selim Selim II سليم ثانى1566 1574Afife Nur BanuValide Sultan 12 Sefih Sultan Murad III مراد ثالث1574 1595Safiye Valide SultanHandan Valide Sultan 13 Adli Mehmed III محمد ثالث1595 1603Halime Ful DaneValide Sultan 30 Mahiruze HadiceValide Sultanماہ فروز خاتون 31 32 14 Bakhti Ahmed I احمد اول1603 1617Mah PeykerKosemValide Sultan 32 كوسم سلطان 15 Deli Mustafa I مصطفى اول1617 16181622 1623 16 Genc Sehid Osman II عثمان ثانى1618 1622 17 Bagdad Fatihi Sahib i Kiran Murad IV مراد رابع1623 1640Turhan HaticeValide Sultan تورخان سلطان 18 Girit Fatihi Sehid Han Ibrahim Gazi ابراهيم اول1640 1648Saliha Dil Asub Valide Sultanصالحہ دل اشوب سلطان 33 34 Hatice Mu azzezSecond HasekiSultanمعزز سلطانMeh PareUmmetullah Emetullah Rabi a Gul Nus Valide Sultan 35 رابعه کلنوش سلطان 19 Avci Gazi IV Mehmed محمد رابع1648 1687Vak a i Vakvakiye 26 February 1656 20 Gazi Han Suleyman II سليمان ثانى1687 1691 21 Gazi Han Ahmed II احمد ثانى1691 1695Saliha Sebkat i Valide Sultanصالحہ سلطان 36 37 38 22 Gazi Han Mustafa II مصطفى ثانى1695 1703Edirne Vak asi 15 July 1703 22 August 1703Sah Suvar Valide Sultanشھسوار سلطانEmine Mihr i Sah Second Kadin Efendiامینه مھرشاہ قادین 23 Lale DevriPadisahi Gazi Ahmed III احمد ثالث1703 1730Patrona HalilRebellion 28 September 1730Rabi a Serm iKadin Efendiرابعہ شرمی قادین 24 Kambur Gazi Mahmud I محمود اول1730 1754 25 Sofu Sultan Osman III عثمان ثالث1754 1757Mihr i SahValide Sultanمھرشاہ سلطان 26 Yenilikci Sultan Mustafa III مصطفى lt ثالث 1757 1774AyseSine Pervar Seniyeperver Valide Sultanعایشه سینه پرور سلطان 39 27 Islahatci Sultan Gazi HanAbdul Hamid I عبد الحميد اول 1774 1789Naks i DilValide Sultan نقش دل سلطان 40 41 42 43 28 Bestekar Sultan Nizami Sehid Selim III سليم ثالث 1789 1807Kabakci MustafaIsyani 25 May 1807 29 Bi gane Sultan Mustafa IV مصطفى رابع 1807 1808Bezm i AlemValide Sultan 30 Inkilapci Sultan Mahmud II محمود ثانى 1808 1839Vak a i Hayriye 16 June 1826Pertav Nihal Pertevniyal Valide SultanSevk EfzaValide Sultan Tir i MujganThirdKadin Efendi Own mother amp Rahime Piristu Valide Sultan Adoptive mother 31 Tanzimatci Sultan Abdul Mecid Han عبد المجيد اول 1839 1861Gul CemalFourthKadin EfendiGul Istu Gulistan Munire ForrthKadin Efendi 32 Bedbaht Sehid Abdulaziz Han عبد العزيز1861 1876Hayran i DilKadin Efendi 33 Deli Murad V مراد خامس 1876 34 Ulu SultanGazi Han Abdul Hamid II عبد الحميد ثانی 31 August 1876 27 Nisan 1909First Mesrutiyyet 23 November 1876 13 February 1878Second Mesrutiyyet 3 July 190831 March Vak asi 13 April 1909 35 Sultan Resad Mehmed V محمد خامس1909 1918Canakkale Savasi 18 March 1915 36 Vahid ud Din Mehmed VI محمد سادس 4 July 1918 18 November 1922Moudros armistice 30 October 1918Istanbul sOccupation 13 November 1918Treaty of Sevres 10 August 1920Abolition of theOttoman Sultanate 1 November 1922 Last Ottoman caliph Abdul MecidEfendi عبد المجيد الثانى18 November 1922 Caliphate s Abolition 3 March 1924 Ottoman Imperial Standard Late 19th and early 20th Century List of heirs since 1922 EditThe Ottoman dynasty was expelled from Turkey in 1924 and most members took on the surname Osmanoglu meaning son of Osman 44 The female members of the dynasty were allowed to return after 1951 44 and the male members after 1973 45 Below is a list of people who would have been heirs to the Ottoman throne following the abolition of the sultanate on 1 November 1922 45 These people have not necessarily made any claim to the throne for example Ertugrul Osman said Democracy works well in Turkey 46 Rukiye Sabiha Sultan s wedding day in 1920 left to right Fatma Ulviye Sultan Ayse Hatice Hayriye Durrusehvar Sultan Emine Nazikeda Kadinefendi Rukiye Sabiha Sultan Mehmed Ertugrul Efendi Sehsuvar Hanimefendi Ottoman Ceremonial Barbering Cape detail early 18th century Turkey LACMA textile collection Name Title Relationship to predecessor and Sultan Head of the House of Osman Duration as Head of the House of OsmanMehmed VI Last Ottoman Sultan and Caliph 1918 1922 36th Head of the House of Osman 1922 1926 45 Son of Sultan Abdulmejid I grandson of Sultan Mahmud II younger brother of Murad V Abdul Hamid II and Mehmed V 1 November 1922 16 May 1926 3 years 196 daysAbdulmejid II Last Ottoman Caliph 1922 1924 37th Head of the House of Osman following Mehmed VI s death 1926 1944 First cousin of Mehmed VI son of Sultan Abdulaziz 45 16 May 1926 23 August 1944 18 years 99 daysAhmed Nihad 38th Head of the House of Osman 1944 1954 First cousin twice removed of Abdulmejid II grandson of Sultan Murad V 45 23 August 1944 4 June 1954 9 years 285 daysOsman Fuad 39th Head of the House of Osman 1954 1973 Younger half brother of Ahmed Nihad grandson of Sultan Murad V 45 4 June 1954 19 May 1973 18 years 349 daysMehmed Abdulaziz 40th Head of the House of Osman 1973 1977 Second cousin twice removed of Osman Fuad grandson of Sultan Abdulaziz 45 19 May 1973 19 January 1977 3 years 245 daysAli Vasib 41st Head of the House of Osman 1977 1983 Second cousin twice removed of Mehmed Abdulaziz great grandson of Sultan Murad V 45 19 January 1977 9 December 1983 6 years 324 daysMehmed Orhan 42nd Head of the House of Osman 1983 1994 Second cousin once removed of Ali Vasib grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II 47 9 December 1983 12 March 1994 10 years 93 daysErtugrul Osman 43rd Head of the House of Osman 1994 2009 First cousin of Mehmed Orhan grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II 46 12 March 1994 23 September 2009 15 years 195 daysBayezid Osman 44th Head of the House of Osman 2009 2017 Second cousin of Ertugrul Osman great grandson of Sultan Mehmed V 48 23 September 2009 6 January 2017 7 years 105 daysDundar Ali Osman 45th Head of the House of Osman 2017 2021 Second cousin once removed of Bayezid Osman great grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II 6 January 2017 18 January 2021 4 years 12 daysHarun Osman 46th Head of the House of Osman 2021 present Younger brother of Dundar Ali Osman great grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II 18 January 2021 present 2 years 146 daysFamily tree showing relationships among the heads of the Ottoman dynasty Edit Mahmud II 1785 1839 30th Sultan and 23rd Ottoman Caliph 1808 1839 Abdulmejid I 1823 1861 31st Sultan and 24th Ottoman Caliph 1839 1861 Murad V 1840 1904 33rd Sultan and 26th Ottoman Caliph 1876 Sehzade Mehmed Selaheddin 1861 1915 Ahmed Nihad 1883 1954 38th Head of the House of Osman 1944 1954 45 Ali Vasib 1903 1983 41st Head of the House of Osman 1977 1983 45 Osman Fuad 1895 1973 39th Head of the House of Osman 1954 1973 45 Abdul Hamid II 1842 1918 34th Sultan and 27th Ottoman Caliph 1876 1909 Sehzade Mehmed Selim 1870 1937 49 Sehzade Mehmed Abdulkerim 1906 1935 49 Dundar Ali Osman 1930 2021 45th Head of the House of Osman 2017 2021 50 51 52 53 54 55 Harun Osman born 1932 46th Head of the House of Osman 2021 present Sehzade Mehmed Abdulkadir 1878 1944 49 Mehmed Orhan 1909 1994 42nd Head of the House of Osman 1983 1994 47 Sehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin 1885 1949 49 Ertugrul Osman 1912 2009 43rd Head of the House of Osman 1994 2009 46 Mehmed V 1844 1918 35th Sultan and 28th Ottoman Caliph 1909 1918 Sehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin 1849 1876 49 Sehzade Ibrahim Tevfik 1874 1931 49 Bayezid Osman 1924 2017 44th Head of the House of Osman 2009 2017 48 Mehmed VI Vahideddin 1861 1926 36th and last Sultan and 29th Ottoman Caliph 1918 1922 36th Head of the House of Osman 1922 1926 45 Abdulaziz 1830 1876 32nd Sultan and 25th Ottoman Caliph 1861 1876 Abdulmejid II 1868 1944 30th and last Ottoman Caliph 1922 1924 37th Head of the House of Osman 1926 1944 45 Sehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin 1874 1927 49 Mehmed Abdulaziz 1901 1977 40th Head of the House of Osman 1973 1977 45 Line of succession in November 1922 Edit Mahmud II 1785 1839 30th Sultan and 23rd Ottoman Caliph 1808 1839 Abdulmejid I 1823 1861 31st Sultan and 24th Ottoman Caliph 1839 1861 Murad V 1840 1904 33rd Sultan and 26th Ottoman Caliph 1876 Sehzade Mehmed Selaheddin 1861 1915 8 Sehzade Ahmed Nihad born 6 July 1883 19 Sehzade Ali Vasib born 14 October 1903 45 14 Sehzade Osman Fuad born 26 September 1895 45 Abdul Hamid II 1842 1918 34th Sultan and 27th Ottoman Caliph 1876 1909 2 Sehzade Mehmed Selim born 11 January 1870 23 Sehzade Mehmed Abdulkerim born 27 June 1906 49 user generated source 6 Sehzade Mehmed Abdulkadir born 16 January 1878 25 Sehzade Mehmed Orhan born 11 July 1909 47 32 Sehzade Necib Ertugrul born 1914 or 27 March 1915 49 user generated source 34 Sehzade Alaeddin Kadir born 2 January 1917 citation needed 7 Sehzade Ahmed Nuri born 12 February 1878 citation needed 9 Sehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin born 19 December 1885 49 user generated source 27 Sehzade Mehmed Fahreddin born 14 November 1911 citation needed 28 Sehzade Ertugrul Osman Efendi born 18 August 1912 46 12 Sehzade Abdurrahim Hayri born 15 August 1894 citation needed 16 Sehzade Ahmed Nureddin born 22 June 1901 citation needed 22 Sehzade Mehmed Abid born 17 September 1905 Mehmed V Resad 1844 1918 35th Sultan and 28th Ottoman Caliph 1909 1918 3 Sehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin born 26 August 1873 26 Sehzade Mehmed Nazim born 26 October 1910 citation needed 30 Sehzade Omer Fevzi born 13 November 1912 citation needed 10 Sehzade Omer Hilmi born 2 March 1888 31 Sehzade Mahmud Namik born 1913 or 25 February 1914 49 user generated source Sehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin 1849 1876 49 user generated source 5 Sehzade Ibrahim Tevfik born 25 September 1874 citation needed 36 Sehzade Burhaneddin Cem born 1920 49 user generated source Sehzade Selim Suleyman 1860 1909 citation needed 13 Sehzade Mehmed Abdulhalim born 28 September 1894 citation needed 20 Sehzade Mehmed Serafeddin born 19 May 1904 citation needed Mehmed VI Vahideddin born 2 February 1861 45 29 Sehzade Mehmed Ertugrul born 10 September 1912 citation needed Abdulaziz 1830 1876 32nd Sultan and 25th Ottoman Caliph 1861 1876 Sehzade Yusuf Izzeddin 1857 1916 citation needed 24 Sehzade Mehmed Nizameddin born 18 December 1908 citation needed 1 Abdulmejid II born 29 May 1868 15 Sehzade Omer Faruk born 29 February 1898 citation needed Sehzade Mehmed Sevket 1872 1899 49 user generated source 11 Sehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin born 1 March 1891 49 user generated source 33 Sehzade Mahmud Husameddin born 25 August 1916 citation needed 35 Sehzade Suleyman Sadeddin born 20 November 1917 49 user generated source 4 Sehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin born 22 September 1874 citation needed 17 Sehzade Mehmed Abdulaziz born 26 September 1901 45 18 Sehzade Mahmud Sevket born 30 July 1903 citation needed 21 Sehzade Ahmed Tevhid born 2 December 1904 49 user generated source See also EditSimplified Ottoman Emperors family tree Detailed Ottoman Emperors family tree Turkic History Amuca tribe Osmanoglu family its current form List of admirals in the Ottoman Empire List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire List of Ottoman imperial consorts List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans List of Valide Hatun List of Valide Sultan List of Ottoman princesses List of Ottoman Grand Viziers List of Kapudan Pashas Tugra Sultan s Signature Ottoman Empire Kadin title Notes Edit A claim which has come under criticism from many historians who argue either that the Kayi genealogy was fabricated in the fifteenth century or that there is otherwise insufficient evidence to believe in it 1 References Edit Kafadar Cemal 1995 Between Two Worlds The Construction of the Ottoman State p 122 ISBN 978 0 520 20600 7 That they hailed from the Kayi branch of the Oguz confederacy seems to be a creative rediscovery in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also and more importantly in the Yahsi Fakih Asikpasazade narrative which gives its own version of an elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah If there was a particularly significant claim to Kayi lineage it is hard to imagine that Yahsi Fakih would not have heard of it Lowry Heath 2003 The Nature of the Early Ottoman State SUNY Press p 78 ISBN 0 7914 5636 6 Based on these charters all of which were drawn up between 1324 and 1360 almost one hundred fifty years prior to the emergence of the Ottoman dynastic myth identifying them as members of the Kayi branch of the Oguz federation of Turkish tribes we may posit that Shaw Stanford 1976 History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey Cambridge University Press p 13 The problem of Ottoman origins has preoccupied students of history but because of both the absence of contemporary source materials and conflicting accounts written subsequent to the events there seems to be no basis for a definitive statement Shaw Stanford 1976 History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey Cambridge University Press p 13 Cipa H Erdem The Making of Selim Succession Legitimacy and Memory in the Early Modern Ottoman World Bloomington Indiana Indiana University Press 2017 Page 29 Fletcher Joseph Turco Mongolian Monarchic Tradition in the Ottoman Empire Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Ukrainian Research Institute 1979 Pages 236 251 Tezcan Baki The Second Ottoman Empire Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization New York Cambridge University Press 2010 Page 46 Cipa The Making of Selim Page 31 Cipa The Making of Selim Page 29 Peirce Leslie P The Imperial Harem Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire Studies in Middle Eastern History New York Oxford University Press 1993 Page 21 Tezcan The Second Ottoman Empire Page 46 Cipa The Making of Selim Page 30 a b Tezcan The Second Ottoman Empire Page 47 Peirce The Imperial Harem Page 102 Tezcan The Second Ottoman Empire Page 77 Peirce The Imperial Harem Page 22 Quataert 2005 p 90 91 sfn error no target CITEREFQuataert2005 help a b c Quataert 2005 p 91 sfn error no target CITEREFQuataert2005 help Quataert 2005 p 91 Quataert p 92 Karateke 2005 p 37 54 Inalcik Halil 2007 Osmanli Beyligi nin Kurucusu Osman Beg Belleten Ankara 261 487 490 Diyanet Islam Ansiklopedisi vol 11 pages 314 315 1995 Inalcik Halil 2007 OSMAN I PDF Vol 33 Istanbul TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi p 443 453 ISBN 978 9 7538 9590 3 Diyanet Islam Ansiklopedisi vol 33 pages 443 453 2007 Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik p 112 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik p 136 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik pp 113 117 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik pp 135 136 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 It is disputed that the names of Aise and Gul Bahar belong to two different persons or they designate two different names for the own mother of Yavuz Sultan Selim Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik p 136 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 The name of the own mother of Yavuz Sultan Selim is registered as Aise Hatun from The Beylik of Dulkadir in Izahli Osmanli Tarihi Kronolojisi of Ismail Hami Danismend Diyanet Islam Ansiklopedisi vol 36 pages 407 414 2009 Aise Hatun is the daughter ofAlauddevle Bozkurt Bey from Dulkadirogullari Although her name was indicated as Gul Bahar bint i Abdu s Samed in some sources it can easily be understood that this is not true Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik p 221 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik p 238 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 The name of Mah i Ruze in Persian is composed of Mah Moon and Ruz Day a b Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik p 224 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 The name of Mah Peyker in Persian is composed of Mah Moon and Peyker Face Countenance It means Moon Faced Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik p 280 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik pp 253 254 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 Diyanet Islam Ansiklopedisi vol 14 pages 248 249 1996 The name of Meh Pare in Persian is composed of Meh Moon and Pare Piece It means Piece of Moon Diyanet Islam Ansiklopedisi vol 36 pages 45 2009 Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik p 326 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik p 286 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 She is the daughter of a poor family in Azapkapi in Istanbul Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik p 380 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 Diyanet Islam Ansiklopedisi vol 32 pages 343 344 2006 She is of Caucasusian descent It is untrue that she was from French royal family and her name was not Aimee du Buc de Rivery Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik p 356 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 Marthe Aimee du Buc de Rivery Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik p 355 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 Naksidil Sultan was of Circassian descent Sakaoglu Necdet in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak Yayincilik p 356 ISBN 978 9 753 29623 6 Naksidil Sultan was of Georgian descent a b Brookes Douglas 2008 The Concubine the Princess and the Teacher Voices from the Ottoman Harem University of Texas Press pp 278 285 ISBN 978 0 292 78335 5 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Opfell Olga 2001 Royalty who wait the 21 heads of formerly regnant houses of Europe McFarland pp 146 151 ISBN 978 0 7864 5057 2 a b c d Bernstein Fred Ertugrul Osman Link to Ottoman Dynasty Dies at 97 The New York Times 24 September 2009 a b c Pope Hugh Oldest Ottoman to come home at last The Independent 22 July 1992 a b Osmanogullari na insanlik sehadet edecek Archived 14 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Zaman 27 September 2009 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Osmanogullari Surulduler Ama Bitmediler Hayattaki Osmanogullarinin soy agaci tarihvemedeniyet org in Turkish 11 March 2013 Archived from the original on 22 April 2020 Retrieved 12 August 2020 Hayatta Olan Sehzadeler Foundation of the Ottoman Dynasty Archived from the original on 25 February 2011 Retrieved 15 April 2011 Osmanli Hanedani vakif catisi altinda toplaniyor Sabah 13 September 2010 Archived from the original on 25 March 2012 Retrieved 16 April 2011 Ibrahim Pazan 15 September 2009 Osmanogullarinin yeni reisi Osman Bayezid Efendi Hazretleri Netgazete Retrieved 16 April 2011 Almanach de Gotha 184th ed Almanach de Gotha 2000 pp 365 912 915 Burke s Royal Families of the World 2 ed Burke s Peerage 1980 p 247 Current Living Sehzades Official Ottoman Family Website Archived from the original on 25 February 2011 Retrieved 15 April 2011 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ottoman Dynasty Peirce Leslie P 1993 The Imperial Harem Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Usmania Empire New York Oxford University Press US ISBN 9780195086775 OCLC 243767445 Retrieved 19 April 2009 Quataert Donald 2005 The Ottoman Empire 1700 1922 2nd ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521839105 OCLC 59280221 Retrieved 18 April 2009 Karateke Hakan T 2005 Who is the Next Ottoman Sultan Attempts to Change the Rule of Succession during the Nineteenth Century In Weismann Itzchak Zachs Fruma eds Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration Studies in Honour of Butrus Abu Manneb London I B Tauris ISBN 9781850437574 OCLC 60416792 Retrieved 2 May 2009 In English Official website of the immediate living descendants of the Ottoman dynasty Everything about Ottoman Empire Everything about the history culture and civilization of Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire The FamilyIn Turkish Osmanli Hanedanligi Ottoman dynasty Osmanli Sultanlari Tarihvemedeniyet orgIn French Interview with Neslisah Sultan granddaughter of the last emperor about her family s exile on YouTube Imperial house House of OsmanNew DynastyEmpire founded Ruling house of the Ottoman Empirec 1299 19 November 1922 VacantMonarchy and Caliphate abolishedPreceded by Abbasid dynasty Caliphate dynasty1517 3 March 1924 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ottoman dynasty amp oldid 1159391113, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.