History Channel
History (stylized in all caps), formerly and commonly known as the History Channel, is an American pay television network and flagship channel owned by A&E Networks, a joint venture between Hearst Communications and The Walt Disney Company's General Entertainment Content Division.
| Country | United States |
|---|---|
| Broadcast area | Nationwide |
| Headquarters | 235 E. 45th St., New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Programming | |
| Picture format |
|
| Ownership | |
| Owner | A&E Networks |
| Sister channels | |
| History | |
| Launched | January 1, 1995 |
| Links | |
| Website | www |
| Availability | |
| Streaming media | |
| Service(s) | Philo, Sling TV, DirecTV Stream, Hulu + Live TV, Vidgo[1] |
The network was originally focused on history-based, social/science documentaries as well as the news. During the late 2000s, the History Channel pivoted into reality television programming. In addition to this change in format, the network has been criticized by many scientists, historians, and skeptics for broadcasting pseudo-documentaries and pseudoscientific, unsubstantiated, sensational investigative programming.
As of February 2015, around 96,149,000 American households (82.6% of households with television) receive the network's flagship channel, the History Channel.[2] International localized versions of the History Channel are available, in various forms, in India, Canada, Europe, Australia, the Middle East, Africa, Asia and Latin America.
History edit
20th century edit
The company indicated that plans for a history channel were in the works in 1993, it purchased the Lou Reda Productions documentary library and long-term rights for the Hearst Entertainment documentaries archive. The History Channel was launched on January 1, 1995, with its UK counterpart, a partnership with British Sky Broadcasting, following on November 1, 1995.[3] Its original format focused entirely on historical series and specials.
During the 1990s, the History Channel was jokingly referred to as "The Hitler Channel" for its extensive coverage of World War II.[4] Since then, much of its military-themed programming has been shifted to its sister network Military History.
A&E Networks considered the History Channel to be the driver in international expansion due to a lack of international rights to A&E international co-productions. As expected, the History Channel led A&E's overseas expansion in Brazil with TVA (April 1996), the Nordic and Baltic regions with Modern Times Group (1997), and in Canada (1997).[3]
The History Channel expanded in 1998 into tours of US landmarks with Mayflower Tours having an affiliated website (historytravel.com), History Channel Traveler, and a planned quarterly magazine. While in October, the History Channel and MSG Network teamed up to produce several short-form sports history programs. A&E launched History International as a spin-off from the History Channel in November 1998.[3]
21st century edit
On February 16, 2008, a new logo was launched on the U.S. network as part of a rebranding effort. While the trademark "H" was kept, the triangle shape on the left acts as a play button for animation and flyouts during commercials and shows. On March 20, 2008, as part of that same rebranding effort, the History Channel dropped "The" and "Channel" from its name to become simply "History".[5]
In 2012, half of A&E would be purchased by The Walt Disney Company and the other half by Hearst Communications, also putting History under their joint ownership.[6]
In 2015, the channel would undergo another rebranding, this time by Joseph Kiely. The slogan of this rebranding was "Make Your Mark". The logo was slightly changed, but retained the golden letter 'H' that had become synonymous with the channel.[7]
The "History 100" documentary initiative was announced in March 2018 that would produce 100 documentaries covering major events and notable figures from last 100 years.[8]
On December 7, 2021, History received a major rebrand for the first time since February 16, 2008. The logo still kept the golden letter 'H' that had been used since its launch in 1995.
Programming edit
Programming on the History Channel has covered a wide range of historical periods and topics, while similar themed topics are often organized into themed weeks or daily marathons. Subjects include warfare, inventions, aviation, mechanical and civil engineering, technology, science, nature, artists, composers, authors, mythical creatures, monsters, unidentified flying objects, conspiracy theories, aliens, religious beliefs, disaster scenarios, apocalyptic "after man" scenarios, survival scenarios, alternate history, dinosaurs, doomsday, organized crime, secret societies, and 2012 superstitions. Occasionally, some programs compare contemporary culture and technology with that of the past.[9]
The channel's programming would expand into scripted dramas with the premiere Vikings in 2013.[10]
Criticism and evaluations edit
Initially, the network received mixed reviews. In an article from the American Historical Association released about a year into the channel's lifespan, the channel's historical consultant Libby Haight O' Connell noted that professional historians have been enlisted to work on the channel's programs and many letters have come in from viewers both pointing out historical errors and opening up discussion with the channel creators about the events portrayed in the channel's programs.[11]
However, in recent years the network has been criticized for having a bias towards US history. Another former sister network, History International, more extensively covered history outside the US until 2011, when it was re-branded as H2 and started broadcasting more material that had to do with US history.[12]
Stanley Kutner criticized the network for the series The Men Who Killed Kennedy in 2003. Kutner was one of three historians commissioned to review the documentary, which the channel disavowed and never aired again.[13] Programs such as Modern Marvels have been praised for their presentation of detailed information in an entertaining format.[14]
Some of the network's series, including Ice Road Truckers, Ax Men, and Pawn Stars, garnered increased viewership ratings in the United States, while receiving criticism over the series' nonhistorical nature. US Senator Chuck Grassley is a critic of the channel and its lack of historical or educational programming, showing particular disdain for the latter two programs.[15]
Professor Jeremy Stoddard, in his article published in 2010, raised the concern that the productions of the network presented value-laden perspectives which may mislead audiences, a phenomenon he termed "the History Channel effect".[16] Stoddard also claimed that the History Channel did not contribute to this phenomenon alone, but rather, it was caused by the misperception that documentaries are "objective sources of history".[16]
In 2011, Forbes staffer Alex Knapp wrote, "The History Channel shouldn't run stuff like this 'ancient astronaut' nonsense."[17] Forbes contributor Brad Lockwood criticized the channel's addition of "programs devoted to monsters, aliens, and conspiracies", attributing a perceived intent of boosting ratings to the network's decision to focus on pseudoarchaeology instead of documented facts.[18] Knapp refers readers to the Bad Archaeology website's founder Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews who comments, "I find it incredible and frightening that a worldwide distributed television channel ...can broadcast such rubbish as Ancient Aliens."[17] Archaeologist Kenneth Feder, author of Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology,[19] called the channel's hosting the ancient astronaut theory "execrable bullshit".[20]
In his book 2012: It's Not the End of the World, Peter Lemesurier describes the channel's Nostradamus series, in which he was invited to participate, as "largely fiction" and "lurid nonsense".[21] He also lists numerous allusions made in its films to the alleged Mayan "end of the world" and the "rare" galactic alignment that was supposed by John Major Jenkins to accompany it in 2012,[21] while Jenkins himself has described Decoding the Past as "45 minutes of unabashed doomsday hype and the worst kind of inane sensationalism."[22]
In December 2011, Politifact gave the History Channel's claim that the United States Congress stayed open on Christmas Day for most of its first 67 years of existence a "pants on fire" rating, the lowest of its ratings, noting that its own research showed that both the Senate and the House had only convened once in those 67 years on a Christmas Day. It noted that because one-in-seven Christmases falls on a Sunday (when Congress does not meet to allow members to attend church), the claim is "ridiculous".[23] The claim had first been broadcast on the History Channel program Christmas Unwrapped – The History of Christmas before being subsequently picked up by the American Civil Liberties Union's website on the "Origins of Christmas" and by the Comedy Central series The Daily Show.[23] Daily Show host Jon Stewart responded the next day by stating it was their fault for trusting the History Channel and satirized a clip from the History Channel about UFOs and Nazis by stating, "The next thing you know we'll all find out the Nazis did not employ alien technology in their quest for world domination."[24][25]
The History Channel was also singled out in a post for Smithsonian magazine. Science writer Riley Black took issue with the show Ancient Aliens for postulating the "idea that aliens caused the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs."[26] The online magazine Cracked also lampooned the channel for its strange definition of history. Cracked singled out the programs UFO Hunters and Ancient Aliens as being the very definition of non-history by presenting pseudoscience and pseudohistory.[27] In 2015, skeptic Brian Dunning listed it at #2 on a "Top 10 Worst Anti-Science Websites" list.[28]
Amelia Earhart documentary controversy edit
In 2017, a History Channel documentary, Amelia Earhart: The Lost Evidence, proposed that a photograph in the National Archives of Jaluit Atoll in the Marshall Islands was actually a picture of a captured Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan. The picture showed a Caucasian male on a dock who appeared to look like Noonan and a woman sitting on the dock, but facing away from the camera, who was judged to have a physique and haircut resembling Earhart's. The documentary theorizes that the photo was taken after Earhart and Noonan crashed at Mili Atoll. The documentary also said that physical evidence recovered from Mili matches pieces that could have fallen off an Electra during a crash or subsequent overland move to a barge. The Lost Evidence proposed that a Japanese ship seen in the photograph was the Koshu Maru, a Japanese military ship.
The Lost Evidence was soon discredited after Japanese blogger Kota Yamano found the original source of the photograph in the archives in the National Diet Library Digital Collection.[29] The original source of the photo was a Japanese travel guide published in October 1935, implying that the photograph was taken in 1935 or before, thus it would be unrelated to Earhart and Noonan's 1937 disappearance. Additionally, the researcher who discovered the photo also identified the ship in the right of the photo as another ship called Koshu seized by Allied Japanese forces in World War I and not the Koshu Maru.[30]
Researcher Ben Radford performed a detailed analysis of the mistakes made by The History Channel in building their documentary on bad photographic evidence. In his Skeptical Inquirer article "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Emmys: An Amelia Earhart Special (Non) Mystery Post-Mortem," critiquing the network's lack of professionalism, Radford said: "Given that the photograph's provenance was established and thus the key premise of the show discredited in about half an hour of Google searching, it will be interesting to see what world class expertise... the History Channel will bring to their reinvestigation of Earhart's disappearance."[31] On episode 82 of his Squaring the Strange podcast, released January 4, 2019, Radford reminded listeners that in excess of 18 months had passed without an apology or explanation from the History Channel as to "how their research went so horribly wrong."[32][33]
Other media edit
DVD edit
- The Unknown Hitler DVD collection,[34] including Hitler and the Occult
- Dogfight: Season 1 DVD set
- The Great Depression DVD collection
- The Making of Trump 2015 DVD[35]
Video serials edit
- Legend of the Superstition Mountains six episodes in 2015
- History Legends of War: Patton
- The History Channel: Lost Worlds
- The History Channel: Battle of Britain 1940
- The History Channel: Crusades – Quest for Power
- The History Channel: Alamo – Fight for Independence
- The History Channel: Civil War – Great Battles
- The History Channel: Digging for Truth
- The History Channel: Great Battles Medieval
- The History Channel: Civil War The Battle of Bull Run Take Command: 1861
- The History Channel: American Civil War Take Command: 2nd Manassas
Video games edit
- The History Channel: Civil War – A Nation Divided (2006)
- The History Channel: ShootOut! – The Game (2006)
- The History Channel: Dogfights – The Game (2007)
- The History Channel: Great Battles of Rome (2007)
- The History Channel: Battle for the Pacific (2007)
- History Civil War: Secret Missions (2008)
- History: Great Empires – Rome (2009)[36][37]
- History: Ice Road Truckers (2010)[38][39]
- History: Egypt – Engineering an Empire (2010)[40][41]
- History: Great Battles – Medieval (2010)[42][43][44]
International edit
North America edit
Canada edit
History Television launched in 1997 and was not initially related to its then similarly named American counterpart. During History Television's first several years of operation, despite sharing a similar programming focus, it rarely, if ever, acquired programming from the American channel. The phrase "Not available in Canada" was used heavily during The History Channel's early years in promotional ads on American channels that were imported to Canadian pay television providers, particularly A&E.[45]
Beginning in the late 2000s, several History (US) shows were acquired for Canadian broadcast on History Television. On May 30, 2012, then-parent company Shaw Media announced that it would rebrand History Channel as a Canadian version of the US History channel in the fall of 2012, through a licensing agreement with A+E Networks.[46] History Television would be relaunched on August 12, 2012, with another Shaw-owned specialty channel relaunched as a Canadian version of H2 soon after.
On October 21, 2014, Corus Entertainment reached an agreement to acquire Canadian French-language rights to History programming for its own channel, Historia. On March 9, 2015, the network was relaunched under History's logo and branding, although the network still carries the Historia name.[47] Historia was previously owned as a joint venture between Shaw and Astral Media, which made it a sister to History; Corus purchased the network in 2013.[48]
On April 1, 2016, Corus Entertainment merged with Shaw Media, and as a result, now holds the Canadian English and French-language rights to History programming.[citation needed]
Europe edit
UK and Ireland edit
The British version launched in November 1995, and arrived in Ireland on November 1, 1999. The UK channel is a joint venture with Sky UK and was renamed Sky History on May 27, 2020, incorporating content from Sky Documentaries and Sky Nature.
Germany edit
The German version launched on November 14, 2004, and is operated by The History Channel Germany GmbH & Co. KG, a joint venture between A+E Networks and NBC Universal Global Networks Germany.
Italy edit
The Italian version was launched on July 31, 2003, as a joint venture of A&E Networks and Fox International Channels Italy; then it became a sole venture of A&E Networks in 2012.
Spain and Portugal edit
The History Channel is available in Spain and Portugal though cable, satellite, and IPTV platforms, as well as streaming media under the brand Canal de Historia. The History Channel Iberia is a joint venture between A+E Networks and AMC Networks International Iberia.
Benelux edit
The Dutch version launched on May 1, 2007.[49] This version is distributed by A&E Networks Benelux. In January 2008, History HD was launched in the Netherlands.[50] It is available on cable providers Telenet and Ziggo. It is also available on the IPTV service KPN.
Poland edit
A Polish version was launched on April 9, 2008. It is available on cable providers Aster, Dialog, Toya, and UPC Polska, and also through satellite television (with its HD version carried on the n platform since June 1, 2012) and an SD version on Cyfra+ (since November 2, 2009).
edit
A Scandinavian version was first launched in September 1997, broadcasting for three and later four hours a day on the analogue Viasat platform. Initially time-sharing with TV1000 Cinema, it was later moved to the Swedish TV8 channel and continued broadcasting there until November 2004. When History channel announced their own 24-hour pan-European channel, Viasat launched its own history-oriented channel, Viasat History, in the Nordic region, but with no original programming. On February 1, 2007, the History Channel returned to Sweden and also Denmark, Norway, Finland when the pan-European version was launched as a standalone channel on the Canal Digital satellite platform and later through cable operator Com hem. The History Channel launched on February 1, 2007, on the Canal Digital DTH satellite package for viewers in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland. The channel is being launched by The History Channel UK, A&E's joint venture with BSkyB. Although it broadcasts in English with local subtitles, the channel is scheduled separately from the UK version.
Asia edit
India edit
The History Channel started its operations in India in late 2003 with 21st Century Fox's STAR TV as its sales partner, managed by National Geographic until November 21, 2008.[51] The History Channel India closed down on November 21, 2008. In 2011, History was granted permission to relaunch services in India. A joint venture of A&E Networks and TV18 relaunched History TV18 in India in eight languages in 2014.[52]
Southeast Asia edit
A joint venture of AETN and Astro All Asia Networks launched the History Channel in Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Brunei in the second and third quarters of 2007, and in Taiwan and China by the end of the year.[53] Some other Asian countries, such as Kuwait, Israel, and Japan, have their own versions of the network. On September 1, 2008, History Channel Asia was officially launched in Singapore and Hong Kong followed by the Philippines.[54][55][56]
South Korea edit
The South Korean version of History Channel was launched on September 22, 2017, replacing the Southeast version that was previously transmitted. After the launch, A+E networks Korea launched an original series program called History in the Bottle (말술클럽).
Latin America edit
The Latin American version was launched in 2001. It is owned by A&E and controlled in the region by Ole Distribution. It airs US programming, translated to Spanish or Portuguese or in English with Spanish or Portuguese subtitles. Also, it develops some Latin American programming in Spanish.
Oceania edit
Australia and New Zealand edit
The channel is operated by Foxtel Networks, and the programming and name of the channel is licensed to them by A&E Networks.
Africa edit
History launched on Azam TV in 2018.
History launched on Zuku TV in Channel 415 when replacing Discovery Science on 6 November 2021.
South Africa edit
The History Channel was launched on December 1, 2003, as part of the DStv satellite TV package provided by MultiChoice.[57]
References edit
- ^ "I don't have a TV package. Can I subscribe directly to HISTORY? – HISTORY".
- ^ Seidman, Robert (February 22, 2015). . TV by the Numbers. Zap2it. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
- ^ a b c "A & E Television Networks History". International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 32. St. James Press. 2000. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via Funding Universe.com.
- ^ Schone, Mark (May 8, 1997). "Media Circus: All Hitler all the time". Salon. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ^ International Herald Tribune Television's The History Channel Drops 'The' and 'Channel' from Its Name, Keeps History March 20, 2008
- ^ Lakritz, Talia. "14 companies you didn't realize Disney owns". Business Insider. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
- ^ "History Channel global rebrand & manifesto". KIELY DESIGN. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
- ^ Littleton, Cynthia (March 15, 2018). "History Sets 'History 100' Docu Film Series, Evel Knievel Stunt Special". Variety. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ^ Gary Richard Edgerton; Peter C. Rollins. Television Histories: Shaping Collective Memory in the Media Age. University Press of Kentucky; 2001. ISBN 0-8131-7111-3. pp. 261 ff.
- ^ . Irish Film Board. March 5, 2013. Archived from the original on March 28, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
- ^ "The History Channel and History Education | Perspectives on History | AHA". www.historians.org. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
- ^ "Time traveler's guide to the Roman Empire". Channel4.com. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
The History Channel: The website of the American cable channel has a bias towards American history, as evidenced by Extreme History with Roger Daltrey
- ^ Kutner, Stanley (July 4, 2004). "Why the History Channel Had to Apologize for the Documentary that Blamed LBJ for JFK's Murder". History News Network. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
The History Channel has made a start in the right direction as it has totally disavowed the program and publicly promised it never will be shown again.
- ^ Weinberg, Scott (May 29, 2007). "Modern Marvels: Technology". DVD Talk. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
If you're trying to throw your kids a little education, but in a fast-paced and colorful presentation, these "Modern Marvels" series come pretty highly recommended. Then again, I'm a mid-30s guy and I'm learning tons of new stuff from these programs.
- ^ Malone, Noreen (March 20, 2012). A brief history of Chuck Grassley's history with the History Channel. New York magazine. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
- ^ a b Stoddard, Jeremy D. (2010). "The History Channel Effect". Phi Delta Kappan. 91 (4): 80. doi:10.1177/003172171009100420. ISSN 0031-7217. S2CID 143989861.
- ^ a b An archaeologist watches the History Channel and questions the part about Ancient Aliens, Forbes, Alex Knapp, September 19, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
- ^ Lockwood, Brad. "High Ratings Aside, Where's the History on History?". Forbes. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
- ^ Feder, K. (1990). Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology. New York, McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages ISBN 978-0078116971
- ^ "Ancient Alien Astronauts: Interview with Ken Feder." Retrieved July 17, 2017.
- ^ a b Lemesurier, Peter (July 2011), 2012: It's Not the End of the World, Derwen Publishing, p. 91, ISBN 978-1-907084-15-7
- ^ "How Not to Make a 2012 Documentary". July 28, 2006. Retrieved September 22, 2006.
- ^ a b "Comic Jon Stewart says Congress met most Christmas Days in its early years". Politifact. December 11, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
- ^ Fung, Katherine (December 13, 2011). "Jon Stewart Fires Back At Politifact Over War On Christmas". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
- ^ Stewart, Jon (December 12, 2011). "War on Christmas - Historical Fact-Checking". The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Comedy Central. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
- ^ Black, Riley (May 11, 2012). "The Idiocy, Fabrications and Lies of Ancient Aliens". Smithsonian. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
- ^ West, Zach (June 30, 2010). . Cracked. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
- ^ Dunning, Brian (December 1, 2015). "Skeptoid #495: Updated: Top 10 Worst Anti-Science Websites". Skeptoid. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
2. History.com (...promoting flagrant pseudohistory...)
- ^ Greshko, Michael (July 11, 2017). . nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
- ^ Domonoske, Camila. "Japanese Blogger Points Out Timeline Flaw In Supposed Earhart Photo". NPR. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
- ^ Radford, Ben (July 18, 2017). "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Emmys: An Amelia Earhart Special (Non)Mystery Post-Mortem". Csicop.org. CFI. from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
- ^ Radford, Ben. "Episode 82 - Grab Bag 2018". Libsyn. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
- ^ Palmer, Rob (January 25, 2019). "Squaring the Skeptic with Celestia Ward (Part 2)". Skeptical Inquirer. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
- ^ The History Channel Online Store: The Unknown Hitler DVD Collection November 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Making of Trump (TV Movie 2015) - IMDb" – via www.imdb.com.
- ^ Naser, Bodo (June 19, 2009). "Test: Great Empires: Rome". 4Players (in German). Retrieved March 3, 2023.
- ^ Thomas, Lucas M. (July 1, 2009). "History's Great Empires: Rome Review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
- ^ "HISTORY Ice Road Truckers". GamesIndustry.biz. Gamer Network. March 11, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
- ^ "History -- Ice Road Truckers". GameSpy. IGN Entertainment. from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
- ^ Moreno, Jim H. (September 16, 2010). "HISTORY Egypt: Engineering an Empire – PC Game Review". Armchair General. Weider History Group. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
- ^ . Slitherine Software. Archived from the original on April 12, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
- ^ "History Great Battles Medieval Gets a New Partner and an October UK Release Date". IGN. Ziff Davis. September 17, 2010. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
- ^ "History Great Battles Medieval is Headed to Android". IGN. Ziff Davis. April 25, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
- ^ Schilling, Chris (July 3, 2013). "Great Battles Medieval". Pocket Gamer. Steel Media. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
- ^ "Librarian and Information Science News". LIS News. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
I always wondered why the History Channel commercials said not available in Canada.
[permanent dead link] - ^ Shaw Media and A&E to Launch Two New Specialty Channels December 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Broadcaster Magazine, May 30, 2012.
- ^ "Historia: new logo, new look, new shows!". Corus Entertainment. March 9, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
- ^ Corus Entertainment (March 4, 2013). "Corus Entertainment Expands Interests in French-language Specialty Television Market through Major Deals with Bell and Shaw Media". Retrieved March 31, 2013.
- ^ Briel, Robert (April 5, 2007). "History Channel comes to Benelux". Broadband TV News.
- ^ Briel, Robert (November 14, 2007). "History Channel HD to launch in Holland". Broadband TV News.
- ^ "Indiantelevision.com's interview with NGC India managing director (South Asia) Zubin Jehanbux Gandevia". Indiantelevision.com. December 20, 2003. Retrieved October 15, 2007.
- ^ History TV 18. "Contact Us - History TV18 India". Retrieved January 11, 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ . April 16, 2007. Archived from the original on May 22, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
. February 10, 2003. Archived from the original on January 6, 2006. Retrieved June 16, 2007. - ^ History HD channel launched on SkyLife in Korea retrieved via medianewsline.com May 5, 2009
- ^ retrieved via skycable.com September 6, 2009
- ^ The History Channel HD to launch in Singapore and Hong Kong January 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine retrieved via aetninternational.com August 26, 2008
- ^ . Archived from the original on November 17, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
External links edit
- Official website