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Wikipedia

Crossover (automobile)

October 19, 2023

A crossover, crossover SUV, or crossover utility vehicle (CUV) is a type of automobile with an increased ride height that is built on unibody chassis construction shared with passenger cars, as opposed to traditional sport utility vehicles (SUV), which are built on a body-on-frame chassis construction similar to pickup trucks.

Hyundai Santa Fe mid-size crossover
Ford Escape/Kuga compact crossover
Toyota Yaris Cross subcompact crossover

A term that originated from North America, the term crossover was initially used for any vehicle that blends characteristics between two different kinds of vehicles while, over time, crossover mostly refers to unibody-based SUVs.[1][2] Crossovers are also described as "car-like SUVs" or "car-based SUVs".[3][4][5] The term SUV is often used as an umbrella term for both crossovers and traditional SUVs due to the similarities between them.[6]

Compared to traditional SUVs, crossovers are known to be less capable of use in off-road conditions or hauling heavy loads, while instead offering other advantages such as superior fuel economy and handling.[7] Compared to traditional cars with lower ride height and a lower roof such as sedans and hatchbacks, crossovers offer larger cabin space and enhanced driving position.[8]

The 1979 AMC Eagle has been credited as a forerunner of crossovers, before the term crossover was used.[9] The Toyota RAV4, first introduced in 1994, pioneered the modern concept of a crossover.[10]

In the US, the market share of crossovers has grown from under 4% in 2000 to nearly 40% in 2018.[8]

Definition Edit

The difference between crossover SUVs and other SUVs as generally defined by journalists and manufacturers is that a crossover is built using a unibody platform, while an SUV is built using a body-on-frame platform.[11][12][13][14] However, these definitions are often blurred in practice, since unibody vehicles are also often referred to as SUVs.[15][16] "Crossover" is a relatively recent term, and early unibody SUVs (such as the 1984 Jeep Cherokee) are rarely called crossovers. Due to these inconsistencies, the term "SUV" is often used as an umbrella term for both crossovers and SUVs.[17][18][19]

U.S. magazine MotorTrend in 2005 mentioned that the term "crossover" has become "blurred as manufacturers apply it to everything from the Chrysler Pacifica to the Ford Five Hundred sedan". At that time, the publication proposes that the term "soft-roader" is more appropriate.[20]

Some regions outside North America do not have a distinction between a crossover SUV and body-on-frame SUV, calling both of them SUVs. Several government bodies in the United States also did not acknowledge the crossover distinction, including the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[21] In some jurisdictions, crossovers are classified as light trucks as are traditional SUVs and pickup trucks.

Outside the United States, the term "crossover" tends to be used for C-segment (compact) or smaller vehicles, with large unibody vehicles—such as the Audi Q7, Range Rover, Porsche Cayenne and Volkswagen Touareg—usually referred to as SUVs rather than crossovers.[citation needed] In the United Kingdom, a crossover is sometimes defined as a hatchback with raised ride height and SUV-like styling features.[22][23] The Sunday Times noted the number of "soft-roader" cars on sale in 2019.[24]

Characteristics Edit

Crossovers' driving characteristics and performance are similar to those of traditional passenger cars while providing more passenger and cargo space with relatively minor trade-offs in fuel economy and running costs. According to Consumer Reports, the three top-selling crossovers in the US in 2018 (Toyota RAV4, Honda CR-V, and Nissan Rogue) return an average of 10% less fuel economy than the top three selling sedan equivalents in the mid-size segment (Toyota Camry, Honda Accord, Nissan Altima), but provide almost 1.5 times the cargo space. Furthermore, the average mid-size crossover in the US costs less than 5% more than the average mid-size car.[8]

Compared to truck-based SUVs, crossovers typically have greater interior comfort, a more comfortable ride, better fuel economy, and lower manufacturing costs, but inferior off-road and towing capabilities.[25][18][26] Many crossovers lack an all-wheel drive or four-wheel-drive train, which, in combination with their inferior off-road capability, causes many journalists and consumers to question their definition as "sports utility vehicles". This has led some to describe crossovers as pseudo-SUVs.[27][28][29]

History Edit

Main article: History of sport utility vehicle
 
1979–1987 AMC Eagle
 
1995 Toyota RAV4

Introduced in 1979, prior to the terms "SUV" or "crossover" being coined, the AMC Eagle is retroactively considered to be the first dedicated crossover automobile.[30][31][32][33] The mass-market Eagle model line was based on a unibody passenger car platform, with fully-automatic four-wheel drive and a raised ride height.[34][35][36][37][38] Furthermore, a writer for Motor Trend characterized the 1963 Studebaker Wagonaire as the "first crossover" because the innovative station wagon with a sliding roof "mashed up various vehicle types."[39] It was available only with a conventional rear-wheel drive.

Others cite the front-wheel drive 1977 Matra Rancho as a slightly earlier forerunner to the modern crossover.[40] Marketed as a "lifestyle" vehicle, it was not available with four-wheel drive.[41] In 1981, American Motors Corporation (AMC) introduced four-wheel drive subcompact models built on the two-door AMC Spirit, the "Eagle SX/4" and "Eagle Kammback."[42][43] These low-priced models joined the compact AMC Eagle line and they foreshadowed the market segment of comfortable cars with utility and foul-weather capabilities.[42][44]

The first-generation Toyota RAV4, released in 1994, has been credited as the model that expanded the concept of a modern crossover.[10] The RAV4 was based on a modified platform used by the Toyota Corolla and Toyota Carina.[26] At its release, Toyota in Japan used the term "4x4 vehicle" to describe the model,[45] while Toyota in the US called the vehicle a "new concept SUV".[46] By the early 2000s, Toyota was leading the market in its development of car-based trucks in North America with the release of other crossover models such as the Highlander and the Lexus RX.[3]

In North America, crossovers increased in popularity during the 2000s, when fuel efficiency standards for light trucks, which had been stuck at 20.7 miles per US gallon (11.4 L/100 km; 8.8 km/L) since 1996, moved upwards by 2005. With increasing fuel prices, traditional SUVs began to lose market share to crossovers.[47] In the United States as of 2006, crossover models comprised more than 50% of the overall SUV market.[48][needs update] Crossovers have become increasingly popular in Europe also since the early 2010s.[needs update]

In the first quarter of 2023 the Tesla Model Y crossover became the best-selling vehicle in the world.[49]

Size categories Edit

Depending on the market, crossovers are divided into several size categories. Since there is an absence of any official distinction, often the size category is ambiguous for some crossover models. Several aspects needed to determine the size category of a vehicle may include length and width, positioning in its respective brand line-up, platform, and interior space.

Crossover city car (A-segment) Edit

 
Toyota Aygo X, originally a conventional hatchback before receiving crossover body styles and ‘X’ on its name
 
Suzuki Ignis, a crossover city car mainly popular in Asia, Australia and Europe

Crossover city cars (also called A-SUVs,[50] city SUVs,[50] city crossovers, or A-segment SUVs) are crossover that generally ride on the platform of a city car (A-segment).

Crossover city car is a newly introduced automotive vehicle segment, with the first vehicle in the segment being the Fiat Panda Cross, though the Suzuki Ignis helped bring the segment more attention.[51] Cars in this segment are generally styled as hatchbacks.

Since the late 2010s, the segment has received significantly more attention. As of 2023, examples include the Toyota Aygo X, Hyundai Casper, Suzuki Ignis, Renault Kwid, VinFast VF 5, Suzuki Xbee, and the Fiat Panda Cross/City Cross.[52][53][54]

Subcompact crossover SUV (B-segment) Edit

Main article: Subcompact crossover SUV
 
Honda HR-V, sharing its platform with the subcompact (B-segment) Honda Fit/Jazz
 
Volvo XC40, subcompact luxury crossover

Subcompact crossover SUVs (also called B-segment crossover SUV, B-SUV,[55] small SUV[56]) are crossovers that are usually based on the platform of a subcompact (also known as supermini or B-segment) passenger car,[57][58][59] although some high-end subcompact crossover models are based on a compact car (C-segment).[60]

The segment may be called differently depending on the market. In several regions, the category may be known as "compact crossover" or "compact SUV" instead.[61]

This category is particularly popular in Europe, India, and Brazil, where it accounted for 37, 75, and 69% respectively of total SUV sales in 2018. In the United States, it accounted for 7% of total SUV sales in 2018.[62] The best-selling vehicle in the segment in 2019 was the Honda HR-V, with 622,154 units being recorded as having been sold worldwide.[63]

Compact crossover SUV (C-segment) Edit

Main article: Compact crossover SUV
See also: Compact sport utility vehicle
 
Toyota RAV4, the first modern crossover ever made
 
Mercedes-Benz GLC, compact luxury crossover, the SUV equivalent to the C-Class

A compact crossover SUV (also called C-segment SUV[64] or C-SUV[65]) is a vehicle that is usually based on the platform of a compact car (C-segment), while some models are based on a mid-size car (D-segment) or a subcompact (B-segment) platform. Most compact crossovers have two-row seating, but some have three rows.[66]

The naming of the segment may differ depending on the market. In several regions outside North America, the category may be known as "mid-size crossover" or "mid-size SUV",[67] not to be confused with the North American definition of a mid-size crossover SUV, which is a larger D-segment crossover SUV.

The first compact crossover was the 1980 AMC Eagle that was based on the compact-sized Concord line. Its four-wheel drive system was an almost unheard-of feature on regular passenger cars at the time, and it came with full-time all-wheel drive, automatic transmission, power steering, power front disk brakes as standard, and numerous convenience and comfort options.[68] Later models included the 1994 Toyota RAV4,[10] 1995 Honda CR-V, 1997 Subaru Forester, 2000 Nissan X-Trail, 2000 Mazda Tribute, and the 2001 Ford Escape.

Between 2005 and 2010, the market share of compact crossovers in the US increased from 6 to more than 11%.[69] In 2014, for the first time ever, sales of compact crossovers outpaced mid-size sedans in the United States.[70]

In 2019, the American magazine Car and Driver stated that "so many of these vehicles are crowding the marketplace, simply sorting through them can be a daunting task".[71] Due to its popularity and to cater to customers' needs, many manufacturers offer more than one compact crossover, usually in slightly different sizes at different price points.

By the late 2010s, the segment had emerged as the most popular segment in several regions. For example, nearly 1 in every 4 cars (24.2%) sold in the United States in 2019 was a compact crossover.[72] It also comprised 5.6% of the total European car market.[73] The best-selling vehicle in the segment in 2019 was the Toyota RAV4, with 961,918 units sold globally.[63]

In late 2020 the Volkswagen ID.4 and Ford Mustang Mach-E debuted as battery electric compact crossover SUVs.

Mid-size crossover SUV (D/E-segment) Edit

 
Jeep Grand Cherokee, a mid-size crossover, that from 2021, has a 7-seat extended option
 
Lexus RX mid-size luxury crossover

A mid-size crossover SUV is a class of crossover SUVs that is larger than compact crossover SUVs, but smaller than full-size crossover SUVs. Mid-size crossover SUVs are usually based on the platform of a mid-size (also known as a large family car or a D-segment) passenger car, while some models are based on a full-size car (F-segment) or a compact (C-segment) platform. Some mid-size crossovers have three rows of seats, while others have two rows, which led to several brands offering multiple models to cater to both sub-segments. In Australia, American mid-sized crossovers are classified as large SUVs.[citation needed]

The first mid-size crossovers included the Toyota Highlander and Pontiac Aztek, both introduced for the 2001 model year.[citation needed]

The segment is most popular in North America and China, where larger vehicles are preferred. It makes up 15.8% of the total United States car market.[74] In Europe, the segment covers 2.1% of the total market in 2019 with luxury crossover SUVs dominating most of the share.[75]

The Toyota Highlander/Kluger was the best-selling vehicle in the category in 2018, with 387,869 sold worldwide.[76]

Full-size crossover SUV Edit

See also: Full-size SUV
 
Buick Enclave, full-size crossover
 
Mercedes-Benz GLS full-size luxury crossover

Full-size crossover SUVs are usually based on full-size cars. They are the largest crossovers and offer exclusively three row seating. The first full-size crossovers included the Ford Freestyle, GMC Acadia, Saturn Outlook, and the Buick Enclave, with older full-size SUVs being built mostly above a body-on-frame chassis. The full-size crossover SUV class is sometimes considered to include the three-row mid-size crossover class, as in the case of the Jeep Grand Cherokee L.[77]

Body style categories Edit

Three-door crossover Edit

 
Toyota RAV4 three-door

While three-door body-on-frame SUVs are not uncommon, crossover SUVs with three doors (including the tailgate door) are less prevalent. The decline of two or three-door vehicles, in general, has led to the decline of this category.[78][79][80]

Coupe crossover Edit

Main article: Coupe SUV
 
BMW X6 mid-size luxury coupé crossover

Crossover SUVs with a sloping rear roofline may be marketed as a "coupe crossover SUV" or "coupe SUV". Although the term "coupe" itself is supposed to refer to a passenger car with a sloping or truncated rear roofline, most coupé crossover SUVs are equipped with five doors.[81] The sloping roofline is designed to offer a styling advantage over its standard crossover counterpart.[82][83] The body style has attracted criticism as being less attractive and less practical than normal crossovers.[84] The BMW X6 is credited to be the first coupe crossover.[85]

Convertible crossover Edit

 
Range Rover Evoque Convertible

The first crossover convertible was the AMC Eagle marketed by AMC dealers during the 1981 and 1982 model years as the Sundancer, a factory-authorized conversion of the all-wheel-drive two-door sedans.[86][87][88]

Several convertible crossover SUVs have entered mass production, including the Toyota RAV4 convertible. Released in North America in the 1998 model year, it was offered through the 1999 model year.[89][90] Other examples include the Nissan Murano CrossCabriolet, Range Rover Evoque Convertible, and Volkswagen T-Roc Cabriolet.[91]

This category was heavily criticized by journalists, enthusiasts, and analysts for numerous reasons, such as its design and high price tag.[92][93] Some also questioned its purpose, as the practicality that crossovers usually have did not carryover to the convertible version, since it could only have two doors and little luggage space.[94][95]

Crossover-styled cars Edit

Many manufacturers have capitalized on the SUV trend by offering a version of station wagons, hatchbacks, or MPVs with a raised ride height and the addition of rugged-looking accessories such as a black plastic wheel arch extension kit, body cladding, skid plates, and roof rails. Due to their raised ground clearance, these vehicles may then be marketed as more capable off-road. Some of them may also be equipped with an all-wheel-drive. This strategy has been used by manufacturers to move models upmarket or to help fill an absence in a crossover SUV segment. These vehicles have been described as pseudo-crossovers.[96][97]

Station wagon Edit

 
Volkswagen Golf Alltrack

Many manufacturers have released "off-road" versions of station wagons, with larger cargo space and greater practicality,[98][99] that are marketed as more capable in soft off-road or all-weather situations due to their raised ground clearance,[100] making them a "crossover" between a station wagon and an SUV. In North America, some manufacturers sell station wagons with crossover styling due to the former's unpopularity,[101] the Subaru Outback being the most popular model.[102]

An early model of off-road-styled station wagons was the Subaru Legacy Outback (later Outback) in 1994. At the time, Subaru was absent in the growing SUV segment. Lacking the finances to design a ground-up SUV, Subaru added a two-tone paint scheme, body cladding, and a suspension lift to the Legacy wagon. It was marketed as a capable and more efficient alternative to larger truck-based SUVs.[103] Another example is the Volvo V70 XC (also called V70 Cross Country), first introduced in 1999.[104][105] In 2002, the model was renamed the XC70. Audi has been making Allroad versions of their station wagons since 1999.[106] The Volkswagen Alltrack and Škoda Scout are equivalent variants.

Hatchback Edit

 
Dacia Sandero Stepway supermini/subcompact hatchback (B-segment)

The crossover-styled variant of hatchbacks or city cars with the same body was introduced either as a substitute for or a complement to the subcompact crossover SUV. Most crossover-styled hatchbacks do not have all-wheel-drive. Forerunners of the SUV-themed hatchback are the 1983 Fiat Panda 4x4, the 1996 Toyota Starlet Remix, and the 2003 Rover Streetwise. The Volkswagen Golf Country, a conversion by Steyr-Daimler-Puch, was also sold between 1990 and 1991, and was offered with part-time four-wheel drive and off-road exterior cladding.[107][108] In the 2000s, the Volkswagen CrossPolo started the modern crossover-style hatchback trend and was marketed as an SUV-like "lifestyle" vehicle.[109] The Dacia/Renault Sandero Stepway, the crossover-style version of the Sandero launched in 2009, is an example of a well-received crossover-style hatchback, making up 65% of Sandero sales.[110][111]

MPV/minivan Edit

 
Volkswagen CrossTouran

One of the first MPVs with a crossover-style variant was the Renault Scénic RX4, introduced in 2000. It featured a lifted ride height, rugged body cladding, tailgate-mounted spare wheel, and optional part-time four-wheel-drive.[112] Another example is the Volkswagen CrossTouran, launched in 2006 as a lifted version of the Touran and marketed as a "lifestyle" vehicle.[113] Apart from crossover-style variants equipped with exterior accessories, due to the increasing crossover market shares, many manufacturers began developing MPVs from the ground up with crossover characteristics - and often marketed them either purely as an MPV or as a "crossover MPV" - such as the 5th generation of Renault Espace.

Sedan Edit

 
Toyota Crown Crossover

The innovative unibody all-wheel drive AMC Eagle was available in two- and four-door sedan versions when introduced in 1979.[114][115]

Some examples of sedans with crossover characteristics are the Subaru Legacy SUS (short for "Sport Utility Sedan"),[116] Volvo S60 Cross Country,[117] Polestar 2, Toyota Crown Crossover, Citroën C4 X[118] and C3L in China,[119] Renault/Dacia Logan Stepway and the Qoros 3 GT.[120]

Sales Edit

Europe Edit

Since the early 2010s, sales of crossover-type vehicles have been increasing in Europe.[121] By 2017, European sales of compact and mid-sized crossover models continued to surge.[122] Analysis of the European new car market by data firm JATO Dynamics reveals that SUVs which mostly consisted of crossovers took almost 40% of the market in 2019, with the crossover segment being a key driver of growth for volume and profits.[123]

United States Edit

Sales of crossovers increased by 30% between 2003 and 2005.[18] By 2006, the segment came into strong visibility in the U.S., when crossover sales "made up more than 50% of the overall SUV market".[48] Sales increased in 2007 by 16%.[124] In 2013, the Audi Q5 became Audi's second best-selling vehicle in the United States market after the Audi A4 sedan.[125] Between the late 1990s and 2012, around half of Lexus's sales came from its SUVs.[126]

American manufacturers were initially slow to switch from their emphasis on light truck-based SUVs, and foreign automakers developed crossovers targeting the U.S. market as an alternative to station wagons that were unpopular there. By the early 2000s, American car manufacturers had caught up.[18]

List Edit

See Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles ( 469 )

See also Edit

References Edit

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October 19, 2023
crossover, automobile, examples, perspective, this, article, deal, primarily, with, north, america, represent, worldwide, view, subject, improve, this, article, discuss, issue, talk, page, create, article, appropriate, january, 2021, learn, when, remove, this,. The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message A crossover crossover SUV or crossover utility vehicle CUV is a type of automobile with an increased ride height that is built on unibody chassis construction shared with passenger cars as opposed to traditional sport utility vehicles SUV which are built on a body on frame chassis construction similar to pickup trucks Hyundai Santa Fe mid size crossoverFord Escape Kuga compact crossoverToyota Yaris Cross subcompact crossover A term that originated from North America the term crossover was initially used for any vehicle that blends characteristics between two different kinds of vehicles while over time crossover mostly refers to unibody based SUVs 1 2 Crossovers are also described as car like SUVs or car based SUVs 3 4 5 The term SUV is often used as an umbrella term for both crossovers and traditional SUVs due to the similarities between them 6 Compared to traditional SUVs crossovers are known to be less capable of use in off road conditions or hauling heavy loads while instead offering other advantages such as superior fuel economy and handling 7 Compared to traditional cars with lower ride height and a lower roof such as sedans and hatchbacks crossovers offer larger cabin space and enhanced driving position 8 The 1979 AMC Eagle has been credited as a forerunner of crossovers before the term crossover was used 9 The Toyota RAV4 first introduced in 1994 pioneered the modern concept of a crossover 10 In the US the market share of crossovers has grown from under 4 in 2000 to nearly 40 in 2018 8 Contents 1 Definition 2 Characteristics 3 History 4 Size categories 4 1 Crossover city car A segment 4 2 Subcompact crossover SUV B segment 4 3 Compact crossover SUV C segment 4 4 Mid size crossover SUV D E segment 4 5 Full size crossover SUV 5 Body style categories 5 1 Three door crossover 5 2 Coupe crossover 5 3 Convertible crossover 6 Crossover styled cars 6 1 Station wagon 6 2 Hatchback 6 3 MPV minivan 6 4 Sedan 7 Sales 7 1 Europe 7 2 United States 8 List 9 See also 10 ReferencesDefinition EditThe difference between crossover SUVs and other SUVs as generally defined by journalists and manufacturers is that a crossover is built using a unibody platform while an SUV is built using a body on frame platform 11 12 13 14 However these definitions are often blurred in practice since unibody vehicles are also often referred to as SUVs 15 16 Crossover is a relatively recent term and early unibody SUVs such as the 1984 Jeep Cherokee are rarely called crossovers Due to these inconsistencies the term SUV is often used as an umbrella term for both crossovers and SUVs 17 18 19 U S magazine MotorTrend in 2005 mentioned that the term crossover has become blurred as manufacturers apply it to everything from the Chrysler Pacifica to the Ford Five Hundred sedan At that time the publication proposes that the term soft roader is more appropriate 20 Some regions outside North America do not have a distinction between a crossover SUV and body on frame SUV calling both of them SUVs Several government bodies in the United States also did not acknowledge the crossover distinction including the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA 21 In some jurisdictions crossovers are classified as light trucks as are traditional SUVs and pickup trucks Outside the United States the term crossover tends to be used for C segment compact or smaller vehicles with large unibody vehicles such as the Audi Q7 Range Rover Porsche Cayenne and Volkswagen Touareg usually referred to as SUVs rather than crossovers citation needed In the United Kingdom a crossover is sometimes defined as a hatchback with raised ride height and SUV like styling features 22 23 The Sunday Times noted the number of soft roader cars on sale in 2019 24 Characteristics EditCrossovers driving characteristics and performance are similar to those of traditional passenger cars while providing more passenger and cargo space with relatively minor trade offs in fuel economy and running costs According to Consumer Reports the three top selling crossovers in the US in 2018 Toyota RAV4 Honda CR V and Nissan Rogue return an average of 10 less fuel economy than the top three selling sedan equivalents in the mid size segment Toyota Camry Honda Accord Nissan Altima but provide almost 1 5 times the cargo space Furthermore the average mid size crossover in the US costs less than 5 more than the average mid size car 8 Compared to truck based SUVs crossovers typically have greater interior comfort a more comfortable ride better fuel economy and lower manufacturing costs but inferior off road and towing capabilities 25 18 26 Many crossovers lack an all wheel drive or four wheel drive train which in combination with their inferior off road capability causes many journalists and consumers to question their definition as sports utility vehicles This has led some to describe crossovers as pseudo SUVs 27 28 29 History EditMain article History of sport utility vehicle nbsp 1979 1987 AMC Eagle nbsp 1995 Toyota RAV4 Introduced in 1979 prior to the terms SUV or crossover being coined the AMC Eagle is retroactively considered to be the first dedicated crossover automobile 30 31 32 33 The mass market Eagle model line was based on a unibody passenger car platform with fully automatic four wheel drive and a raised ride height 34 35 36 37 38 Furthermore a writer for Motor Trend characterized the 1963 Studebaker Wagonaire as the first crossover because the innovative station wagon with a sliding roof mashed up various vehicle types 39 It was available only with a conventional rear wheel drive Others cite the front wheel drive 1977 Matra Rancho as a slightly earlier forerunner to the modern crossover 40 Marketed as a lifestyle vehicle it was not available with four wheel drive 41 In 1981 American Motors Corporation AMC introduced four wheel drive subcompact models built on the two door AMC Spirit the Eagle SX 4 and Eagle Kammback 42 43 These low priced models joined the compact AMC Eagle line and they foreshadowed the market segment of comfortable cars with utility and foul weather capabilities 42 44 The first generation Toyota RAV4 released in 1994 has been credited as the model that expanded the concept of a modern crossover 10 The RAV4 was based on a modified platform used by the Toyota Corolla and Toyota Carina 26 At its release Toyota in Japan used the term 4x4 vehicle to describe the model 45 while Toyota in the US called the vehicle a new concept SUV 46 By the early 2000s Toyota was leading the market in its development of car based trucks in North America with the release of other crossover models such as the Highlander and the Lexus RX 3 In North America crossovers increased in popularity during the 2000s when fuel efficiency standards for light trucks which had been stuck at 20 7 miles per US gallon 11 4 L 100 km 8 8 km L since 1996 moved upwards by 2005 With increasing fuel prices traditional SUVs began to lose market share to crossovers 47 In the United States as of 2006 update crossover models comprised more than 50 of the overall SUV market 48 needs update Crossovers have become increasingly popular in Europe also since the early 2010s needs update In the first quarter of 2023 the Tesla Model Y crossover became the best selling vehicle in the world 49 Size categories EditDepending on the market crossovers are divided into several size categories Since there is an absence of any official distinction often the size category is ambiguous for some crossover models Several aspects needed to determine the size category of a vehicle may include length and width positioning in its respective brand line up platform and interior space Crossover city car A segment Edit nbsp Toyota Aygo X originally a conventional hatchback before receiving crossover body styles and X on its name nbsp Suzuki Ignis a crossover city car mainly popular in Asia Australia and Europe Crossover city cars also called A SUVs 50 city SUVs 50 city crossovers or A segment SUVs are crossover that generally ride on the platform of a city car A segment Crossover city car is a newly introduced automotive vehicle segment with the first vehicle in the segment being the Fiat Panda Cross though the Suzuki Ignis helped bring the segment more attention 51 Cars in this segment are generally styled as hatchbacks Since the late 2010s the segment has received significantly more attention As of 2023 update examples include the Toyota Aygo X Hyundai Casper Suzuki Ignis Renault Kwid VinFast VF 5 Suzuki Xbee and the Fiat Panda Cross City Cross 52 53 54 Subcompact crossover SUV B segment Edit Main article Subcompact crossover SUV nbsp Honda HR V sharing its platform with the subcompact B segment Honda Fit Jazz nbsp Volvo XC40 subcompact luxury crossover Subcompact crossover SUVs also called B segment crossover SUV B SUV 55 small SUV 56 are crossovers that are usually based on the platform of a subcompact also known as supermini or B segment passenger car 57 58 59 although some high end subcompact crossover models are based on a compact car C segment 60 The segment may be called differently depending on the market In several regions the category may be known as compact crossover or compact SUV instead 61 This category is particularly popular in Europe India and Brazil where it accounted for 37 75 and 69 respectively of total SUV sales in 2018 In the United States it accounted for 7 of total SUV sales in 2018 62 The best selling vehicle in the segment in 2019 was the Honda HR V with 622 154 units being recorded as having been sold worldwide 63 Compact crossover SUV C segment Edit Main article Compact crossover SUV See also Compact sport utility vehicle nbsp Toyota RAV4 the first modern crossover ever made nbsp Mercedes Benz GLC compact luxury crossover the SUV equivalent to the C Class A compact crossover SUV also called C segment SUV 64 or C SUV 65 is a vehicle that is usually based on the platform of a compact car C segment while some models are based on a mid size car D segment or a subcompact B segment platform Most compact crossovers have two row seating but some have three rows 66 The naming of the segment may differ depending on the market In several regions outside North America the category may be known as mid size crossover or mid size SUV 67 not to be confused with the North American definition of a mid size crossover SUV which is a larger D segment crossover SUV The first compact crossover was the 1980 AMC Eagle that was based on the compact sized Concord line Its four wheel drive system was an almost unheard of feature on regular passenger cars at the time and it came with full time all wheel drive automatic transmission power steering power front disk brakes as standard and numerous convenience and comfort options 68 Later models included the 1994 Toyota RAV4 10 1995 Honda CR V 1997 Subaru Forester 2000 Nissan X Trail 2000 Mazda Tribute and the 2001 Ford Escape Between 2005 and 2010 the market share of compact crossovers in the US increased from 6 to more than 11 69 In 2014 for the first time ever sales of compact crossovers outpaced mid size sedans in the United States 70 In 2019 the American magazine Car and Driver stated that so many of these vehicles are crowding the marketplace simply sorting through them can be a daunting task 71 Due to its popularity and to cater to customers needs many manufacturers offer more than one compact crossover usually in slightly different sizes at different price points By the late 2010s the segment had emerged as the most popular segment in several regions For example nearly 1 in every 4 cars 24 2 sold in the United States in 2019 was a compact crossover 72 It also comprised 5 6 of the total European car market 73 The best selling vehicle in the segment in 2019 was the Toyota RAV4 with 961 918 units sold globally 63 In late 2020 the Volkswagen ID 4 and Ford Mustang Mach E debuted as battery electric compact crossover SUVs Mid size crossover SUV D E segment Edit nbsp Jeep Grand Cherokee a mid size crossover that from 2021 has a 7 seat extended option nbsp Lexus RX mid size luxury crossover A mid size crossover SUV is a class of crossover SUVs that is larger than compact crossover SUVs but smaller than full size crossover SUVs Mid size crossover SUVs are usually based on the platform of a mid size also known as a large family car or a D segment passenger car while some models are based on a full size car F segment or a compact C segment platform Some mid size crossovers have three rows of seats while others have two rows which led to several brands offering multiple models to cater to both sub segments In Australia American mid sized crossovers are classified as large SUVs citation needed The first mid size crossovers included the Toyota Highlander and Pontiac Aztek both introduced for the 2001 model year citation needed The segment is most popular in North America and China where larger vehicles are preferred It makes up 15 8 of the total United States car market 74 In Europe the segment covers 2 1 of the total market in 2019 with luxury crossover SUVs dominating most of the share 75 The Toyota Highlander Kluger was the best selling vehicle in the category in 2018 with 387 869 sold worldwide 76 Full size crossover SUV Edit See also Full size SUV nbsp Buick Enclave full size crossover nbsp Mercedes Benz GLS full size luxury crossover Full size crossover SUVs are usually based on full size cars They are the largest crossovers and offer exclusively three row seating The first full size crossovers included the Ford Freestyle GMC Acadia Saturn Outlook and the Buick Enclave with older full size SUVs being built mostly above a body on frame chassis The full size crossover SUV class is sometimes considered to include the three row mid size crossover class as in the case of the Jeep Grand Cherokee L 77 Body style categories EditThree door crossover Edit nbsp Toyota RAV4 three doorWhile three door body on frame SUVs are not uncommon crossover SUVs with three doors including the tailgate door are less prevalent The decline of two or three door vehicles in general has led to the decline of this category 78 79 80 Coupe crossover Edit Main article Coupe SUV nbsp BMW X6 mid size luxury coupe crossoverCrossover SUVs with a sloping rear roofline may be marketed as a coupe crossover SUV or coupe SUV Although the term coupe itself is supposed to refer to a passenger car with a sloping or truncated rear roofline most coupe crossover SUVs are equipped with five doors 81 The sloping roofline is designed to offer a styling advantage over its standard crossover counterpart 82 83 The body style has attracted criticism as being less attractive and less practical than normal crossovers 84 The BMW X6 is credited to be the first coupe crossover 85 Convertible crossover Edit nbsp Range Rover Evoque ConvertibleThe first crossover convertible was the AMC Eagle marketed by AMC dealers during the 1981 and 1982 model years as the Sundancer a factory authorized conversion of the all wheel drive two door sedans 86 87 88 Several convertible crossover SUVs have entered mass production including the Toyota RAV4 convertible Released in North America in the 1998 model year it was offered through the 1999 model year 89 90 Other examples include the Nissan Murano CrossCabriolet Range Rover Evoque Convertible and Volkswagen T Roc Cabriolet 91 This category was heavily criticized by journalists enthusiasts and analysts for numerous reasons such as its design and high price tag 92 93 Some also questioned its purpose as the practicality that crossovers usually have did not carryover to the convertible version since it could only have two doors and little luggage space 94 95 Crossover styled cars EditMany manufacturers have capitalized on the SUV trend by offering a version of station wagons hatchbacks or MPVs with a raised ride height and the addition of rugged looking accessories such as a black plastic wheel arch extension kit body cladding skid plates and roof rails Due to their raised ground clearance these vehicles may then be marketed as more capable off road Some of them may also be equipped with an all wheel drive This strategy has been used by manufacturers to move models upmarket or to help fill an absence in a crossover SUV segment These vehicles have been described as pseudo crossovers 96 97 Station wagon Edit nbsp Volkswagen Golf AlltrackMany manufacturers have released off road versions of station wagons with larger cargo space and greater practicality 98 99 that are marketed as more capable in soft off road or all weather situations due to their raised ground clearance 100 making them a crossover between a station wagon and an SUV In North America some manufacturers sell station wagons with crossover styling due to the former s unpopularity 101 the Subaru Outback being the most popular model 102 An early model of off road styled station wagons was the Subaru Legacy Outback later Outback in 1994 At the time Subaru was absent in the growing SUV segment Lacking the finances to design a ground up SUV Subaru added a two tone paint scheme body cladding and a suspension lift to the Legacy wagon It was marketed as a capable and more efficient alternative to larger truck based SUVs 103 Another example is the Volvo V70 XC also called V70 Cross Country first introduced in 1999 104 105 In 2002 the model was renamed the XC70 Audi has been making Allroad versions of their station wagons since 1999 106 The Volkswagen Alltrack and Skoda Scout are equivalent variants Hatchback Edit nbsp Dacia Sandero Stepway supermini subcompact hatchback B segment The crossover styled variant of hatchbacks or city cars with the same body was introduced either as a substitute for or a complement to the subcompact crossover SUV Most crossover styled hatchbacks do not have all wheel drive Forerunners of the SUV themed hatchback are the 1983 Fiat Panda 4x4 the 1996 Toyota Starlet Remix and the 2003 Rover Streetwise The Volkswagen Golf Country a conversion by Steyr Daimler Puch was also sold between 1990 and 1991 and was offered with part time four wheel drive and off road exterior cladding 107 108 In the 2000s the Volkswagen CrossPolo started the modern crossover style hatchback trend and was marketed as an SUV like lifestyle vehicle 109 The Dacia Renault Sandero Stepway the crossover style version of the Sandero launched in 2009 is an example of a well received crossover style hatchback making up 65 of Sandero sales 110 111 MPV minivan Edit nbsp Volkswagen CrossTouranOne of the first MPVs with a crossover style variant was the Renault Scenic RX4 introduced in 2000 It featured a lifted ride height rugged body cladding tailgate mounted spare wheel and optional part time four wheel drive 112 Another example is the Volkswagen CrossTouran launched in 2006 as a lifted version of the Touran and marketed as a lifestyle vehicle 113 Apart from crossover style variants equipped with exterior accessories due to the increasing crossover market shares many manufacturers began developing MPVs from the ground up with crossover characteristics and often marketed them either purely as an MPV or as a crossover MPV such as the 5th generation of Renault Espace Sedan Edit nbsp Toyota Crown CrossoverThe innovative unibody all wheel drive AMC Eagle was available in two and four door sedan versions when introduced in 1979 114 115 Some examples of sedans with crossover characteristics are the Subaru Legacy SUS short for Sport Utility Sedan 116 Volvo S60 Cross Country 117 Polestar 2 Toyota Crown Crossover Citroen C4 X 118 and C3L in China 119 Renault Dacia Logan Stepway and the Qoros 3 GT 120 Sales EditEurope Edit Since the early 2010s sales of crossover type vehicles have been increasing in Europe 121 By 2017 European sales of compact and mid sized crossover models continued to surge 122 Analysis of the European new car market by data firm JATO Dynamics reveals that SUVs which mostly consisted of crossovers took almost 40 of the market in 2019 with the crossover segment being a key driver of growth for volume and profits 123 United States Edit Sales of crossovers increased by 30 between 2003 and 2005 18 By 2006 the segment came into strong visibility in the U S when crossover sales made up more than 50 of the overall SUV market 48 Sales increased in 2007 by 16 124 In 2013 the Audi Q5 became Audi s second best selling vehicle in the United States market after the Audi A4 sedan 125 Between the late 1990s and 2012 around half of Lexus s sales came from its SUVs 126 American manufacturers were initially slow to switch from their 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