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Holden Commodore

March 02, 2023

Not to be confused with Opel Commodore.

The Holden Commodore is a full-size car that was sold by Holden from 1978 to 2020. It was manufactured from 1978 to 2017 in Australia and from 1979 to 1990 in New Zealand, with production of the locally manufactured versions in Australia ending on 20 October 2017.[2]

Holden Commodore
Holden VF Commodore (2017)
Overview
ManufacturerHolden
Production1978–2020[1]
Body and chassis
Class
Body style
Layout
Platform
Related
Chronology
PredecessorHolden Kingswood

Between 2018 and 2020, a rebadged Opel Insignia, built in Germany, was sold in Australia as the Holden Commodore (ZB). All sales of new Commodores ended in 2020, coinciding with the discontinuation of the Holden marque and nameplate entirely.[3]

From 1978, the Commodore replaced the long-serving Holden Kingswood and Holden Premier: mid-sized executive cars developed in Australia. Initially, the Commodore was based on the Opel Commodore (C), a smaller, contemporary rear wheel drive (RWD) platform designed by General Motors' German subsidiary. This was redesigned by Holden, to suit the demands of the Australian market, road conditions and manufacturing. Subsequent series of Holden Commodore became larger, and were also influenced by the Opel Senator and Opel Omega. The fourth generation Commodore, fully developed and manufactured in Australia, was based on the Holden developed Zeta platform.

Initially introduced as a single sedan body style, the range expanded in 1979 to include a station wagon. From 1984, Holden began branding the flagship model as Holden Calais, with the Commodore Berlina introduced in 1984 gaining independent Holden Berlina nomenclature in 1988. Long-wheelbase Statesman/Caprice derivatives and Commodore utility body variants followed in 1990. The third generation architecture spawned the most body styles, with a new Holden utility launched in 2000 (now officially as the Holden Ute), reborn Monaro coupé in 2001, four-door Holden Crewman utility and all-wheel drive (AWD) Holden Adventra crossover in 2003. Holden Special Vehicles (HSV) in 1987 began official modification of high performance variants of the Commodore and its derivatives, under its own nameplate.

Rivalry came predominantly from the Ford Falcon—also locally built. Prior to the second generation Commodore of 1988, the Holden was positioned a full class below the full-size Falcon. To varying degrees, competition also came from mid-size offerings from Toyota Australia as well as Chrysler Australia, which morphed into Mitsubishi Motors Australia. Moreover, between 1989 and 1997, Australian federal government policy saw the launch of the Toyota Lexcen, which was a rebadged version of the second generation Commodore. With the introduction of the third generation in 1997, Holden implemented its largest export programs involving Commodore and its derivatives. In the Middle East, South Africa and Brazil, the Commodore sold as a Chevrolet. High-performance export versions followed in North America, sold as Pontiac and later Chevrolet. HSV also exported to the United Kingdom as Vauxhall, in the Middle East as Chevrolet Special Vehicles (CSV) and in New Zealand and Singapore as HSV.

In December 2013, Holden announced that it would cease its local production by the end of October 2017 committing, however, to use the long-standing Commodore nameplate on its fifth-generation fully imported replacement, moving to a front-wheel drive (FWD)/all-wheel drive (AWD) platform.

On 10 December 2019, Holden announced that the Commodore nameplate would be discontinued in 2020, in what is, according to Holden's interim chairman and managing director Kristian Aquilina, "decisive action to ensure a sharp focus on the largest and most buoyant market segments", focusing on their SUV and Ute range, which had accounted for over 76% of their lineup during 2019. This marks the end of the Commodore nameplates' 41 years."[4] On 17 February 2020, General Motors announced that the Holden marque in its entirety would be retired from sale in Australia and New Zealand by 2021.[5]

First generation (1978–1988)

VB (1978–1980)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VB)
 
VB Commodore sedan
 
VB Commodore SL station wagon
 
VB Commodore SL E

Introduced in October 1978,[6] the VB Commodore development covered a period with the effects of the 1973 oil crisis still being felt.[7] Hence, when Holden decided to replace the successful full-size HZ Kingswood with a new model line, they wanted the new car to be smaller and more fuel efficient.[8] Originally, Holden looked at developing a new WA Kingswood, but that project was abandoned.[9] With no replacement in development, Holden looked to Opel to provide the foundations of the VB, basing it loosely on the four-cylinder Rekord E bodyshell, with the front grafted on from the Opel Senator A, both constructed using GM's V-body platform.[10] This change was necessitated to accommodate the larger Holden six- and eight-cylinder engines.[11] Holden also adopted the name "Commodore" from Opel, which had been using the name since 1967.[12] Opel went on to use Holden's Rekord-Senator hybrid as a foundation for its new generation Commodore C, slotting in between the two donor models.[13]

 
Interior

The VB series retained 96 percent of the preceding HZ Kingswood's interior space, despite being 14 percent smaller in overall dimensions, although five percent larger than the Torana.[14] With the Commodore dropping a full class below the Kingswood and its Ford Falcon competitor,[15] the smaller Commodore was predictably more fuel-efficient.[16] This downsizing was first seen as a major disadvantage for Holden, as they had effectively relinquished the potential of selling Commodores to the fleet and taxi industries.[17] These sales losses were thought to be unrecoverable; however, the 1979 energy crisis saw Australian oil prices rise by 140 percent, putting substantial strain on the automotive industry to collectively downsize, a change that Holden had already done.[7]

During the VB's development, Holden realised that when driven at speed over harsh Australian roads, the Rekord would effectively break in half at the firewall.[18] This forced Holden to rework the entire car for local conditions, resulting in only 35 percent commonality with the Opel. The Rekord's MacPherson strut front suspension was accordingly modified,[19] and the recirculating ball steering was replaced with a rack and pinion type.[20] These modifications blew development costs beyond expectations to a reported A$110 million[21]—a figure close to the cost of developing a new model independently.[22] With such a large sum consumed by the VB development programme, Holden was left with insufficient finances to resource the development of a wagon variant.[23] Added that the Commodore architecture was considered an unsuitable base for utility and long-wheelbase models,[24] Holden was left with only a sedan, albeit one in three levels of luxury: a base, SL, and SL/E.[25] Desperate measures forced Holden to shape the Commodore front-end to the rear of the Rekord wagon. As the wagon-specific sheet metal had to be imported from Germany, the wagon, introduced in July 1979, suffered from inevitable component differences from the sedan.[23][26] Although infrequently criticised in the early years, quality problems were evident, with poor trim and panel fit problematic for all first generation Commodores. This coupled with mechanical dilemmas such as water pump failure and steering rack rattle ensured warranty claims were high in the first year.[27] Despite these issues, VB was praised for its value for money and sophistication, especially in regards to the steering, ride quality, handling and brakes,[28] thus securing the Wheels Car of the Year award for 1978.[29]

VC (1980–1981)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VC)
 
VC Commodore SL sedan
 
VC Commodore L station wagon
 
VC Commodore L

The most significant change to the VC Commodore of March 1980 was the engine upgrading to "XT5" specification. Now painted blue and thus known as the Blue straight-sixes and Holden V8s, these replaced the Red units fitted to the VB and earlier cars.[30] Changes included a new twelve-port cylinder head, redesigned combustion chambers, inlet and exhaust manifolds, a new two-barrel carburettor .[31] Tweaks and changes to the V8s surrounded the implementation of electronic ignition, revised cylinder head and inlet manifold design and the fitment of a four-barrel carburettor on the 4.2-litre variant. These changes brought improved efficiency, increased outputs and aided driveability.[32] In response to increasing oil prices, a four-cylinder variant was spawned in June 1980.[33] Displacing 1.9-litres, this powerplant known as Starfire was effectively Holden's existing straight-six with two cylinders removed. The four's peak power output of 58 kW (78 hp) and torque rated at 140 N⋅m (103 ft⋅lbf) meant its performance was compromised.[34][35] Reports indicate that the need to push the engine hard to extract performance led to real-world fuel consumption similar to the straight-sixes.[36]

 
Interior

Holden's emphasis on fuel economy extended beyond powertrains, with a fuel consumption vacuum gauge replacing the tachometer throughout the range, although this could be optioned back with the sports instrumentation package.[37] Visual changes were limited: the relocation of the corporate crest to the centre of the redesigned grille, black-coloured trim applied to the tail lamp surrounds on sedans, and the embossment of model badging into the side rubbing strips. The previously undesignated base car, was now the Commodore L, opening up the range for a new unbadged sub-level car.[38] This delete option model, was de-specified and available only to fleet customers.[39] On the premium Commodore SL/E, a resurrected "Shadowtone" exterior paint option became available in a limited range of dark-over-light colour combinations.[40] According to contemporary reviews, changes made to the VC's steering produced a heavier feel and inclined understeer, while the revised suspension gave a softer ride and addressed concerns raised while riding fully laden.[41]

VH (1981–1984)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VH)
 
VH Commodore SL sedan
 
VH Commodore SLX station wagon
 
VH Commodore

The VH series Commodore introduced in September 1981 brought moderately updated frontal bodywork, with a new bonnet and front guards to facilitate the reshaped headlamps and a horizontally slatted grille.[42][43] These front-end design changes worked to produce a longer, yet wider look. At the rear, sedans featured redesigned tail light clusters, the design of which borrowed from Mercedes-Benz models of the day, using a louvered design.[44] At the same time, the nomenclature of the range was rationalised. The SL superseded the L as the base model, with the old SL level becoming the mid-range SL/X, and the SL/E remaining as the top-of-the-line variant.[45] Wagons were restricted to the SL and SL/X trims.[46] Redesigned pentagonal alloy wheels[47]—replacing the original SL/E type used since 1978[48]—along with a black painted B-pillar, wrap-around chrome rear bumper extensions to the wheel arches,[49] and extended tail lamps that converged with the license plate alcove—distinguished the range-topping SL/E from other variants.[44] The new pentagonal wheels were initially in short supply, such that only Shadowtone option SL/E sedans received them during 1981 production.

 
Interior

Mechanical specifications carried over, except for a new five-speed manual transmission, optional on the 1.9-litre four-cylinder and 2.85-litre six-cylinder versions.[50] In an attempt to improve sales figures of the inline-four engine, Holden spent considerable time improving its performance and efficiency. Modifications were also made to the 2.85-litre six to lift economy, and the powerplants managed to reduce fuel consumption by as much as 12.5 and 14 percent, correspondingly.[44][51] Holden released the sports-oriented Commodore SS sedan in September 1982[52]—reintroducing a nameplate used briefly ten years prior with the HQ series.[53] Provisioned with a choice of 4.2- or optional 5.0-litre V8 engines, both versions of the VH SS were teamed with a four-speed manual transmission.[52] Racing driver Peter Brock's Holden Dealer Team (HDT) high performance outfit produced three upgraded versions, known as Group One, Group Two and Group Three, the latter version available in either 4.2-litre or more commonly 5.0-litre V8 configuration.[54]

By the time of the VH series, Commodore sales were beginning to decline. Holden's six-cylinder engine, which was carried over from the Kingswood, could trace its roots back to 1963 and was no longer competitive.[23] Continual improvements made to Commodore's Ford Falcon rival meant the VH was not significantly more fuel-efficient or better performing despite the smaller size.[23][55] This was curtailed by the absence of any major powertrain revisions by the time of the VH and the lack of visual departure from the original VB.[56] Holden also had to deal with the influx of their own mid-size Camira from 1982, which presented comparable interior volume with lower fuel consumption, and for less than the Commodore pricing point. Camira sales were strong initially, but as fuel prices had stabilised, buyers gravitated away from Camira and Commodore towards the larger Falcon, which overtook the Commodore as Australia's bestselling car for the first time in 1982.[23][57][58]

VK (1984–1986)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VK)
 
VK Commodore SL sedan
 
VK Commodore Berlina station wagon
 
VK Commodore SL sedan

Representing the first major change since the VB original, the VK model of 1984 introduced a six-window glasshouse, as opposed to the previous four-window design, to make the Commodore appear larger.[59] The revised design helped stimulate sales, which totalled 135,000 in two years. This did not put an end to Holden's monetary woes. Sales of the initially popular Camira slumped due to unforeseen quality issues,[60] while the Holden WB series commercial vehicle range and the Statesman WB luxury models were starting to show their age; their 1971 origins compared unfavourably with Ford's more modern Falcon and Fairlane models.[61]

New names for the trim levels were also introduced, such as Commodore Executive (an SL with air conditioning and automatic transmission), Commodore Berlina (replacing SL/X) and Calais (replacing SL/E).[62] The 3.3-litre Blue straight-six engine was replaced by the Black specification, gaining computer-controlled ignition systems on the carburettor versions and optional electronic fuel injection boosting power output to 106 kW (142 hp).[63] The 5.0-litre V8 engine continued to power high specification variants, but was shrunk from 5,044 cc to 4,987 cc in 1985 due to new Group A racing homologation rules. The new car cut its predecessor's weight by 75 kg (165 lb) and models were fitted with an upgraded braking system. As high oil prices became a thing of the past, Holden decided to drop the 2.85- six and 4.2-litre V8,[59] while the 1.9-litre four-cylinder was limited to New Zealand.[64]

VL (1986–1988)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VL)
 
VL Berlina sedan
 
VL Executive station wagon
 
VL Commodore Berlina wagon
 
VL Calais sedan

Marking a high point in terms of sales, the last-of-the-series VL Commodore sold in record numbers, finally managing to outsell the Ford Falcon in the private sector.[65] The 1986 VL represented a substantial makeover of the VK and would be the last of the mid-size Commodores for 30 years. Designers distanced the Commodore further away from its Opel origins, by smoothing the lines of the outer body and incorporating a subtle tail spoiler. A thorough redesign of the nose saw the Commodore gain sleek, narrow headlamps and a shallower grille, while the Calais specification employed unique partially concealed headlamps.[66]

 
Interior

By this stage, Holden's 24‑year‑old six-cylinder was thoroughly outmoded and would have been difficult to re-engineer to comply with pending emission standards and the introduction of unleaded fuel. This led Holden to sign a deal with Nissan of Japan to import their RB30E engine.[67] This seemed a good idea in 1983 when the Australian dollar was strong; however by 1986 the once viable prospect became rather expensive.[68] The public quickly accepted what was at first a controversial move, as reports emerged of the improvements in refinement, 33 percent gain in power and 15 percent better economy over the carburettor version of the VK's Black straight-six.[65] An optional turbocharger appeared six months later and lifted power output to 150 kW (201 hp).[69][70] In October 1986, an unleaded edition of Holden's carburettored V8 engine was publicised.[65][71] Holden had originally planned to discontinue the V8 to spare the engineering expense of converting to unleaded. However, public outcry persuaded them to relent. VLs in New Zealand, Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand were also available with the 2.0-litre six-cylinder RB20E engine.[72]

The VL suffered from some common build quality problems, such as poor windshield sealing, that can lead to water leakages and corrosion. Awkward packaging under the low bonnet coupled with Holden's decision to utilise a cross-flow radiator (as opposed to the up-down flow radiator installed to the equivalent Nissan Skyline) meant the six-cylinder engine was especially susceptible to cracked cylinder heads, a problem not displayed on the Nissan Skyline with which it shares the RB30E engine.[73] The Used Car Safety Ratings, published in 2008 by the Monash University Accident Research Centre, found that first generation Commodores (VB–VL), similarly to the Ford Falcons manufactured during the same years, provide a "worse than average" level of occupant safety protection in the event of an accident.[74] It is perhaps noteworthy however, that the Monash University publication includes in its averages, vehicles manufactured as late as 2006. [74] As such, and with reasonable necessity, the 2008 Used Car Safety Ratings include comparison of some non-airbag vehicles with later vehicles fitted with airbags. In 1988, it would still be some years before airbags became available to the public on vehicles manufactured in Australia, and, outside of the very high end luxury market, available in Australia at all. As airbag technology later become more available, the Holden Commodore would become one of the first to offer the option (see VR Commodore below).

Second generation (1988–1997)

VN (1988–1991)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VN)
 
VN Commodore LE sedan
 
VN Commodore Executive station wagon
 
VN Calais sedan
 
Interior

The VN Commodore of 1988 and subsequent second generation models took their bodywork from the larger Opel Senator B and new Opel Omega A. However, this time, the floor plan was widened and stretched; now matching the rival Ford Falcon for size. Continuing financial woes at Holden meant the wider VN body was underpinned by narrow, carry-over VL chassis components in a bid to save development costs.[75] In Australia, for the VN and succeeding models, the Commodore Berlina became known simply as the Berlina (but in New Zealand the V6 VN Berlina, assembled locally until the Trentham factory was closed in 1990, was badged Executive. The Berlina nameplate was not launched, as a new entry level grade, with trim and equipment equivalent to the Australian V6 Executive, until the locally built four cylinder model, using the Australian-made, Opel designed, two-litre Family Two fuel injected engine, was added some months after the V6s).[76] The range expanded in 1990 to include a utility variant, given the model designation VG. This was built on a longer-wheelbase platform that it shared with the station wagon and luxury VQ Statesman sedans released earlier in the year.[77] During this time, the rival Ford EA Falcon was plagued with initial quality issues which tarnished its reputation.[78] Buyers embraced the VN Commodore, helping Holden to recover and post an operating profit of A$157.3 million for 1989. The team at Wheels magazine awarded the VN Car of the Year in 1988: the second Commodore model to receive this award.[77]

Changes in the relative values of the Australian dollar and Japanese yen made it financially impractical to continue with the well-regarded Nissan engine of the VL. Instead, Holden manufactured their own 3.8-litre V6 engine based on a Buick design, adapted from FWD to RWD.[60] The 5.0-litre V8 remained optional and received a power boost to 165 kW (221 hp) courtesy of multi-point fuel injection.[79] Although not known for its refinement, the new V6 was nevertheless praised for its performance and fuel efficiency at the time.[80] The 2.0-litre Family II engine offered in New Zealand was also offered in some other export markets including Singapore where the model also was badged Berlina.[60] Accompanying the changes to engines, the VL's four-speed automatic transmission was replaced by the Turbo-Hydramatic and a Borg-Warner five-speed manual.[81] A Series II update of the VN appeared in September 1989, featuring a revised V6 engine known internally as the EV6.[79] With the update came a power hike of rising to 127 kW (170 hp) from 125 kW (168 hp).[79]

 
Toyota Lexcen sedan (T1)

Under an unsuccessful model sharing arrangement that was part of the Hawke Labor government reforms in 1989, which saw the formation of the United Australian Automobile Industries alliance between Holden and Toyota Australia, the latter began selling badge engineered versions of the VN Commodore manufactured by Holden.[82] The rebadged Commodores were sold as the Toyota Lexcen, named after Ben Lexcen, who was the designer of the Australia II yacht that won the 1983 America's Cup. The original T1 Lexcen offered sedan and station wagon body forms in three levels of trim: base, GL and GLX. Moreover, they were only available with a 3.8-litre V6 engine and automatic transmission combination.[83]

VP (1991–1993)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VP)
 
Commodore Executive sedan (VP)
 
Commodore Vacationer station wagon (VP)
 
Commodore Executive (VP II)

The VP update of 1991 featured cosmetic and mechanical changes, while carrying over the 3.8-litre V6 and 5.0-litre V8 engines from the VN. The 2.0-litre straight-four engine previously available in New Zealand was discontinued.[84] Exterior cosmetic changes included a translucent acrylic grille on the base level Executive[85] and Berlina, with a colour-coded grille for the S and SS, and a chrome grille for Calais. Updated tail lights and boot garnishes were also a part of the changes, which were different for each model, with the Berlina having grey stripes and the Calais chrome stripes.[citation needed] semi-trailing arm independent rear suspension became standard on the Calais and SS, but was made an option on lower-end models in lieu of the live rear axle, improving ride and handling.[84]

A new wider front track was introduced to address issues with the previous carried-over VL chassis components.[86] In August 1992, anti-lock brakes were introduced as an option on the Calais and SS trim levels, later becoming optional on all Series II variants. This January 1993 update also included a colour-coded grille for the Executive and alloy wheels for the Commodore S.[85]

 
Toyota Lexcen (T2) CSi sedan

Toyota's pattern of updating their Lexcen model tended to follow Commodore's model cycle. The T2 (VP) Lexcen from 1991 pioneered new specification designations: CSi, VXi and Newport. All future updates (T3 (VR), T4 (VS) and T5[citation needed] (VS II) Lexcens) made use of the new naming system until 1997, when the badge engineering scheme ceased. To give further differentiation to the Lexcen from the Commodore, the Lexcens from the VP model onwards had unique front-end styling treatments.[87]

VR (1993–1995)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VR)
 
Commodore Executive sedan (VR II)
 
Berlina sedan (VR II)
 
Commodore Executive station wagon (VR II)

The 1993 VR Commodore represented a major facelift of the second generation architecture leaving only the doors and roof untouched.[88] Approximately 80 percent of car was new in comparison to the preceding model. Exterior changes brought an overall smoother body, semicircular wheel arches and the "twin-kidney" grille—a Commodore styling trait which remained until the VY model of 2002 and remains a permanent staple on the HSV variants to this day.[89]

 
Holden VR Commodore Interior Front Seat

The rear-end treatment saw raised tail lights, implemented for safety reasons, and a driver's side airbag was introduced as an option: a first for an Australian-built car.[90] Other safety features such as anti-lock brakes and independent rear suspension were only available with the new electronic GM 4L60-E automatic transmission.[88] Along with a driver's airbag and cruise control, these features were packaged into a new Acclaim specification level: a family-oriented safety spec above the entry-level Executive.[91] Holden's strong focus on safety can be seen in the Used Car Safety Ratings. The findings show that in an accident, VN/VP Commodores provide a "worse than average" level of occupant protection. However, the updated VR/VS models were found to provide a "better than average" level of safety protection.[74] Holden issued a Series II revision in September 1994 bringing audible warning chimes for the handbrake and fuel level among other changes.[88]

 
Toyota Lexcen CSi station wagon (T3)

The latest revision of the Buick 3.8-litre V6 engine was fitted to the VR Commodore, featuring rolling-element bearings in the valve rocker arms and increased compression ratios.[92] These changes combined to deliver an increase in power to 130 kW (174 hp) and further improvement in noise, vibration, and harshness levels.[89] Wheels magazine awarded the VR Commodore Car of the Year in 1993.[93]

VS (1995–1997)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VS)
 
Calais sedan (VS II)
 
Commodore Executive wagon (VS)
 
Commodore Acclaim (VS II)

The 1995 VS Commodore served as a mechanical update of the VR, destined to maintain sales momentum before the arrival of an all-new VT model. The extent of exterior changes amounted to little more than a redesigned Holden logo and wheel trims.[94] An overhauled Ecotec (Emissions and Consumption Optimisation through TEChnology) version of the Buick V6 engine coincided with changes to the engine in the United States. The Ecotec engine packed 13 percent more power for a total of 147 kW (197 hp), cut fuel consumption by 5 percent, increased the compression ratio from 9.0:1 to 9.4:1 and improved on the engine's previous rough characteristics. Holden mated the new engine with a modified version of the GM 4L60-E automatic transmission, improving throttle response and smoothing gear changes.[94] The Series II update of June 1996 included elliptical side turn signals, interior tweaks and the introduction of a supercharged V6 engine for selected trim levels, and the introduction of a new Getrag manual transmission.[94] The new supercharged engine slotted between the existing V6 and V8 engines in the lineup and was officially rated at 165 kW (221 hp), just 3 kW (4.0 hp) below the V8.[95]

 
Toyota Lexcen (T4) CSi sedan

The VS Commodore was the last to be sold as a Toyota Lexcen, as Holden and Toyota ended their model-sharing scheme.[96] The last Lexcens were built during 1997.[97] This model was also sold as the VS Commodore Royale in New Zealand. Similar in specification to the Calais also sold in New Zealand, the Royale featured a standard VS Commodore body with the front end from the VS Caprice and an Opel 2.6-litre 54-Degree V6 engine. The Royale was also sold between 1995 and 1997 in small numbers to Malaysia and Singapore as the Opel Calais.[98][99]

Third generation (1997–2007)

VT (1997–2000)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VT)
 
Commodore Acclaim sedan (VT)
 
Commodore Acclaim station wagon (VT)
 
Commodore Executive (VT)
 
Commodore SS (VT)

With the VT Commodore of 1997, Holden looked again to Opel in Germany for a donor platform. The proposal was to take the Opel Omega B and broaden the vehicle's width and mechanical setup for local conditions. In the early days, Holden considered adopting the Omega as is, save for the engines and transmissions, and even investigated reskinning the existing VR/VS architecture.[100] Later on, the VT bodywork spawned a new generation of Statesman and Caprice (again based on the long-wheelbase wagons),[60] and even went as far as resurrecting the iconic Monaro coupé of the 1960s and 1970s[101] via a prototype presented at the 1998 Sydney Motor Show.

 
Commodore Executive interior (VT II)

The VT heralded the fitment of semi-trailing arm independent rear suspension as standard across the range, a significant selling point over the rival Falcon,[102] along with increased electronics such as Traction Control. However, in terms of suspension, the original Opel design was simplified by removing the toe control links[60] that was standard equipment on the European Omega since 1987.[60] Consequently, this afflicted the VT with excessive tyre wear due to distortions to the suspension camber angle and toe under heavy load, such as heavy towing or when travelling over undulated surfaces.

Notably, Holden's performance arm HSV re-added the toe control link on the flagship GTS 300 model.[60] The 1999 Series II update replaced the venerable Holden 5.0-litre V8 engine with a new 5.7-litre Generation III V8 sourced from the United States.[60] The V8 was detuned to 220 kW (295 hp) from the original US version, but would receive incremental power upgrades to 250 kW (335 hp) throughout its time in the Commodore,[103] before finally being replaced by the related Generation 4 in the VZ.[104] The supercharged V6 was uprated to 171 kW (229 hp) from the VS.[105] Safety wise, side airbags became an option for the Acclaim and higher models, a first for Holden.[106]

From the onset, parent company General Motors was interested in incorporating a left-hand drive Commodore in its Buick lineup, as manifested by the unveiling of the Buick XP2000 concept car in 1996.[107] Although this idea was ultimately abandoned (due to pressures by the North American automotive trade unions to retain local production), the GM-funded project allowed Holden to enter into a range of left-hand export markets.[108] Thus began the Commodore's rapid expansion into parts of Indochina, the Middle East and South Africa badged as the Chevrolet Lumina and Brazil as the Chevrolet Omega 3.8 V6.[109] In its home market, the VT series was awarded the 1997 Wheels Car of the Year award, the fourth such award in Commodore's history.[110] It found ready acceptance in the market as many buyers steered away from the slow selling Ford AU Falcon, becoming the best selling Commodore to date and cementing its place as number one in Australian sales.[60]

The sedan and wagon range comprised: Commodore Executive (base and fleet package); Commodore Acclaim (family and safety package); Berlina (luxury package) and Calais (sedan-only sport luxury package). Limited editions included a "Sydney 2000" Olympic version and Holden 50th Anniversary based on better equipped Executive models (e.g. Berlina alloy wheels on the former but no climate control).

VX (2000–2002)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VX)
 
Commodore Equipe sedan (VX II)
 
Berlina sedan (VX II)
 
Commodore Executive station wagon (VX)
 
Commodore Equipe sedan (VX II)

The VX update from 2000 featured a revised headlamp design.[111] The VT's rear tail lamp panel was replaced by two separate light assemblies. Conversely, the luxury-oriented Berlina and Calais sedans continued using a full-width boot-lid panel incorporating the registration plate and tail lamps.[112]

The VX series also formed the basis for a new Holden Ute, designated the VU-series. Earlier utility models were instead entitled "Commodore utility".[113] An updated Series II was launched in early 2002, featuring revised rear suspension system now equipped with toe control links to address the VT's issues.[114] The VX series also spawned the production version of the re-launched Holden Monaro (allowing Holden to commence exports to the United States, with this coupé sold as the Pontiac GTO).[109]

Safety played a substantial role in the development of the VX model. Bosch 5.3 anti-lock brakes were made standard on all variants, a first for an Australian manufactured car; and traction control was made available on vehicles equipped with manual transmission. Extensive research was undertaken to reduce the effects from a side-impact collision through modification of the B-pillars. The risk presented by a side-impact collision in a VX fitted without side airbags is reduced by 50 percent when compared to a similarly specified VT model.[115]

VY (2002–2004)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VY)
 
Commodore S sedan (VY)
 
Berlina station wagon (VY II)
 
Commodore Equipe station wagon (VY II)

The A$250 million VY mid-cycle update of 2002 represented the first major styling shift since the 1997 VT. Designers discarded the rounded front and rear styling of the VT and VX models, adopting more aggressive, angular lines.[116] The same approach was applied to the interior, whereby the curvaceous dashboard design was orphaned in favour of an angular, symmetrical design. Satin chrome plastic now dominated the façade of the centre console stack, and high-end models received fold-out cup holders borrowed from fellow GM subsidiary Saab.[117] Leaving Eurovox behind, Holden turned towards German electronics manufacturer Blaupunkt to source audio systems—an arrangement that remains in place today.[118]

 
Berlina interior

Engineering wise, Holden kept the changes low key. A revised steering system and tweaked suspension tuning were among some of the changes to sharpen handling precision. Further improvements were made to the Generation III V8 engine to produce peak power of 235 kW (315 hp) for sports variants.[119] In a bid to recapture the market for low-cost, high-performance cars, Holden created a new SV8 specification level. Based on the entry-level Executive, the SV8 inherited the V8 mechanical package from the SS but made do without the luxury appointments and was sold at a correspondingly lower price.[120] Holden also experimented by releasing a limited edition wagon version of its high-performance SS variant, of which only 850 were built.[121] The Series II update added a front strut bar as standard to the SS, which was claimed to increase rigidity and hence handling. As became the trend, the update raised V8 power, now up 10 kW (13 hp).[122] Amendments in the remaining models were confined to new wheels, trims and decals, however, the Calais has taken on a sports-luxury persona as opposed to the discrete luxury character seen in previous models. This repositioning in turn affected the Berlina's standing. The once second-tier model now became the sole luxury model, only overshadowed by the more expensive Calais.[123] Coinciding with the VY II models was the first four-door utility model dubbed the Holden Crewman. Crewman's underpinnings and body structure while somewhat unusual, shared a fair amount in common with the Statesman/Caprice, One tonner and the two-door Ute.[124]

In 2003, Holden launched an AWD system that it developed for the VY platform dubbed Cross Trac, at a cost of A$125 million.[125] Unveiled after the Series II updates, the first application of this electronically controlled system was the Holden Adventra, a raised VY wagon crossover. The system was only available in combination with the V8 and automatic transmission. Holden chose not to spend extra engineering resources on adapting the AWD system to the 3.8-litre V6, due to be replaced in the upcoming VZ model. Unfortunately for Holden, the Adventra fell well short of expected sales, despite modest targets.[126]

VZ (2004–2007)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VZ)
 
Berlina sedan (VZ)
 
Commodore Acclaim station wagon (VZ)
 
Commodore SV6 sedan (VZ)
 
Commodore Acclaim station wagon (VZ)
 
Commodore Executive interior (VZ)

The final chapter of the third generation series was the VZ Commodore. Debuting in 2004 with a new series of V6 engines known as the Alloytec V6, both 175 kW (235 hp) and 190 kW (255 hp) versions of the 3.6-litre engine were offered.[127] These were later upgraded to 180 and 195 kW (241 and 261 hp) respectively in the VE model.[128] When compared to the previous Ecotec engines, the Alloytec benefits from increased power output, responsiveness and fuel efficiency.[127] The new engines were mated to a new five-speed 5L40E automatic transmission on the luxury V6 variants, and a new six-speed Aisin AY6 manual transmission on the six-cylinder SV6 sports variant.[129] However, the long serving four-speed automatic carried on in other variants, albeit with further tweaks in an attempt to address complaints about refinement. A new 6.0-litre Generation 4 V8 engine was added to the range in January 2006 to comply with Euro III emission standards. Compared to the American version, both Active Fuel Management and variable valve timing were removed.[104] The Alloytec V6 was also affected by the new standards, which saw the peak output reduced to 172 kW (231 hp).[130]

Along with the new powertrain, Holden also introduced new safety features such as electronic stability control and brake assist.[129] The Used Car Safety Ratings evaluation found that VT/VX Commodores provide a "better than average" level of occupant protection in the event of an accident, with VY/VZ models uprated to "significantly better than average".[74] ANCAP crash test results rate the fourth generation VE lower in the offset frontal impact test than the third generation VY/VZ Commodore. The overall crash score was marginally higher than the outgoing model due to improved side impact protection.[131][132]

Fourth generation (2006–2017)

VE (2006–2013)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VE)
 
Commodore SV6 sedan (VE II)
 
Calais sedan (VE)
 
Commodore Omega Sportwagon (VE II)
 
Calais V sedan (VE)

Launched in 2006 after GM's 2003 abandonment of their last European rear-drive sedan, the Opel Omega, the VE is the first Commodore model designed entirely in Australia, as opposed to being based on an adapted Opel-sourced platform.[133] Given this and high public expectations of quality, the budget in developing the car reportedly exceeded A$1 billion.[134] Underpinned by the new Holden developed GM Zeta platform, the VE features more sophisticated independent suspension all round and near-even 50:50 weight distribution, leading to improved handling.[135] Engines and transmissions are largely carried over from the previous VZ model.[136] However, a new six-speed GM 6L80-E automatic transmission was introduced for V8 variants, replacing the old four-speed automatic now relegated to base models.[137] The design of this new model included innovative features to help minimise export costs, such as a symmetrical centre console that houses a flush-fitting hand brake lever to facilitate its conversion to left-hand drive.[138] Internationally, the Commodore is again badge engineered as the Chevrolet Lumina and Chevrolet Omega, along with its new export market in the United States as the Pontiac G8 (discontinued as of 2010 along with the Pontiac brand).[139]

Variants by Holden's performance arm, HSV, were released soon after the sedan's debut, followed by the long-wheelbase WM Statesman/Caprice models.[140] The VE Ute did not enter production until 2007 whilst the Sportwagon began production in July 2008.[141][142] A VE V8 Calais was awarded Wheels Car of the Year, being the fifth Commodore/Calais model to do so.[143]

 
Calais V (VE) interior

In late 2008 Holden made changes to the VE Commodore, including the addition of a passenger seatbelt-reminder system. The rollout of such modifications allowed the VE range to be upgraded in stages (dependent on model) to the five-star ANCAP safety rating during 2008 and 2009.

The September 2009 MY10 update to the VE Commodore platform introduces a new standard engine–a 3.0-litre Spark Ignition Direct Injection (SIDI) V6 on the Omega and Berlina, with a 3.6-litre version of the same reserved for all other V6 variants.[144] The standard transmission is now a six-speed GM 6L50 automatic, replacing the four-speed in Omega and Berlina models and the five-speed in higher luxury levels. A six-speed manual is still available in sport models.[145] Holden claims the newer powertrains would provide better fuel economy than some smaller four-cylinder cars; the 3.0-litre version is rated at 9.3 L/100 km (25 mpg‑US; 30 mpg‑imp).[146] The 3.0L produces 190 kW (255 hp), more than the earlier 3.6L and more than the old 5.0L Holden V8. The new 3.6 produces a fraction more at 210 kW (282 hp) although the difference is negligible in real world driving.

In mid-2010 Holden released the VE Series 2 (VEII). The major difference saw the introduction of the Holden iQ system, a centre-mounted LCD display that provides navigation, Bluetooth, and controls to the stereo. There were also small alterations to the styling and a number of other changes.

VF (2013–2017)

Main article: Holden Commodore (VF)
 
Commodore SS sedan (VF)
 
Commodore SV6 Sportwagon (VF II)
 
Commodore SV6 sedan (VF II)

The VF Commodore, a major overhaul of the VE, was officially revealed on 10 February 2013 in Melbourne.

The body shell, suspension and electrics of the GM Zeta platform have been thoroughly reworked to reduce weight, improving handling and fuel efficiency. Changes to the model line-up see the deletion of the Berlina nameplate (which was merged with the standard Calais variant, represented the smallest share of sales in Commodore's line-up) and the base model renamed from Omega to Evoke.

Standard features across the Commodore range includes front and rear parking sensors, reverse camera and auto park assist, whereas high specifications models such as the Calais-V and SS-V redline models also feature, as standard, forward and reverse collision alert system and a colour heads-up display - all possible thanks to the VF's electronics now being compatible with those of more developed GM cars, resulting in the new Commodore being cheaper to manufacture. Indeed, recommended retail pricing have been reduced across the range, from A$5,000 for the base model and up to A$10,000 for the Calais V V8 and SS V Redline.[147]

A day after the Australian range reveal and in the lead up to the Daytona 500 weekend, a more powerful and better equipped export version of the VF Commodore SS also made its debut in Daytona, Florida, as the MY14 Chevrolet SS.[148] To maximise the SS's profile in the United States, GM also replaced in NASCAR the Chevrolet Impala with the SS, which raced in NASCAR's premier series through 2017, when it was replaced by the Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for the 2018 season.

A Series II update (VF II) was launched in late 2015, introducing minor styling revisions at the front, while the biggest change was the arrival of a 304 kW (408 hp) LS3 across the entire V8 range. In addition, the V8's final drive ratio and the Redline's suspension tune were also revised.[149]

Fifth generation (2018–2020)

ZB (2018–2020)

Main article: Holden Commodore (ZB)
 
Commodore LT liftback
 
Commodore LT liftback
 
Commodore LT Sportwagon

In 2017, Holden announced that the Commodore would end production in Australia and confirmed that the Commodore badge would be inherited by its replacement - now fully imported. This decision was made on the basis of a survey revealing that a majority of customers were in favour of retaining the long-standing Australian badge introduced in 1978.

In October 2016, Holden provided selected journalists an opportunity to test drive early prototypes of the 2018 Commodore.

The ZB Commodore was revealed on the 6 December 2016 as a rebadged version of the Opel Insignia B. The ZB Commodore was offered with four or six-cylinder engine options, as well as front-wheel drive (FWD) or all-wheel drive. This was a major departure from the V8 and rear wheel drive variants available on the previous generation Commodore.

There has been significant controversy regarding Holden's decision to retain the Commodore name for the 2018 model, despite it being dimensionally smaller than its predecessor, lacking a V8 engine option and switching from a RWD to a FWD drivetrain. Whilst the decision has been considered to be a safe choice in order to preserve sales, the retention of the Commodore name has been critiqued for Holden missing the opportunity to rebrand its sedan range and push its offering into the more lucrative semi-premium end of the market.

As of April 2018, the ZB Commodore has the lowest resale value as a proportion of new price of any car on the Australian market.[150]

Due to slow sales and Holden's interest in other vehicle segments, it was announced on 10 December 2019 that the ZB Commodore would be discontinued in early 2020, shortly before GM's decision to retire the Holden brand entirely.[151][152]

Australian export models

Since the late 1990s, Commodores have been sent abroad as the Chevrolet Lumina in the Middle East until 2011 and South Africa until 2013, and as the Chevrolet Omega in Brazil until 2008 and, then again, in 2010. Vauxhall VXR8 sales began in 2007. Versions have also been previously exported in the mid-1990s to Southeast Asia as the Opel Calais and to North America from 2008 to 2009 as the Pontiac G8. From 2014 to 2017, the VF Commodore was sold in the United States as the Chevrolet SS and the sport version from HSV sold in the United Kingdom as the Vauxhall VXR8.

Chevrolet Lumina

Main article: Chevrolet Lumina

The Commodore was sold as the Chevrolet Lumina in the Middle East and South Africa, and previously in South East Asia.

A coupe version based on the Holden Monaro was also sold in the Middle East as the Chevrolet Lumina Coupe. In Arabia, the Lumina was offered in four different trims: LS (Omega), LTZ (Berlina), S (SV6) and SS (SS). The LTZ and S came standard with a 3.6 L Alloytec V6 and a six-speed automatic transmission for the S and four-speed for the LTZ, while the SS came standard with a 6.0 L Alloytec V8 with the option of active fuel management. A six-speed manual was standard with the option of a six-speed automatic on the SS. The LTZ was the luxury model, while the S and SS models focused on sportiness. Exports to the Middle East ceased in 2011.[153]

Lumina models sold in South Africa dropped the V6 engine in favour of 6.0 litre V8 engine mated to a six-speed manual or automatic. Fuel injection and a 10.4:1 compression ratio help contribute to a max power output of 270 kW (362 hp) at 5,700 rpm, and a max torque of 530 N⋅m (391 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm for vehicles equipped with the manual. Automatic cars make 260 kW (349 hp) at 5,800 rpm and 517 N⋅m (381 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm. All cars were equipped with Brembo brake calipers and a ZF limited-slip differentials. The car received updates for the 2011 model year. These changes were introduced to coincide with the release of the VE Series II Commodore. Changes included revised bumpers, there is a chrome moulding above the number plate on the boot lid, refreshed alloy wheel designs and the Holden IQ system. Also the SSV model was introduced.[154] The Holden Ute was sold as the Lumina Ute in South Africa and has the same equipment as the sedan.

Australian production

Australian production of the first Commodore launched in 1978 was initially spread between Holden's Pagewood (New South Wales) and Dandenong (Victoria) plants. In August 1978, Holden announced a $6.7 million program to enable assembly of the Commodore range at the Elizabeth (South Australia) plant, which resulted in the closure of the Pagewood plant a year later.[155] The Australian production of the Commodore was consolidated at Elizabeth in 1988, coinciding with the launch of the then new VN Commodore.

The Commodore and its derivatives have been the basis of modified variants by companies separate to Holden. Officially, Holden's performance partner is HSV, although other prominent high performance brands include HDT Special Vehicles, Corsa Specialized Vehicles (CSV) and Walkinshaw Performance (WP), since the first, third and fourth generation Commodore, respectively.

In December 2013, Holden announced that it would cease production of the Commodore in Australia in 2017.[156] This was followed, in December 2015, by "Project Erich" involving Belgian entrepreneur Guido Dumarey. His plans involve buying the Holden production facilities, with a view to continue producing in Australia a rebadged range of RWD and AWD premium vehicles based on the GM Zeta platform, for local and export sales. Dumarey's company, Punch Powerglide, already supplies automatic transmissions for Holden's V6-powered models made in Australia.[157] The last Commodore - the last Holden vehicle to be manufactured in Australia - rolled off the line at the Elizabeth plant on 20 October 2017.[2]

Sales

Australian large car sales (1991–2012)
  Holden Commodore
(sedan and wagon)
  Ford Falcon
(sedan and wagon)
  Toyota Camry/
Avalon/Aurion (V6)
  Other
  Total large car
segment
Holden Commodore sales in Australia
1980s
 1980 1981 1982 1983[158] 1984 1985[159] 1986 1987 1988 1989
78,429 35,355 62,436
1990s
 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994[160] 1995[161] 1996[161] 1997[161] 1998[161] 1999[161]
50,820 57,641 62,663 75,330 80,452 83,001 76,849 94,642 85,648
2000s
 2000[161] 2001[161] 2002[161] 2003[161] 2004[161] 2005[162] 2006[163] 2007[164] 2008[165] 2009[166]
83,610 85,422 88,478 86,553 79,170 66,794 56,531 57,307 51,093 44,387
2010s
 2010[167] 2011[168] 2012[169] 2013[170] 2014[171] 2015[172] 2016[173] 2017[174] 2018[175] 2019[176]
45,956 40,617 30,532 27,766 30,203 27,770 25,860 23,676 9,040 5,915

References

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  8. ^ Whelan (1978), p. 22. "It had to be a family car, which meant it needed similar interior dimensions to the Holden Kingswood, but it had to be fuel- and space efficient, which meant it had to be smaller and sleeker overall."
  9. ^ Robinson (2006), p. 21. "Holden planned to replace the HQ with the WA but management indecision meant the project was discarded."
  10. ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 59. "The Commodore was [...] based on the Opel V-car using components from the German GM subsidiary's Rekord, Commodore and Senator models."
  11. ^ Robinson (2006), p. 22. "It accepted Opel's Rekord, knowing the four-cylinder required re-engineering to [...] accommodate the local in-line six-cylinder and V8 engines. [...] The VB mixed the nose of the longer six-cylinder Opel Senator, [...] to the cabin and rearward of the cheaper Rekord."
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Bibliography

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holden Commodore.
  • Official website
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  • Huge website around the Opels of the time including the Holden Commodore VB


March 02, 2023
holden, commodore, confused, with, opel, commodore, full, size, that, sold, holden, from, 1978, 2020, manufactured, from, 1978, 2017, australia, from, 1979, 1990, zealand, with, production, locally, manufactured, versions, australia, ending, october, 2017, hol. Not to be confused with Opel Commodore The Holden Commodore is a full size car that was sold by Holden from 1978 to 2020 It was manufactured from 1978 to 2017 in Australia and from 1979 to 1990 in New Zealand with production of the locally manufactured versions in Australia ending on 20 October 2017 2 Holden CommodoreHolden VF Commodore 2017 OverviewManufacturerHoldenProduction1978 2020 1 Body and chassisClassMid size car 1978 1988 2018 2020 Full size car 1988 2017 Body style2 door coupe utility4 door sedan5 door station wagonLayoutFront engine rear wheel drive 1978 2017 Front engine front wheel drive 2018 2020 Front engine all wheel drive 2018 2020 PlatformGM V platform 1978 2006 GM Zeta platform 2006 2017 GM E2XX platform 2018 2020 RelatedHolden Statesman and CapriceHolden MonaroOpel InsigniaOpel CommodoreBuick RegalOpel OmegaPontiac G8ChronologyPredecessorHolden KingswoodBetween 2018 and 2020 a rebadged Opel Insignia built in Germany was sold in Australia as the Holden Commodore ZB All sales of new Commodores ended in 2020 coinciding with the discontinuation of the Holden marque and nameplate entirely 3 From 1978 the Commodore replaced the long serving Holden Kingswood and Holden Premier mid sized executive cars developed in Australia Initially the Commodore was based on the Opel Commodore C a smaller contemporary rear wheel drive RWD platform designed by General Motors German subsidiary This was redesigned by Holden to suit the demands of the Australian market road conditions and manufacturing Subsequent series of Holden Commodore became larger and were also influenced by the Opel Senator and Opel Omega The fourth generation Commodore fully developed and manufactured in Australia was based on the Holden developed Zeta platform Initially introduced as a single sedan body style the range expanded in 1979 to include a station wagon From 1984 Holden began branding the flagship model as Holden Calais with the Commodore Berlina introduced in 1984 gaining independent Holden Berlina nomenclature in 1988 Long wheelbase Statesman Caprice derivatives and Commodore utility body variants followed in 1990 The third generation architecture spawned the most body styles with a new Holden utility launched in 2000 now officially as the Holden Ute reborn Monaro coupe in 2001 four door Holden Crewman utility and all wheel drive AWD Holden Adventra crossover in 2003 Holden Special Vehicles HSV in 1987 began official modification of high performance variants of the Commodore and its derivatives under its own nameplate Rivalry came predominantly from the Ford Falcon also locally built Prior to the second generation Commodore of 1988 the Holden was positioned a full class below the full size Falcon To varying degrees competition also came from mid size offerings from Toyota Australia as well as Chrysler Australia which morphed into Mitsubishi Motors Australia Moreover between 1989 and 1997 Australian federal government policy saw the launch of the Toyota Lexcen which was a rebadged version of the second generation Commodore With the introduction of the third generation in 1997 Holden implemented its largest export programs involving Commodore and its derivatives In the Middle East South Africa and Brazil the Commodore sold as a Chevrolet High performance export versions followed in North America sold as Pontiac and later Chevrolet HSV also exported to the United Kingdom as Vauxhall in the Middle East as Chevrolet Special Vehicles CSV and in New Zealand and Singapore as HSV In December 2013 Holden announced that it would cease its local production by the end of October 2017 committing however to use the long standing Commodore nameplate on its fifth generation fully imported replacement moving to a front wheel drive FWD all wheel drive AWD platform On 10 December 2019 Holden announced that the Commodore nameplate would be discontinued in 2020 in what is according to Holden s interim chairman and managing director Kristian Aquilina decisive action to ensure a sharp focus on the largest and most buoyant market segments focusing on their SUV and Ute range which had accounted for over 76 of their lineup during 2019 This marks the end of the Commodore nameplates 41 years 4 On 17 February 2020 General Motors announced that the Holden marque in its entirety would be retired from sale in Australia and New Zealand by 2021 5 Contents 1 First generation 1978 1988 1 1 VB 1978 1980 1 2 VC 1980 1981 1 3 VH 1981 1984 1 4 VK 1984 1986 1 5 VL 1986 1988 2 Second generation 1988 1997 2 1 VN 1988 1991 2 2 VP 1991 1993 2 3 VR 1993 1995 2 4 VS 1995 1997 3 Third generation 1997 2007 3 1 VT 1997 2000 3 2 VX 2000 2002 3 3 VY 2002 2004 3 4 VZ 2004 2007 4 Fourth generation 2006 2017 4 1 VE 2006 2013 4 2 VF 2013 2017 5 Fifth generation 2018 2020 5 1 ZB 2018 2020 6 Australian export models 6 1 Chevrolet Lumina 7 Australian production 8 Sales 9 References 9 1 Bibliography 10 External linksFirst generation 1978 1988 EditVB 1978 1980 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VB VB Commodore sedan VB Commodore SL station wagon VB Commodore SL E Introduced in October 1978 6 the VB Commodore development covered a period with the effects of the 1973 oil crisis still being felt 7 Hence when Holden decided to replace the successful full size HZ Kingswood with a new model line they wanted the new car to be smaller and more fuel efficient 8 Originally Holden looked at developing a new WA Kingswood but that project was abandoned 9 With no replacement in development Holden looked to Opel to provide the foundations of the VB basing it loosely on the four cylinder Rekord E bodyshell with the front grafted on from the Opel Senator A both constructed using GM s V body platform 10 This change was necessitated to accommodate the larger Holden six and eight cylinder engines 11 Holden also adopted the name Commodore from Opel which had been using the name since 1967 12 Opel went on to use Holden s Rekord Senator hybrid as a foundation for its new generation Commodore C slotting in between the two donor models 13 Interior The VB series retained 96 percent of the preceding HZ Kingswood s interior space despite being 14 percent smaller in overall dimensions although five percent larger than the Torana 14 With the Commodore dropping a full class below the Kingswood and its Ford Falcon competitor 15 the smaller Commodore was predictably more fuel efficient 16 This downsizing was first seen as a major disadvantage for Holden as they had effectively relinquished the potential of selling Commodores to the fleet and taxi industries 17 These sales losses were thought to be unrecoverable however the 1979 energy crisis saw Australian oil prices rise by 140 percent putting substantial strain on the automotive industry to collectively downsize a change that Holden had already done 7 During the VB s development Holden realised that when driven at speed over harsh Australian roads the Rekord would effectively break in half at the firewall 18 This forced Holden to rework the entire car for local conditions resulting in only 35 percent commonality with the Opel The Rekord s MacPherson strut front suspension was accordingly modified 19 and the recirculating ball steering was replaced with a rack and pinion type 20 These modifications blew development costs beyond expectations to a reported A 110 million 21 a figure close to the cost of developing a new model independently 22 With such a large sum consumed by the VB development programme Holden was left with insufficient finances to resource the development of a wagon variant 23 Added that the Commodore architecture was considered an unsuitable base for utility and long wheelbase models 24 Holden was left with only a sedan albeit one in three levels of luxury a base SL and SL E 25 Desperate measures forced Holden to shape the Commodore front end to the rear of the Rekord wagon As the wagon specific sheet metal had to be imported from Germany the wagon introduced in July 1979 suffered from inevitable component differences from the sedan 23 26 Although infrequently criticised in the early years quality problems were evident with poor trim and panel fit problematic for all first generation Commodores This coupled with mechanical dilemmas such as water pump failure and steering rack rattle ensured warranty claims were high in the first year 27 Despite these issues VB was praised for its value for money and sophistication especially in regards to the steering ride quality handling and brakes 28 thus securing the Wheels Car of the Year award for 1978 29 VC 1980 1981 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VC VC Commodore SL sedan VC Commodore L station wagon VC Commodore L The most significant change to the VC Commodore of March 1980 was the engine upgrading to XT5 specification Now painted blue and thus known as the Blue straight sixes and Holden V8s these replaced the Red units fitted to the VB and earlier cars 30 Changes included a new twelve port cylinder head redesigned combustion chambers inlet and exhaust manifolds a new two barrel carburettor 31 Tweaks and changes to the V8s surrounded the implementation of electronic ignition revised cylinder head and inlet manifold design and the fitment of a four barrel carburettor on the 4 2 litre variant These changes brought improved efficiency increased outputs and aided driveability 32 In response to increasing oil prices a four cylinder variant was spawned in June 1980 33 Displacing 1 9 litres this powerplant known as Starfire was effectively Holden s existing straight six with two cylinders removed The four s peak power output of 58 kW 78 hp and torque rated at 140 N m 103 ft lbf meant its performance was compromised 34 35 Reports indicate that the need to push the engine hard to extract performance led to real world fuel consumption similar to the straight sixes 36 Interior Holden s emphasis on fuel economy extended beyond powertrains with a fuel consumption vacuum gauge replacing the tachometer throughout the range although this could be optioned back with the sports instrumentation package 37 Visual changes were limited the relocation of the corporate crest to the centre of the redesigned grille black coloured trim applied to the tail lamp surrounds on sedans and the embossment of model badging into the side rubbing strips The previously undesignated base car was now the Commodore L opening up the range for a new unbadged sub level car 38 This delete option model was de specified and available only to fleet customers 39 On the premium Commodore SL E a resurrected Shadowtone exterior paint option became available in a limited range of dark over light colour combinations 40 According to contemporary reviews changes made to the VC s steering produced a heavier feel and inclined understeer while the revised suspension gave a softer ride and addressed concerns raised while riding fully laden 41 VH 1981 1984 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VH VH Commodore SL sedan VH Commodore SLX station wagon VH Commodore The VH series Commodore introduced in September 1981 brought moderately updated frontal bodywork with a new bonnet and front guards to facilitate the reshaped headlamps and a horizontally slatted grille 42 43 These front end design changes worked to produce a longer yet wider look At the rear sedans featured redesigned tail light clusters the design of which borrowed from Mercedes Benz models of the day using a louvered design 44 At the same time the nomenclature of the range was rationalised The SL superseded the L as the base model with the old SL level becoming the mid range SL X and the SL E remaining as the top of the line variant 45 Wagons were restricted to the SL and SL X trims 46 Redesigned pentagonal alloy wheels 47 replacing the original SL E type used since 1978 48 along with a black painted B pillar wrap around chrome rear bumper extensions to the wheel arches 49 and extended tail lamps that converged with the license plate alcove distinguished the range topping SL E from other variants 44 The new pentagonal wheels were initially in short supply such that only Shadowtone option SL E sedans received them during 1981 production Interior Mechanical specifications carried over except for a new five speed manual transmission optional on the 1 9 litre four cylinder and 2 85 litre six cylinder versions 50 In an attempt to improve sales figures of the inline four engine Holden spent considerable time improving its performance and efficiency Modifications were also made to the 2 85 litre six to lift economy and the powerplants managed to reduce fuel consumption by as much as 12 5 and 14 percent correspondingly 44 51 Holden released the sports oriented Commodore SS sedan in September 1982 52 reintroducing a nameplate used briefly ten years prior with the HQ series 53 Provisioned with a choice of 4 2 or optional 5 0 litre V8 engines both versions of the VH SS were teamed with a four speed manual transmission 52 Racing driver Peter Brock s Holden Dealer Team HDT high performance outfit produced three upgraded versions known as Group One Group Two and Group Three the latter version available in either 4 2 litre or more commonly 5 0 litre V8 configuration 54 By the time of the VH series Commodore sales were beginning to decline Holden s six cylinder engine which was carried over from the Kingswood could trace its roots back to 1963 and was no longer competitive 23 Continual improvements made to Commodore s Ford Falcon rival meant the VH was not significantly more fuel efficient or better performing despite the smaller size 23 55 This was curtailed by the absence of any major powertrain revisions by the time of the VH and the lack of visual departure from the original VB 56 Holden also had to deal with the influx of their own mid size Camira from 1982 which presented comparable interior volume with lower fuel consumption and for less than the Commodore pricing point Camira sales were strong initially but as fuel prices had stabilised buyers gravitated away from Camira and Commodore towards the larger Falcon which overtook the Commodore as Australia s bestselling car for the first time in 1982 23 57 58 VK 1984 1986 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VK VK Commodore SL sedan VK Commodore Berlina station wagon VK Commodore SL sedan Representing the first major change since the VB original the VK model of 1984 introduced a six window glasshouse as opposed to the previous four window design to make the Commodore appear larger 59 The revised design helped stimulate sales which totalled 135 000 in two years This did not put an end to Holden s monetary woes Sales of the initially popular Camira slumped due to unforeseen quality issues 60 while the Holden WB series commercial vehicle range and the Statesman WB luxury models were starting to show their age their 1971 origins compared unfavourably with Ford s more modern Falcon and Fairlane models 61 New names for the trim levels were also introduced such as Commodore Executive an SL with air conditioning and automatic transmission Commodore Berlina replacing SL X and Calais replacing SL E 62 The 3 3 litre Blue straight six engine was replaced by the Black specification gaining computer controlled ignition systems on the carburettor versions and optional electronic fuel injection boosting power output to 106 kW 142 hp 63 The 5 0 litre V8 engine continued to power high specification variants but was shrunk from 5 044 cc to 4 987 cc in 1985 due to new Group A racing homologation rules The new car cut its predecessor s weight by 75 kg 165 lb and models were fitted with an upgraded braking system As high oil prices became a thing of the past Holden decided to drop the 2 85 six and 4 2 litre V8 59 while the 1 9 litre four cylinder was limited to New Zealand 64 VL 1986 1988 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VL VL Berlina sedan VL Executive station wagon VL Commodore Berlina wagon VL Calais sedan Marking a high point in terms of sales the last of the series VL Commodore sold in record numbers finally managing to outsell the Ford Falcon in the private sector 65 The 1986 VL represented a substantial makeover of the VK and would be the last of the mid size Commodores for 30 years Designers distanced the Commodore further away from its Opel origins by smoothing the lines of the outer body and incorporating a subtle tail spoiler A thorough redesign of the nose saw the Commodore gain sleek narrow headlamps and a shallower grille while the Calais specification employed unique partially concealed headlamps 66 Interior By this stage Holden s 24 year old six cylinder was thoroughly outmoded and would have been difficult to re engineer to comply with pending emission standards and the introduction of unleaded fuel This led Holden to sign a deal with Nissan of Japan to import their RB30E engine 67 This seemed a good idea in 1983 when the Australian dollar was strong however by 1986 the once viable prospect became rather expensive 68 The public quickly accepted what was at first a controversial move as reports emerged of the improvements in refinement 33 percent gain in power and 15 percent better economy over the carburettor version of the VK s Black straight six 65 An optional turbocharger appeared six months later and lifted power output to 150 kW 201 hp 69 70 In October 1986 an unleaded edition of Holden s carburettored V8 engine was publicised 65 71 Holden had originally planned to discontinue the V8 to spare the engineering expense of converting to unleaded However public outcry persuaded them to relent VLs in New Zealand Indonesia Singapore and Thailand were also available with the 2 0 litre six cylinder RB20E engine 72 The VL suffered from some common build quality problems such as poor windshield sealing that can lead to water leakages and corrosion Awkward packaging under the low bonnet coupled with Holden s decision to utilise a cross flow radiator as opposed to the up down flow radiator installed to the equivalent Nissan Skyline meant the six cylinder engine was especially susceptible to cracked cylinder heads a problem not displayed on the Nissan Skyline with which it shares the RB30E engine 73 The Used Car Safety Ratings published in 2008 by the Monash University Accident Research Centre found that first generation Commodores VB VL similarly to the Ford Falcons manufactured during the same years provide a worse than average level of occupant safety protection in the event of an accident 74 It is perhaps noteworthy however that the Monash University publication includes in its averages vehicles manufactured as late as 2006 74 As such and with reasonable necessity the 2008 Used Car Safety Ratings include comparison of some non airbag vehicles with later vehicles fitted with airbags In 1988 it would still be some years before airbags became available to the public on vehicles manufactured in Australia and outside of the very high end luxury market available in Australia at all As airbag technology later become more available the Holden Commodore would become one of the first to offer the option see VR Commodore below Second generation 1988 1997 EditVN 1988 1991 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VN VN Commodore LE sedan VN Commodore Executive station wagon VN Calais sedan Interior The VN Commodore of 1988 and subsequent second generation models took their bodywork from the larger Opel Senator B and new Opel Omega A However this time the floor plan was widened and stretched now matching the rival Ford Falcon for size Continuing financial woes at Holden meant the wider VN body was underpinned by narrow carry over VL chassis components in a bid to save development costs 75 In Australia for the VN and succeeding models the Commodore Berlina became known simply as the Berlina but in New Zealand the V6 VN Berlina assembled locally until the Trentham factory was closed in 1990 was badged Executive The Berlina nameplate was not launched as a new entry level grade with trim and equipment equivalent to the Australian V6 Executive until the locally built four cylinder model using the Australian made Opel designed two litre Family Two fuel injected engine was added some months after the V6s 76 The range expanded in 1990 to include a utility variant given the model designation VG This was built on a longer wheelbase platform that it shared with the station wagon and luxury VQ Statesman sedans released earlier in the year 77 During this time the rival Ford EA Falcon was plagued with initial quality issues which tarnished its reputation 78 Buyers embraced the VN Commodore helping Holden to recover and post an operating profit of A 157 3 million for 1989 The team at Wheels magazine awarded the VN Car of the Year in 1988 the second Commodore model to receive this award 77 Changes in the relative values of the Australian dollar and Japanese yen made it financially impractical to continue with the well regarded Nissan engine of the VL Instead Holden manufactured their own 3 8 litre V6 engine based on a Buick design adapted from FWD to RWD 60 The 5 0 litre V8 remained optional and received a power boost to 165 kW 221 hp courtesy of multi point fuel injection 79 Although not known for its refinement the new V6 was nevertheless praised for its performance and fuel efficiency at the time 80 The 2 0 litre Family II engine offered in New Zealand was also offered in some other export markets including Singapore where the model also was badged Berlina 60 Accompanying the changes to engines the VL s four speed automatic transmission was replaced by the Turbo Hydramatic and a Borg Warner five speed manual 81 A Series II update of the VN appeared in September 1989 featuring a revised V6 engine known internally as the EV6 79 With the update came a power hike of rising to 127 kW 170 hp from 125 kW 168 hp 79 Toyota Lexcen sedan T1 Under an unsuccessful model sharing arrangement that was part of the Hawke Labor government reforms in 1989 which saw the formation of the United Australian Automobile Industries alliance between Holden and Toyota Australia the latter began selling badge engineered versions of the VN Commodore manufactured by Holden 82 The rebadged Commodores were sold as the Toyota Lexcen named after Ben Lexcen who was the designer of the Australia II yacht that won the 1983 America s Cup The original T1 Lexcen offered sedan and station wagon body forms in three levels of trim base GL and GLX Moreover they were only available with a 3 8 litre V6 engine and automatic transmission combination 83 VP 1991 1993 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VP Commodore Executive sedan VP Commodore Vacationer station wagon VP Commodore Executive VP II The VP update of 1991 featured cosmetic and mechanical changes while carrying over the 3 8 litre V6 and 5 0 litre V8 engines from the VN The 2 0 litre straight four engine previously available in New Zealand was discontinued 84 Exterior cosmetic changes included a translucent acrylic grille on the base level Executive 85 and Berlina with a colour coded grille for the S and SS and a chrome grille for Calais Updated tail lights and boot garnishes were also a part of the changes which were different for each model with the Berlina having grey stripes and the Calais chrome stripes citation needed semi trailing arm independent rear suspension became standard on the Calais and SS but was made an option on lower end models in lieu of the live rear axle improving ride and handling 84 A new wider front track was introduced to address issues with the previous carried over VL chassis components 86 In August 1992 anti lock brakes were introduced as an option on the Calais and SS trim levels later becoming optional on all Series II variants This January 1993 update also included a colour coded grille for the Executive and alloy wheels for the Commodore S 85 Toyota Lexcen T2 CSi sedan Toyota s pattern of updating their Lexcen model tended to follow Commodore s model cycle The T2 VP Lexcen from 1991 pioneered new specification designations CSi VXi and Newport All future updates T3 VR T4 VS and T5 citation needed VS II Lexcens made use of the new naming system until 1997 when the badge engineering scheme ceased To give further differentiation to the Lexcen from the Commodore the Lexcens from the VP model onwards had unique front end styling treatments 87 VR 1993 1995 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VR Commodore Executive sedan VR II Berlina sedan VR II Commodore Executive station wagon VR II The 1993 VR Commodore represented a major facelift of the second generation architecture leaving only the doors and roof untouched 88 Approximately 80 percent of car was new in comparison to the preceding model Exterior changes brought an overall smoother body semicircular wheel arches and the twin kidney grille a Commodore styling trait which remained until the VY model of 2002 and remains a permanent staple on the HSV variants to this day 89 Holden VR Commodore Interior Front Seat The rear end treatment saw raised tail lights implemented for safety reasons and a driver s side airbag was introduced as an option a first for an Australian built car 90 Other safety features such as anti lock brakes and independent rear suspension were only available with the new electronic GM 4L60 E automatic transmission 88 Along with a driver s airbag and cruise control these features were packaged into a new Acclaim specification level a family oriented safety spec above the entry level Executive 91 Holden s strong focus on safety can be seen in the Used Car Safety Ratings The findings show that in an accident VN VP Commodores provide a worse than average level of occupant protection However the updated VR VS models were found to provide a better than average level of safety protection 74 Holden issued a Series II revision in September 1994 bringing audible warning chimes for the handbrake and fuel level among other changes 88 Toyota Lexcen CSi station wagon T3 The latest revision of the Buick 3 8 litre V6 engine was fitted to the VR Commodore featuring rolling element bearings in the valve rocker arms and increased compression ratios 92 These changes combined to deliver an increase in power to 130 kW 174 hp and further improvement in noise vibration and harshness levels 89 Wheels magazine awarded the VR Commodore Car of the Year in 1993 93 VS 1995 1997 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VS Calais sedan VS II Commodore Executive wagon VS Commodore Acclaim VS II The 1995 VS Commodore served as a mechanical update of the VR destined to maintain sales momentum before the arrival of an all new VT model The extent of exterior changes amounted to little more than a redesigned Holden logo and wheel trims 94 An overhauled Ecotec Emissions and Consumption Optimisation through TEChnology version of the Buick V6 engine coincided with changes to the engine in the United States The Ecotec engine packed 13 percent more power for a total of 147 kW 197 hp cut fuel consumption by 5 percent increased the compression ratio from 9 0 1 to 9 4 1 and improved on the engine s previous rough characteristics Holden mated the new engine with a modified version of the GM 4L60 E automatic transmission improving throttle response and smoothing gear changes 94 The Series II update of June 1996 included elliptical side turn signals interior tweaks and the introduction of a supercharged V6 engine for selected trim levels and the introduction of a new Getrag manual transmission 94 The new supercharged engine slotted between the existing V6 and V8 engines in the lineup and was officially rated at 165 kW 221 hp just 3 kW 4 0 hp below the V8 95 Toyota Lexcen T4 CSi sedan The VS Commodore was the last to be sold as a Toyota Lexcen as Holden and Toyota ended their model sharing scheme 96 The last Lexcens were built during 1997 97 This model was also sold as the VS Commodore Royale in New Zealand Similar in specification to the Calais also sold in New Zealand the Royale featured a standard VS Commodore body with the front end from the VS Caprice and an Opel 2 6 litre 54 Degree V6 engine The Royale was also sold between 1995 and 1997 in small numbers to Malaysia and Singapore as the Opel Calais 98 99 Third generation 1997 2007 EditVT 1997 2000 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VT Commodore Acclaim sedan VT Commodore Acclaim station wagon VT Commodore Executive VT Commodore SS VT With the VT Commodore of 1997 Holden looked again to Opel in Germany for a donor platform The proposal was to take the Opel Omega B and broaden the vehicle s width and mechanical setup for local conditions In the early days Holden considered adopting the Omega as is save for the engines and transmissions and even investigated reskinning the existing VR VS architecture 100 Later on the VT bodywork spawned a new generation of Statesman and Caprice again based on the long wheelbase wagons 60 and even went as far as resurrecting the iconic Monaro coupe of the 1960s and 1970s 101 via a prototype presented at the 1998 Sydney Motor Show Commodore Executive interior VT II The VT heralded the fitment of semi trailing arm independent rear suspension as standard across the range a significant selling point over the rival Falcon 102 along with increased electronics such as Traction Control However in terms of suspension the original Opel design was simplified by removing the toe control links 60 that was standard equipment on the European Omega since 1987 60 Consequently this afflicted the VT with excessive tyre wear due to distortions to the suspension camber angle and toe under heavy load such as heavy towing or when travelling over undulated surfaces Notably Holden s performance arm HSV re added the toe control link on the flagship GTS 300 model 60 The 1999 Series II update replaced the venerable Holden 5 0 litre V8 engine with a new 5 7 litre Generation III V8 sourced from the United States 60 The V8 was detuned to 220 kW 295 hp from the original US version but would receive incremental power upgrades to 250 kW 335 hp throughout its time in the Commodore 103 before finally being replaced by the related Generation 4 in the VZ 104 The supercharged V6 was uprated to 171 kW 229 hp from the VS 105 Safety wise side airbags became an option for the Acclaim and higher models a first for Holden 106 From the onset parent company General Motors was interested in incorporating a left hand drive Commodore in its Buick lineup as manifested by the unveiling of the Buick XP2000 concept car in 1996 107 Although this idea was ultimately abandoned due to pressures by the North American automotive trade unions to retain local production the GM funded project allowed Holden to enter into a range of left hand export markets 108 Thus began the Commodore s rapid expansion into parts of Indochina the Middle East and South Africa badged as the Chevrolet Lumina and Brazil as the Chevrolet Omega 3 8 V6 109 In its home market the VT series was awarded the 1997 Wheels Car of the Year award the fourth such award in Commodore s history 110 It found ready acceptance in the market as many buyers steered away from the slow selling Ford AU Falcon becoming the best selling Commodore to date and cementing its place as number one in Australian sales 60 The sedan and wagon range comprised Commodore Executive base and fleet package Commodore Acclaim family and safety package Berlina luxury package and Calais sedan only sport luxury package Limited editions included a Sydney 2000 Olympic version and Holden 50th Anniversary based on better equipped Executive models e g Berlina alloy wheels on the former but no climate control VX 2000 2002 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VX Commodore Equipe sedan VX II Berlina sedan VX II Commodore Executive station wagon VX Commodore Equipe sedan VX II The VX update from 2000 featured a revised headlamp design 111 The VT s rear tail lamp panel was replaced by two separate light assemblies Conversely the luxury oriented Berlina and Calais sedans continued using a full width boot lid panel incorporating the registration plate and tail lamps 112 The VX series also formed the basis for a new Holden Ute designated the VU series Earlier utility models were instead entitled Commodore utility 113 An updated Series II was launched in early 2002 featuring revised rear suspension system now equipped with toe control links to address the VT s issues 114 The VX series also spawned the production version of the re launched Holden Monaro allowing Holden to commence exports to the United States with this coupe sold as the Pontiac GTO 109 Safety played a substantial role in the development of the VX model Bosch 5 3 anti lock brakes were made standard on all variants a first for an Australian manufactured car and traction control was made available on vehicles equipped with manual transmission Extensive research was undertaken to reduce the effects from a side impact collision through modification of the B pillars The risk presented by a side impact collision in a VX fitted without side airbags is reduced by 50 percent when compared to a similarly specified VT model 115 VY 2002 2004 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VY Commodore S sedan VY Berlina station wagon VY II Commodore Equipe station wagon VY II The A 250 million VY mid cycle update of 2002 represented the first major styling shift since the 1997 VT Designers discarded the rounded front and rear styling of the VT and VX models adopting more aggressive angular lines 116 The same approach was applied to the interior whereby the curvaceous dashboard design was orphaned in favour of an angular symmetrical design Satin chrome plastic now dominated the facade of the centre console stack and high end models received fold out cup holders borrowed from fellow GM subsidiary Saab 117 Leaving Eurovox behind Holden turned towards German electronics manufacturer Blaupunkt to source audio systems an arrangement that remains in place today 118 Berlina interior Engineering wise Holden kept the changes low key A revised steering system and tweaked suspension tuning were among some of the changes to sharpen handling precision Further improvements were made to the Generation III V8 engine to produce peak power of 235 kW 315 hp for sports variants 119 In a bid to recapture the market for low cost high performance cars Holden created a new SV8 specification level Based on the entry level Executive the SV8 inherited the V8 mechanical package from the SS but made do without the luxury appointments and was sold at a correspondingly lower price 120 Holden also experimented by releasing a limited edition wagon version of its high performance SS variant of which only 850 were built 121 The Series II update added a front strut bar as standard to the SS which was claimed to increase rigidity and hence handling As became the trend the update raised V8 power now up 10 kW 13 hp 122 Amendments in the remaining models were confined to new wheels trims and decals however the Calais has taken on a sports luxury persona as opposed to the discrete luxury character seen in previous models This repositioning in turn affected the Berlina s standing The once second tier model now became the sole luxury model only overshadowed by the more expensive Calais 123 Coinciding with the VY II models was the first four door utility model dubbed the Holden Crewman Crewman s underpinnings and body structure while somewhat unusual shared a fair amount in common with the Statesman Caprice One tonner and the two door Ute 124 In 2003 Holden launched an AWD system that it developed for the VY platform dubbed Cross Trac at a cost of A 125 million 125 Unveiled after the Series II updates the first application of this electronically controlled system was the Holden Adventra a raised VY wagon crossover The system was only available in combination with the V8 and automatic transmission Holden chose not to spend extra engineering resources on adapting the AWD system to the 3 8 litre V6 due to be replaced in the upcoming VZ model Unfortunately for Holden the Adventra fell well short of expected sales despite modest targets 126 VZ 2004 2007 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VZ Berlina sedan VZ Commodore Acclaim station wagon VZ Commodore SV6 sedan VZ Commodore Acclaim station wagon VZ Commodore Executive interior VZ The final chapter of the third generation series was the VZ Commodore Debuting in 2004 with a new series of V6 engines known as the Alloytec V6 both 175 kW 235 hp and 190 kW 255 hp versions of the 3 6 litre engine were offered 127 These were later upgraded to 180 and 195 kW 241 and 261 hp respectively in the VE model 128 When compared to the previous Ecotec engines the Alloytec benefits from increased power output responsiveness and fuel efficiency 127 The new engines were mated to a new five speed 5L40E automatic transmission on the luxury V6 variants and a new six speed Aisin AY6 manual transmission on the six cylinder SV6 sports variant 129 However the long serving four speed automatic carried on in other variants albeit with further tweaks in an attempt to address complaints about refinement A new 6 0 litre Generation 4 V8 engine was added to the range in January 2006 to comply with Euro III emission standards Compared to the American version both Active Fuel Management and variable valve timing were removed 104 The Alloytec V6 was also affected by the new standards which saw the peak output reduced to 172 kW 231 hp 130 Along with the new powertrain Holden also introduced new safety features such as electronic stability control and brake assist 129 The Used Car Safety Ratings evaluation found that VT VX Commodores provide a better than average level of occupant protection in the event of an accident with VY VZ models uprated to significantly better than average 74 ANCAP crash test results rate the fourth generation VE lower in the offset frontal impact test than the third generation VY VZ Commodore The overall crash score was marginally higher than the outgoing model due to improved side impact protection 131 132 Fourth generation 2006 2017 EditVE 2006 2013 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VE Commodore SV6 sedan VE II Calais sedan VE Commodore Omega Sportwagon VE II Calais V sedan VE Launched in 2006 after GM s 2003 abandonment of their last European rear drive sedan the Opel Omega the VE is the first Commodore model designed entirely in Australia as opposed to being based on an adapted Opel sourced platform 133 Given this and high public expectations of quality the budget in developing the car reportedly exceeded A 1 billion 134 Underpinned by the new Holden developed GM Zeta platform the VE features more sophisticated independent suspension all round and near even 50 50 weight distribution leading to improved handling 135 Engines and transmissions are largely carried over from the previous VZ model 136 However a new six speed GM 6L80 E automatic transmission was introduced for V8 variants replacing the old four speed automatic now relegated to base models 137 The design of this new model included innovative features to help minimise export costs such as a symmetrical centre console that houses a flush fitting hand brake lever to facilitate its conversion to left hand drive 138 Internationally the Commodore is again badge engineered as the Chevrolet Lumina and Chevrolet Omega along with its new export market in the United States as the Pontiac G8 discontinued as of 2010 along with the Pontiac brand 139 Variants by Holden s performance arm HSV were released soon after the sedan s debut followed by the long wheelbase WM Statesman Caprice models 140 The VE Ute did not enter production until 2007 whilst the Sportwagon began production in July 2008 141 142 A VE V8 Calais was awarded Wheels Car of the Year being the fifth Commodore Calais model to do so 143 Calais V VE interior In late 2008 Holden made changes to the VE Commodore including the addition of a passenger seatbelt reminder system The rollout of such modifications allowed the VE range to be upgraded in stages dependent on model to the five star ANCAP safety rating during 2008 and 2009 The September 2009 MY10 update to the VE Commodore platform introduces a new standard engine a 3 0 litre Spark Ignition Direct Injection SIDI V6 on the Omega and Berlina with a 3 6 litre version of the same reserved for all other V6 variants 144 The standard transmission is now a six speed GM 6L50 automatic replacing the four speed in Omega and Berlina models and the five speed in higher luxury levels A six speed manual is still available in sport models 145 Holden claims the newer powertrains would provide better fuel economy than some smaller four cylinder cars the 3 0 litre version is rated at 9 3 L 100 km 25 mpg US 30 mpg imp 146 The 3 0L produces 190 kW 255 hp more than the earlier 3 6L and more than the old 5 0L Holden V8 The new 3 6 produces a fraction more at 210 kW 282 hp although the difference is negligible in real world driving In mid 2010 Holden released the VE Series 2 VEII The major difference saw the introduction of the Holden iQ system a centre mounted LCD display that provides navigation Bluetooth and controls to the stereo There were also small alterations to the styling and a number of other changes VF 2013 2017 Edit Main article Holden Commodore VF Commodore SS sedan VF Commodore SV6 Sportwagon VF II Commodore SV6 sedan VF II The VF Commodore a major overhaul of the VE was officially revealed on 10 February 2013 in Melbourne The body shell suspension and electrics of the GM Zeta platform have been thoroughly reworked to reduce weight improving handling and fuel efficiency Changes to the model line up see the deletion of the Berlina nameplate which was merged with the standard Calais variant represented the smallest share of sales in Commodore s line up and the base model renamed from Omega to Evoke Standard features across the Commodore range includes front and rear parking sensors reverse camera and auto park assist whereas high specifications models such as the Calais V and SS V redline models also feature as standard forward and reverse collision alert system and a colour heads up display all possible thanks to the VF s electronics now being compatible with those of more developed GM cars resulting in the new Commodore being cheaper to manufacture Indeed recommended retail pricing have been reduced across the range from A 5 000 for the base model and up to A 10 000 for the Calais V V8 and SS V Redline 147 A day after the Australian range reveal and in the lead up to the Daytona 500 weekend a more powerful and better equipped export version of the VF Commodore SS also made its debut in Daytona Florida as the MY14 Chevrolet SS 148 To maximise the SS s profile in the United States GM also replaced in NASCAR the Chevrolet Impala with the SS which raced in NASCAR s premier series through 2017 when it was replaced by the Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for the 2018 season A Series II update VF II was launched in late 2015 introducing minor styling revisions at the front while the biggest change was the arrival of a 304 kW 408 hp LS3 across the entire V8 range In addition the V8 s final drive ratio and the Redline s suspension tune were also revised 149 Fifth generation 2018 2020 EditZB 2018 2020 Edit Main article Holden Commodore ZB Commodore LT liftback Commodore LT liftback Commodore LT Sportwagon In 2017 Holden announced that the Commodore would end production in Australia and confirmed that the Commodore badge would be inherited by its replacement now fully imported This decision was made on the basis of a survey revealing that a majority of customers were in favour of retaining the long standing Australian badge introduced in 1978 In October 2016 Holden provided selected journalists an opportunity to test drive early prototypes of the 2018 Commodore The ZB Commodore was revealed on the 6 December 2016 as a rebadged version of the Opel Insignia B The ZB Commodore was offered with four or six cylinder engine options as well as front wheel drive FWD or all wheel drive This was a major departure from the V8 and rear wheel drive variants available on the previous generation Commodore There has been significant controversy regarding Holden s decision to retain the Commodore name for the 2018 model despite it being dimensionally smaller than its predecessor lacking a V8 engine option and switching from a RWD to a FWD drivetrain Whilst the decision has been considered to be a safe choice in order to preserve sales the retention of the Commodore name has been critiqued for Holden missing the opportunity to rebrand its sedan range and push its offering into the more lucrative semi premium end of the market As of April 2018 update the ZB Commodore has the lowest resale value as a proportion of new price of any car on the Australian market 150 Due to slow sales and Holden s interest in other vehicle segments it was announced on 10 December 2019 that the ZB Commodore would be discontinued in early 2020 shortly before GM s decision to retire the Holden brand entirely 151 152 Australian export models EditSince the late 1990s Commodores have been sent abroad as the Chevrolet Lumina in the Middle East until 2011 and South Africa until 2013 and as the Chevrolet Omega in Brazil until 2008 and then again in 2010 Vauxhall VXR8 sales began in 2007 Versions have also been previously exported in the mid 1990s to Southeast Asia as the Opel Calais and to North America from 2008 to 2009 as the Pontiac G8 From 2014 to 2017 the VF Commodore was sold in the United States as the Chevrolet SS and the sport version from HSV sold in the United Kingdom as the Vauxhall VXR8 Chevrolet Omega VX Chevrolet Lumina VZ Vauxhall VXR8 VE Pontiac G8 VE Chevrolet SS VF Chevrolet Lumina Edit Main article Chevrolet Lumina The Commodore was sold as the Chevrolet Lumina in the Middle East and South Africa and previously in South East Asia A coupe version based on the Holden Monaro was also sold in the Middle East as the Chevrolet Lumina Coupe In Arabia the Lumina was offered in four different trims LS Omega LTZ Berlina S SV6 and SS SS The LTZ and S came standard with a 3 6 L Alloytec V6 and a six speed automatic transmission for the S and four speed for the LTZ while the SS came standard with a 6 0 L Alloytec V8 with the option of active fuel management A six speed manual was standard with the option of a six speed automatic on the SS The LTZ was the luxury model while the S and SS models focused on sportiness Exports to the Middle East ceased in 2011 153 Lumina models sold in South Africa dropped the V6 engine in favour of 6 0 litre V8 engine mated to a six speed manual or automatic Fuel injection and a 10 4 1 compression ratio help contribute to a max power output of 270 kW 362 hp at 5 700 rpm and a max torque of 530 N m 391 lb ft at 4 400 rpm for vehicles equipped with the manual Automatic cars make 260 kW 349 hp at 5 800 rpm and 517 N m 381 lb ft at 4 400 rpm All cars were equipped with Brembo brake calipers and a ZF limited slip differentials The car received updates for the 2011 model year These changes were introduced to coincide with the release of the VE Series II Commodore Changes included revised bumpers there is a chrome moulding above the number plate on the boot lid refreshed alloy wheel designs and the Holden IQ system Also the SSV model was introduced 154 The Holden Ute was sold as the Lumina Ute in South Africa and has the same equipment as the sedan Australian production EditAustralian production of the first Commodore launched in 1978 was initially spread between Holden s Pagewood New South Wales and Dandenong Victoria plants In August 1978 Holden announced a 6 7 million program to enable assembly of the Commodore range at the Elizabeth South Australia plant which resulted in the closure of the Pagewood plant a year later 155 The Australian production of the Commodore was consolidated at Elizabeth in 1988 coinciding with the launch of the then new VN Commodore The Commodore and its derivatives have been the basis of modified variants by companies separate to Holden Officially Holden s performance partner is HSV although other prominent high performance brands include HDT Special Vehicles Corsa Specialized Vehicles CSV and Walkinshaw Performance WP since the first third and fourth generation Commodore respectively In December 2013 Holden announced that it would cease production of the Commodore in Australia in 2017 156 This was followed in December 2015 by Project Erich involving Belgian entrepreneur Guido Dumarey His plans involve buying the Holden production facilities with a view to continue producing in Australia a rebadged range of RWD and AWD premium vehicles based on the GM Zeta platform for local and export sales Dumarey s company Punch Powerglide already supplies automatic transmissions for Holden s V6 powered models made in Australia 157 The last Commodore the last Holden vehicle to be manufactured in Australia rolled off the line at the Elizabeth plant on 20 October 2017 2 Sales EditAustralian large car sales 1991 2012 Holden Commodore sedan and wagon Ford Falcon sedan and wagon Toyota Camry Avalon Aurion V6 Other Total large carsegmentHolden Commodore sales in Australia 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 158 1984 1985 159 1986 1987 1988 198978 429 35 355 62 4361990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 160 1995 161 1996 161 1997 161 1998 161 1999 161 50 820 57 641 62 663 75 330 80 452 83 001 76 849 94 642 85 6482000s 2000 161 2001 161 2002 161 2003 161 2004 161 2005 162 2006 163 2007 164 2008 165 2009 166 83 610 85 422 88 478 86 553 79 170 66 794 56 531 57 307 51 093 44 3872010s 2010 167 2011 168 2012 169 2013 170 2014 171 2015 172 2016 173 2017 174 2018 175 2019 176 45 956 40 617 30 532 27 766 30 203 27 770 25 860 23 676 9 040 5 915References Edit Goodbye Commodore A legend dies as Holden goes exclusive on SUVs and utes a b Humphreys Bernard 20 October 2017 No tears as Holden has its last hurrah at Elizabeth plant news com au Australia Retrieved 21 October 2017 Padeanu Adrian Holden Commodore Astra To Be Discontinued In 2020 Motor1 com Retrieved 1 June 2020 Chesterton Andrew 10 December 2019 CONFIRMED Holden Commodore axed Iconic nameplate to disappear as brand focuses on SUVs and utes Cars Guide Australia Retrieved 10 December 2019 Holden car brand maker of Commodore and Barina axed across Australia and New Zealand ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation 17 February 2020 Bebbington 2009 p 77 a b Robinson 2006 p 24 Australia protected from the ravages of the first 1973 energy crisis felt the full force of OPEC s decision to raise oil prices by 140 per cent Petrol shortages rationing and dramatic fuel price increases forced the global car industry into what was quickly dubbed downsizing Holden had already downsized now the rest of the automotive world shuddered and began what seemed an inexorable move towards smaller cars Whelan 1978 p 22 It had to be a family car which meant it needed similar interior dimensions to the Holden Kingswood but it had to be fuel and space efficient which meant it had to be smaller and sleeker overall Robinson 2006 p 21 Holden planned to replace the HQ with the WA but management indecision meant the project was discarded Bebbington 1998 p 59 The Commodore was based on the Opel V car using components from the German GM subsidiary s Rekord Commodore and Senator models Robinson 2006 p 22 It accepted Opel s Rekord knowing the four cylinder required re engineering to accommodate the local in line six cylinder and V8 engines The VB mixed the nose of the longer six cylinder Opel Senator to the cabin and rearward of the cheaper Rekord Opel History DOC General Motors Retrieved 14 July 2009 Tuckey 1999 p 33 The Rekord with the Senator nose job was so well proportioned that Opel later picked up the bastard child to fit between its Rekord and Senator on the European market and named it guess what Commodore Robinson 2006 p 23 The footprint of the Commodore was five per cent bigger than the Torana but 14 percent smaller than the Kingswood Yet the cabin enclosed 96 per cent of the older model s interior space Wright 1998 p 254 The Falcon was in a superior class to the Commodore in Fordspeak a D class large car rather than a C class medium car The only Holden to directly compete with the XD Falcon was the aged Kingswood Wright 1998 p 250 Because the Commodore was significantly lighter than the Kingswood any given engine delivered superior fuel economy Wright 1998 p 265 The taxi industry put interior space at a premium and so in many cases did government and private industry fleet buyers Every Commodore not sold into a fleet because the car was perceived as too small too expensive or both generally meant the sale of a Ford instead Tuckey 1999 p 41 They ran the cars somewhere where the roads weren t made and the first of the three real VB prototypes built in Germany by Opel and flown to Australia at the end of 1977 actually broke in two at the firewall Segal 1978 p 34 And in final analysis 65 of the new Commodore is wholly Australian Holden in origin with the Rekord s traditional double wishbone front suspension giving way at last to McPherson sic struts The same system is used on the Holden VB but a completely different design Bebbington 1998 p 59 rack and pinion steering system Australian TRW replaced the Opel s old fashioned recirculating ball steering box and linkage Tuckey 1999 p 48 In the end it would have spent around 110 million on tools facilities development and start up expenses for the VB Wright 1998 p 232 Initially it looked as if it would be cheaper to modify the German car to take the Australian engines but it transpired that a major re engineering job was necessary if the German car was to meet Holden standards It cost almost as much to rework the Commodore as it would have done to introduce a new locally developed Holden a b c d e Kenwright Joe 29 July 2006 Crossing the Lion CarPoint Retrieved 16 June 2007 Tuckey 1999 p 85 The Commodore VB wasn t considered a suitable base for a ute or a LWB vehicle Bebbington 1998 p 59 Initially produced in one body style only a four door sedan it was available in three trim levels the Commodore the Commodore SL and the top of the range Commodore SL E Bebbington 2009 p 77 W agon models joined the line up in July 1979 The sheetmetal unique to the wagon body style was imported from Germany Wright 1998 p 256 257 Although little criticised at the time the VB s finish was poor and did not match that of other Holdens Ill fitting trim accompanied various mechanical maladies including water pump failure and steering rack rattle to mar the ownership experience for many Warranty claims were high in the first year or so Poor panel fit remained a problem throughout the life of the first generation of Commodores Tuckey 1999 p 54 The first press reactions to the VB were euphoric There was huge praise for the steering ride handling and brakes Jeeves 2008 p 62 Bebbington 1998 p 61 In March 1980 the VC Commodore was released The big news for the VC was the upgrading of all engines to XT5 specifications Blue sixes and V8s replaced the Red units in the VB and earlier Holdens Gribble 1980 p 23 The L6 has a new cylinder head with separate ports six inlet and six exhaust larger valves and revised combustion chambers Also new is a two barrel Varajet carburettor and re designed inlet and dual exhaust manifolds A Bosch high energy breakerless ignition system has been incorporated Bebbington 1998 p 61 The V8s received new heads inlet manifold and electronic ignition and four barrel carburettor for the 4 2 litre Major improvements were made to power output driveability and economy Tuckey 1999 p 89 90 In June 1980 after the second oil shock came the four cylinder Commodore Norton 2008 p 80 An interesting introduction was the fitting of Holden s 1 9 litre Starfire four cylinder in L and SL the Starfire was GMH s six cylinder engine literally with two cylinder lopped off The engine was not a fast nor high revver nor particularly impressive economy wise The Starfire was regarded as lacking power and performance Robinson 1980 p 28 Holden Commodore VC Unique Cars and Parts Retrieved 15 June 2007 Gribble 1980 p 22 Another indication of the fuel saving image is the fact that the vacuum gauge fuel meter becomes standard throughout the range with a tachometer available only with the optional sports instrumentation package Bebbington 1998 p 61 The model lineup was basically as before with the base Commodore now badged as the Commodore L Externally the VC could be identified by its egg grate style grille with the lion and HOLDEN badge in the centre black trim added to the sedan tail lights and model badging now set into the leading edge of the rubbing strip on the front doors Bebbington 1998 p 62 A9K fleet package with many items deleted available on L sedan and station wagon Jeeves 2008 p 70 The VC SL E offered a Shadowtone dark over light paint finish Lake 1980 p 22 The General decided that the Commodore should have softer ride and at the same time improved handling while fully laden with passengers and luggage All who drove the VC found it heavier in the steering and the VC was more inclined to understeer Bebbington 2009 p 84 VH Commodore introduced in September 1981 received Australian designed front guards bonnet grille headlights and new louvre style sedan tail lights Holden Commodore VH Technical Specifications Unique Cars and Parts Retrieved 15 June 2007 a b c Holden Commodore VH Unique Cars and Parts Retrieved 15 June 2007 Bebbington 2009 p 84 The L model became SL the middle trim level previously SL became SL X The SL E nameplate remained unaltered Jeeves 2008 p 73 Bebbington 2009 p 84 New pentagonal patterned alloy wheels for SL E Davis Wright 1994 p 10 on the VH SL E new alloy wheels replaced the original design that had been used since 1978 Image comparison of VH Commodore SL X sedan and SL E sedan McKay 1981 p 27 The engineering standouts are the availability of a five speed manual transmission as an option with the 1 9 litre four cylinder and 2 8 litre six cylinder models McKay 1981 p 27 28 Because the 3 3 was upgraded during the VC development programme it was decided to concentrate on lifting the efficiency of the smaller 2 8 six Likewise the four cylinder 1 9 Starfire criticised for its thirst and lack of throttle response was the other major project The engineering refinements have resulted in heartening gains in fuel economy while maintaining performance a b Bebbington 2009 p 84 Another limited edition model was the Commodore SS released in September 1982 SS models were powered by the 4 2 litre V8 engine matted to a 4 speed gearbox The 5 0 litre V8 was optional Bebbington 2009 p 51 Butler Glenn Short Mark 16 July 2006 History of Brock Commodores Drive Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 Retrieved 15 June 2007 Wright 1998 p 269 T he smaller Commodore could not dramatically outperform the Falcon in the fuel economy stakes Robinson 2006 p 24 Sales of the Commodore faltered The third 1981 VH model looked far too similar to the VB and introduced no significant new engine technologies Robinson 2006 p 24 In 1982 the year of its launch and in the wake of the second oil shock there were those inside Holden who believed the Camira could become the national bestseller Sales flared initially at the expense of the Commodore Just as Australians were slowly coming to the renationalisation that a big country deserved big cars fuel prices had stabilised and supply was no longer an issue Wright 1998 p 270 Then came the XE giving the Falcon leadership over its rival for 1982 a b Butler Dowling Hagon Newton p 155 a b c d e f g h i Kenwright Joe Holden VT VX Commodore 1997 2002 AND Ford Falcon AU 1998 2002 CarPoint Retrieved 5 August 2007 ZJ Fairlane FC LTD Falcon Facts Retrieved 5 April 2010 Holden Commodore VK Unique Cars and Parts Retrieved 16 June 2007 Davis Kennedy Kennedy Part Two p 89 1984 Holden Commodore Red Book Automotive Data Services Retrieved 9 August 2007 a b c Davis Kennedy Kennedy Part Two p 94 Butler Dowling Hagon Newton p 156 Holden Commodore VL Unique Cars and Parts Retrieved 16 June 2007 Robinson 2006 p 25 Bebbington 1998 p 50 Midway through 1986 saw the introduction of the lively 150kW turbocharged version of the same six cylinder engine Bebbington 1998 p 51 Release dates Turbo 6 August 1986 Bebbington 1998 p 51 Release dates V8 October 1986 1987 Holden Commodore Red Book Automotive Data Services Retrieved 9 August 2007 Kenwright Joe 1 November 2004 Holden VL Commodore 1986 88 CarPoint Retrieved 16 June 2007 a b c d Used Car Safety Ratings 2008 PDF Monash University Retrieved 23 February 2009 Robinson 2006 p 23 26 27 Bebbington 1998 p 73 Note that VN Berlina was not badged Commodore a b Davis Kennedy Kennedy Part Two p 97 98 Ford Falcon EA Unique Cars and Parts Retrieved 10 February 2008 a b c Holden Commodore VN Technical Specifications Unique Cars and Parts Retrieved 21 July 2007 Wright John 26 February 1999 Holden VN Commodore The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 Retrieved 21 July 2007 Holden Commodore VN Unique Cars and Parts Retrieved 21 July 2007 Earl 2002 p 28 Union and demarcation The Age 26 May 2000 Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 Retrieved 29 February 2008 a b Holden Commodore VP MyHolden com au Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 Retrieved 25 July 2007 a b Holden Commodore VP Unique Cars and Parts Retrieved 25 July 2007 Morley David 25 May 2005 Holden Commodore VX Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 Retrieved 11 February 2008 Toyota Lexcen Red Book Automotive Data Services Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 5 April 2010 a b c Holden Commodore VR Unique Cars and Parts Retrieved 26 July 2007 a b Smith Graham 6 September 2002 1993 Holden VR Commodore Herald Sun Retrieved 21 February 2008 Davis Kennedy Kennedy Part Three p 98 Holden Commodore Calais VR Series July 1993 April 1995 Unofficial Holden Commodore Archive Retrieved 26 July 2007 Holden Commodore VR MyHolden com au Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 Retrieved 26 July 2007 Butler Dowling Hagon Newton p 157 a b c Holden Commodore VS Unique Cars and Parts Retrieved 1 August 2007 Holden Commodore VS MyHolden com au Archived from the original on 8 September 2008 Retrieved 7 August 2007 NRMA Used Car Review Holden Commodore VS I amp II NRMA Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 Retrieved 23 August 2007 Toyota Lexcen Red Book Automotive Data Services Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 5 April 2010 Opel Calais Red Book Automotive Data Services Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 Retrieved 25 March 2007 An Investment In Luxury The Opel Calais New Straits Times Malaysia 5 June 1995 p 3 Retrieved 10 September 2017 Robinson 2006 p 27 Robinson 2006 p 29 1997 99 Holden VT Commodore Herald Sun 10 January 2003 Retrieved 5 August 2007 Davis Kennedy Kennedy Part Three p 107 120 a b McDonald Neil 28 April 2006 Holden Commodore SS sedan GoAuto John Mellor Retrieved 7 August 2007 Holden Commodore VT MyHolden com au Archived from the original on 12 December 2008 Retrieved 7 August 2007 Holden Commodore VT Unique Cars and Parts Retrieved 6 August 2007 MacKenzie Angus 10 January 2008 Pontiac G8 What a long strange trip it s been Motor Trend Retrieved 30 March 2008 Robinson 2006 p 38 a b Holden Sets All Time Vehicle Export Record Next Car 21 January 2005 Retrieved 3 August 2007 Davis Kennedy Kennedy Part Three p 107 Doak Alastair 15 March 2001 Styling edge tipped for new Commodore Diesel on Holden s agenda Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 Retrieved 25 May 2007 Lord 2000 p 41 Holden s taken a different tack with Berlina and Calais separating these high line models from the pleb models with Magnaesque headlight and grille treatment All VXs have new tail lights but Berlina and Calais have a full width lense treatment while the rest have body coloured boots Holden Commodore VT VY VX VU Factory Service Manual Retrieved 4 March 2013 Edgar Julian 2 April 2002 New Car Test Holden Commodore VX Series II Wagon AutoWeb Web Publications Retrieved 2 July 2007 Lord 2000 p 37 The VXs biggest improvement is in passive safety through minor but extremely effective changes based on extensive research into side impacts Modifications to the B pillar improve side impact protection across the board If you have a side on collision in a VX not fitted with side airbags risk of injury is halved compared to a similarly equipped VT The addition of anti skid brakes to standard equipment lists of Executive and S models means the entire Commodore range now has Bosch version 5 3 ABS As well traction control is now available in combination with manual transmission for the first time Bulmer 2002 p 74 Simcoe has added an aggressive new edge to the Commodore taking to its familiar curves with an angle grinder and tin snips There s new sheet metal up front while at the rear there are new quarter panels boot lid and support structures Gover Paul 24 January 2003 2003 Holden VY Calais Herald Sun Retrieved 8 August 2007 Davis Kennedy Kennedy Part Three p 115 Butler Glenn September 2002 Holden VY Commodore CarPoint Retrieved 9 August 2007 McCarthy 2002 p 78 Meet the stonkin VY SV8 not so much a bent version of the traditional S pack as an Executive on steroids Lightest of any 5 7 litre VY Commodore the SV8 weighs just over 1600kg wet and willing This means it is only some 10kg leaner than the SS with which it shares all the hard core performance stuff But the price Yes you ll certainly feel the difference here And you will also notice what the car lacks Holden s wild wagon breaks cover WebWombat Retrieved 21 October 2006 Butler Glenn 1 August 2003 Holden VY Series II CaPoint Retrieved 2 July 2008 Carey 2003 p 64 69 With the Series II update of the VY Commodore line up the Calais gains a sport luxury flavour The Calais repositioning means the Berlina becomes the new chrome queen in Holden s hierarchy Inside and out there s more sparkle to the Berlina than before The other members of the range have been given the usual Series II treatment a few fresh patterns colours and graphics inside with tiny exterior alterations Carey 2003 p 59 What you re looking at is two thirds of a Statesman a good proportion of One Tonner a small helping of Ute and a dash of concept car New Adventra All Wheel Drive Wagon Is Holden s Local Hero AutoWeb Web Publications 22 September 2003 Archived from the original on 19 September 2008 Retrieved 7 February 2008 Holden Adventra Range GoAuto John Mellor Archived from the original on 4 December 2009 Retrieved 7 February 2008 a b Torr Feann VZ Holden Commodore First Look WebWombat Retrieved 7 August 2007 All new Holden Commodore unveiled to the world Holden New Zealand 16 July 2006 Archived from the original on 21 September 2007 a b Holden VZ Commodore The Australian 8 August 2004 Retrieved 7 August 2007 Kennedy Ewan 10 April 2006 Thundering along in Holden Utes Marque Publishing Company Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 Retrieved 7 August 2007 Holden Commodore VY 2003 Transport Accident Commission Retrieved 5 April 2010 permanent dead link Holden Commodore VE 2006 2007 Transport Accident Commission Retrieved 4 April 2010 permanent dead link Robinson 2006 p 12 Robinson 2006 p 13 Sophisticated new suspension system for Commodore Holden New Zealand 24 July 2006 Archived from the original on 17 January 2007 Heasley Andrew 17 July 2006 New Commodore 1bn in the making The Age Retrieved 3 April 2007 2006 VE Holden Commdore First Look WebWombat 17 July 2006 Retrieved 17 October 2007 Butler Dowling Hagon Newton p 21 Pettendy Marton 11 April 2007 China next on Holden s export agenda but where to next for GM s rear drive plans GoAuto John Mellor Retrieved 15 April 2008 Robinson 2006 p 12 13 Torr Feann 22 August 2007 Holden VE Ute WebWombat Retrieved 2 October 2007 Dowling Neil 11 July 2008 Holden VE Sportwagon Herald Sun Retrieved 22 July 2008 2006 Wheels Car of the Year Holden VE Commodore Wheels February 2007 pp 112 118 Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 Retrieved 2 October 2007 Pettendy Marton 4 August 2009 Holden cuts Commodore consumption GoAuto John Mellor Archived from the original on 7 August 2009 Retrieved 4 August 2009 Hagon Toby 4 August 2009 Holden Commodore MY10 New engines more frugal Drive Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 Retrieved 4 August 2009 Gratton Ken 4 August 2009 Direct injection power efficiency for Commodore CarPoint Archived from the original on 8 August 2009 Retrieved 4 September 2009 Dowling Joshua 10 March 2013 New Holden Commodore VF every model wins a prize Cars Guide Retrieved 16 February 2015 Pettendy Marton 16 February 2013 Holden s US Commodore Chevy SS revealed Motoring com au Retrieved 16 February 2015 2015 Holden Commodore SS V Redline review Mckinnon Bill 14 April 2018 Holden ZB Commodore RS V6 Liftback review A Holden in name only The Australian Retrieved 25 April 2018 Bijoux Nile 10 December 2019 Holden just killed the Commodore Autocar New Zealand Retrieved 10 December 2019 Holden axes Commodore range to focus on SUVs and utes as sedan sales dwindle Australia ABC News 10 December 2019 Retrieved 10 December 2019 Dowling Joshua 14 November 2011 Holden loses another Commodore export deal carsales com au Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 Retrieved 28 March 2012 Refreshed 2011 Chevrolet Lumina South African Car Fan 31 March 2011 Archived from the original on 8 February 2013 Retrieved 22 August 2013 Holden Cars History Classic Holden Cars Retrieved 15 February 2015 Griffiths Emma 11 December 2013 Holden to cease its manufacturing operations in Australia by 2017 ABC News Retrieved 11 December 2013 Exclusive Dumarey confirms bid for Commodore and Elizabeth Motoring com au 21 December 2015 Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 Retrieved 6 January 2016 Gover Paul 14 February 1984 Falcon Easily Most Popular The Canberra Times Gover Paul 18 February 1986 Ford tops new car sales again The Canberra Times p 15 Retrieved 12 August 2016 260M Profit Holden Strides Ahead PDF Up Front No 2 Holden 1996 p 3 Archived from the original PDF on 10 January 2016 Retrieved 10 January 2016 a b c d e f g h i j Dowling Joshua 12 January 2008 Falcon to fly again in 2008 The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 20 May 2012 Mathioudakis Bryon 5 January 2006 VFACTS 2005 Small conquers all GoAuto John Mellor Retrieved 15 September 2010 Hagon Toby 16 May 2007 New Corolla has Commodore in its sights Drive Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 Retrieved 15 September 2010 Graton Ken 7 January 2008 Market reaches seven figures Carsales Retrieved 15 September 2010 Korzeniewski Jeremy 7 January 2009 Holden Commodore once again Australia s best seller with a catch Autoblog Retrieved 15 September 2010 Hammerton Ron 6 January 2010 Car market closes 2009 with a tax bang GoAuto John Mellor Retrieved 15 September 2010 Martin Stuart 6 January 2011 VFACTS Cars lose more ground to SUVs LCVs GoAuto John Mellor Retrieved 6 January 2011 Gover Paul 6 January 2012 Car sales top million again for 2011 GoAuto John Mellor Retrieved 6 January 2012 Dowling Joshua 3 January 2013 Australians drive 1 1 million new car sales CarsGuide Retrieved 3 January 2013 Fallah Alborz 7 January 2014 New Car Sales Figures 2013 Total CarAdvice Retrieved 17 January 2014 Hall Sam 6 January 2015 The 10 most popular cars of 2014 Drive Retrieved 21 January 2015 Costello Mike 6 January 2016 VFACTS 2015 Top sellers across every segment full breakdown CarAdvice Retrieved 10 January 2016 Costello Mike 5 January 2016 2016 VFACTS wrap New sales record set winners and losers detailed CarAdvice Retrieved 9 July 2017 W Russell 4 January 2018 VFACTS annual summary 2017 VFACTS Australia Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries Hammerton Ron 4 January 2019 VFACTS December sales slump hits car industry GoAuto Retrieved 4 January 2019 Vegners David 18 February 2020 The decline of Holden and the Commodore in numbers Wheels Australia Retrieved 4 July 2020 Bibliography Edit Books Bebbington Terry 1998 50 Years of Holden Hornsby New South Wales Clockwork Media ISBN 0 947216 59 6 Bebbington Terry 2009 60 Years of Holden Padstow New South Wales Haynes Manuals ISBN 978 1 876953 58 4 Davis Tony Kennedy Alistair Kennedy Ewan February 2007 The Holden Heritage 13th Edition Port Melbourne Victoria Holden Part One Part Two Part Three PDF Davis Tony Wright John 1994 Holden Commodore 1978 1988 including HSV and Statesman WB Blakehurst New South Wales Marque Publishing ISBN 0 947079 44 0 Earl Peter 2002 Information Opportunism and Economic Coordination Cheltenham United Kingdom Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN 1 84064 738 8 Jeeves Kay ed July 2008 The Holden Heritage 14th Edition PDF Port Melbourne Victoria Holden ISBN 978 0 646 49587 3 Archived from the original PDF on 18 October 2015 Norton Eric 2009 60 Fabulous Years of Holden as told by passionate Holden owners Bundoora Victoria Investment Vehicles Motormania ISBN 978 0 9805723 0 8 Robinson Peter 2006 AutoBiography The inside story of Holden s all new VE Commodore Woolloomooloo New South Wales Focus Publishing ISBN 1 921156 10 4 Tuckey Bill 1999 Commodore Lion King Celebrating 21 Years Middle Park Victoria Quil Visual Communications ISBN 0 646 38231 4 Wright John 1998 Heart of the Lion The 50 Year History of Australia s Holden Crows Nest New South Wales Allen amp Unwin ISBN 1 86448 744 5 Magazines Bulmer Ged Carey John McCarthy Mike October 2002 VY Commodore Reinventing Australia s top seller Wheels Sydney New South Wales Butler Glenn Dowling Joshua Hagon Toby Newton Bruce 12 September 2006 VE Commodore eMag Drive Archived from the original PDF on 22 July 2011 Retrieved 31 October 2006 Carey John September 2003 Mid Tweak Wheels Sydney New South Wales Carey John September 2003 The Crewman Show Wheels Sydney New South Wales Gribble Chris April 1980 Honing the edge Wheels Sydney New South Wales Murray Publishers Lake Barry June 1980 Giant step sideways Modern Motor Rushcutters Bay New South Wales Modern Magazines Holdings Lord Philip October 2000 New Edge Wheels Sydney New South Wales ACP Action McCarthy Mike October 2002 VY SV8 A no frills hi po Commodore V8 Wheels Sydney New South Wales McCarthy Mike McKay Peter Newton Bruce Robinson Peter October 2006 2006 Collector s Edition VE Commodore The Full Story Wheels Sydney New South Wales McKay Peter October 1981 VH Commodore Australia s Own Goes High Tech Modern Motor Sydney New South Wales Murray Publishers Robinson Peter July 1980 Bridging the gap Wheels Sydney New South Wales Murray Publishers Segal David ed December 1978 All new Holden Commodore Motor Manual Melbourne Victoria Newspress Whelan Matt ed December 1978 The I can t believe it s a Holden Holden Modern Motor Rushcutters Bay New South Wales Modern Magazines Holdings External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holden Commodore Official website Holden Model History Holden Commodore Holden Commodore at Unique Cars and Parts 3D view of Holden Commodore 1980 The Unofficial Holden Commodore Archive Huge website around the Opels of the time including the Holden Commodore VB Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Holden Commodore amp oldid 1141730637, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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