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Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley

Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (1546 – 10 February 1567), was the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the father of James VI of Scotland and I of England. Through his parents, he had claims to both the Scottish and English thrones, and from his marriage in 1565 he was king consort of Scotland.[3] Less than a year after the birth of his son, Darnley was murdered at Kirk o' Field in 1567. Many contemporary narratives describing his life and death refer to him as simply Lord Darnley, his title as heir apparent to the Earldom of Lennox.[4]

Henry Stuart
Duke of Albany
Earl of Ross
Lord Darnley
Lord Darnley in his late teens, by an unknown artist.[1] National Galleries of Scotland.
King consort of Scotland
Tenure29 July 1565 – 10 February 1567
Born1546 (1546)
Temple Newsam, Yorkshire, England
Died (aged 20)[2]
Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, Scotland
Burial14 February 1567
Spouse
(m. 1565)
IssueJames VI and I
HouseStuart
FatherMatthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox
MotherLady Margaret Douglas
Signature

Origins edit

He was the second but eldest surviving son of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, by his wife Lady Margaret Douglas which supported his claim to the English succession. Darnley's maternal grandparents were Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Queen Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England and widow of King James IV of Scotland.

Early life edit

 
Lord Darnley aged about nine, by Hans Eworth.[5] Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh.

Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley was born at Temple Newsam, Leeds, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, in 1546. It was initially believed that Henry was born on 5 December 1545, but more recent research suggests he was born in 1546, as his mother had given birth in late February 1545 and in a letter from March 1566, his age was given as nineteen.[2] As a great-great-great-grandson of James II of Scotland and great-grandson of Henry VII of England, Darnley had potential claims to both the Scottish and English thrones.

In 1545, his father, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, was found guilty of treason in Scotland for siding with the English in the War of the Rough Wooing, in opposing Mary of Guise and Regent Arran. The family's Scottish estates were forfeited[6] and his father went into exile in England for 22 years, returning to Scotland in 1564. The Countess of Lennox Margaret Douglas, his mother, had left Scotland in 1528.[7]

The Scottish scholar John Elder was among his tutors. Elder advocated Anglo-Scottish union through the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Prince Edward. His advice to Henry VIII in 1543, was termed the Advice of a Redshank.[8] Another schoolmaster to the young heir was Arthur Lallart, who would later be interrogated in London for having gone to Scotland in 1562.[9] Henry was said to be strong, athletic, skilled in horsemanship and weaponry, and passionate about hunting and hawking. His youthful character is captured somewhat in a letter of March 1554 to Mary I of England from Temple Newsam, where he writes about making a map, the Utopia Nova, and his wish that "every haire in my heade for to be a wourthy souldiour".[10]

Succession crisis edit

There was a political dilemma in England arising from the dynastic ambition of the Lennoxes: Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, was third in line to the Scottish throne, and his wife Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, was a niece of Henry VIII, making her a potential successor to the English throne if Elizabeth should die.[11] As Roman Catholics, they posed a threat to English Protestants.[11] Although Elizabeth was bright, witty, and well-educated for her position, as a female she had to prove herself. As she was a Protestant, many Roman Catholics would have liked to see the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, take the throne. They regarded Elizabeth as illegitimate, her parents' marriage not having been recognised by the Catholic Church. Darnley, as a male descended from Henry VII, was also a contender for the English throne. All of these interrelationships made for complex intrigues, spying, strategising and manoeuvering for power at the various courts.

When Henry II of France died in July 1559, Lennox's brother John, 5th Sieur d'Aubigny, was elevated in the French court as kinsman of the new French queen, Mary, already Queen of Scots. Aubigny arranged for Darnley to be dispatched to the French court to congratulate Mary and Francis II of France on Francis's accession and seek restoration for Lennox. Mary did not restore Lennox to his Scottish earldom, but she did give 1,000 crowns to Darnley and invited him to her coronation.[12] Lennox's plan was to appeal directly to the Queen of Scots via her ambassador, over the heads of Elizabeth and the Guise. The mission of Lennox's agent, one Nesbit, appears to have been a desperate one; not only was Lennox willing to hand over Darnley and his brother Charles as hostages for his restoration, but he supplied pedigrees of Darnley, indicating his right to the inheritance of England and Scotland and the houses of Hamilton and Douglas.[13] Aubigny was also later accused of supporting Mary's title to the throne of England and hinting that even his nephew had a stronger claim than Elizabeth.

Lennox set Nesbit to watch Mary, Darnley and Darnley's tutor, John Elder. In 1559 Nicholas Throckmorton, the English ambassador in Paris, warned Elizabeth that Elder was "as dangerous for the matters of England as any he knew."[14] Lord Paget in March 1560 wrote of the 'well founded' fear that Catholics would raise Darnley to the throne on Elizabeth's death.[15]

Francis Yaxley was a Catholic spy discovered in 1562 whose activities led to the arrest of the Lennox family. He had been a Clerk of the Signet and from 1549 was employed by William Cecil travelling in France.[16] Yaxley was employed by the Countess of Lennox. He placed Mabel Fortescue and other ladies as servants in the Lennox household at Settrington in November 1560.[17] His interrogation at the Tower of London in February 1562 revealed that he had obtained intelligence about the English Court from the Spanish ambassador, and the ambassador had entrusted him and Hugh Allen with messages and tokens for the Lennoxes and Darnley. Yaxley admitted that his missions were intended to arrange the marriage of the Queen of Scots with Darnley, that Darnley's religion guaranteed him greater success in his suit than the Earl of Arran, and that the countess had many friends in the north.[18] Although the Lennox threat never died out, Elizabeth did not convict the family of treason in 1562 after their arrest nor did she encourage efforts to annul the countess's claim to her throne. Perhaps Elizabeth feared that these investigations could also be directed at herself, or her inaction was intended to ensure the survival of the monarchy by not reducing the number of potential heirs. The Lennox family were released in February 1563, and within a few months, Darnley and his mother were conspicuous by their presence at Court and the favour they received there, although Elizabeth would not accommodate the earl at Court.[19]

Sarah Macauley notes three outcomes of the court's decision in the Lennox trial:

"Their elevation at Court was, as it turned out in 1563, a useful complication in the succession issue. First, it presented a public statement that the preferences of Parliament (the claim of Catherine Grey in the succession crisis) could not dictate her own policy. Secondly, favouring the Lennoxes could serve as some kind of appeasement of the English Roman Catholics, who, like the Spanish ambassador, might foresee Elizabeth naming Darnley as her successor ... Such speculation would also distract them from favouring the more alarming claim of the Queen of Scots ... Thirdly, and most significantly, the elevation of the Lennoxes presented an obstacle between the Queen of Scots and the English throne. Thus was Darnley's uniquely 'British' inheritance put to use at last ... The subsequent release of Darnley into Scotland and the restoration of his father at the Scottish Court were part of this policy: the political disaster of the Darnley marriage as yet unforeseen."[20]

In September 1564, the Scottish Parliament restored Matthew Stewart's rights and titles as Earl of Lennox, and listened to a lengthy speech from the Queen's secretary William Maitland, who offered;

"[I]t may be affirmid Scotland in na manis age that presentlie levis wes in gritter tranquillitie."[21]

Marriage to Mary, Queen of Scots edit

 
Darnley and Mary, Queen of Scots (painting circa 1565, now at Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire).[22]
 
James VI and I (right) depicted aged 17 beside his mother Mary (left), 1583. In reality, they were separated when he was still a baby.

On 3 February 1565, Darnley left London and by 12 February, he was in Edinburgh. On 17 February, he presented himself to Mary at Wemyss Castle in Fife.[23] James Melville of Halhill reported that "Her Majesty took well with him, and said that he was the lustiest and best proportioned long man that she had seen."[24] After a brief visit to his father at Dunkeld, Darnley returned with Mary and the court to Holyrood on 24 February. The next day, he heard John Knox preach, and he danced a galliard with Mary at night.[25] From then on, he was constantly in Mary's company.[3]

Darnley was his wife's half-first cousin through two different marriages of their grandmother, Margaret Tudor, putting both Mary and Darnley high in the line of succession for the English throne. Darnley was also a descendant of a daughter of James II of Scotland, and so also in line for the throne of Scotland.

As a preliminary to the marriage, Darnley was made a knight, Lord of Ardmanoch and Earl of Ross at Stirling Castle on 15 May 1565.[26] An entourage of 15 men were made knights, including one of Mary's half brothers, Robert Stewart of Strathdon, Robert Drummond of Carnock, James Stewart of Doune Castle, and William Murray of Tullibardine.[27] In England, a concerned Privy council debated the perils of the intended marriage on 4 June. One of their resolutions was to relax the displeasure shown to Lady Catherine Grey, another rival to Mary Stuart for the English throne.[28] Mary sent John Hay, Commendator of Balmerino, to speak to Elizabeth; Elizabeth demanded Darnley's return, and gave John Hay plainly to understand her small satisfaction.[29]

On 22 July, Darnley was made Duke of Albany in Holyrood Abbey, and the banns of marriage were called in the parish of Canongate. A proclamation was made at the Cross of Edinburgh on 28 July 1565 that government would be in the joint names of the king and queen of Scots, thus making Darnley king and giving him equality with, and precedence over, Mary. This was confirmed in the circulation of a silver ryal in the names of Henry and Mary.[30][31]

On 29 July 1565, the marriage took place by Roman Catholic rites in Mary's private chapel at Holyrood, but Darnley (whose religious beliefs were unfixed – he was raised as a Catholic, but was later influenced by Protestantism)[32] refused to accompany Mary to the nuptial Mass after the wedding itself.[3]

Estrangement edit

Soon after Mary married Darnley, she became aware of his vain, arrogant and unreliable qualities, which threatened the wellbeing of the state. Darnley was unpopular with the other nobles and had a violent streak, aggravated by his drinking.[4] Mary refused to grant Darnley the Crown Matrimonial, which would have made him the successor to the throne if she died childless.[32] By August 1565, less than a month after the marriage, William Cecil heard that Darnley's insolence had driven Lennox from the Scottish court. On 28 August 1565 a pair of diplomatic letters were sent from the Scottish court to the King of Denmark, one signed by Mary, the other by Darnley. This seems to have been an effort to confirm his royal status.[33] Mary soon became pregnant.

As a token of friendship, Charles IX of France sent an ambassador, Nicolas d'Angennes, seigneur de Rambouillet, to invest Darnley in the Order of Saint Michael in February 1566. Mary, Darnley, and her private secretary David Rizzio, took part in a costly masque with seven other dancers in rich attire to welcome Rambouillet and celebrate Darnley's investiture. His costume for the ceremony in the chapel of Holyroodhouse, of satin guarded with black velvet and satin, sewn with aglets of gold, was given to a French herald as a perquisite.[34]

David Rizzio was stabbed 56 times on 9 March 1566 by Darnley and his confederates, Protestant Scottish nobles, in the presence of the queen, who was six months pregnant. According to English diplomats Thomas Randolph and the Earl of Bedford, the murder of Rizzio (who was rumoured to be the father of Mary's unborn child) was part of Darnley's bid to force Mary to cede the Crown Matrimonial. Darnley also made a bargain with his allies to advance his claim to the Crown Matrimonial in the Parliament of Scotland in return for restoring their lands and titles.[35]

When the Spanish Ambassador in Paris heard this news, the headlines were that Darnley "had murdered his wife, admitted the exiled heretics, and seized the kingdom." However, on 20 March, Darnley posted a declaration denying all knowledge of or complicity in the Rizzio murder. Mary no longer trusted her husband, and he was disgraced by the kingdom. On 27 March, the Earl of Morton and Lord Ruthven, who were both present at Rizzio's murder and had fled to England, wrote to Cecil claiming that Darnley had initiated the murder plot and recruited them, because of his "heich quarrel" and "deadly hatred" of Rizzio.[36]

Birth of son edit

 
Mary is said to have nursed the smallpox-stricken Darnley under this sycamore tree at home at Darnley, now a suburb of Glasgow.[37]

Mary and Darnley's son James (the future King James VI of Scotland and I of England) was born on 19 June 1566 at Edinburgh Castle.[38][39]

Following the birth of James, the succession was more secure, but Darnley and Mary's marriage continued to struggle, despite a hunting trip together to Cramalt Tower in the Ettrick Forest in August 1566.[40] Darnley alienated many who would otherwise have been his supporters through his erratic behavior. His insistence that he be awarded the Crown Matrimonial was still a source of marital frustration.[41]

Their son was baptised Charles James on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at Stirling Castle.[40] His godparents were Charles IX of France,[42] Elizabeth I of England[43] and Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy.[42] Mary refused to let the Archbishop of St Andrews, whom she referred to as "a pocky priest", spit in the child's mouth, as was then the custom.[4] In the entertainment, devised by Frenchman Bastian Pagez, men danced dressed as satyrs and sporting tails; the English guests took offence, thinking the satyrs "done against them".[4] The French ambassador described how Darnley was lodged in the castle but stayed in his rooms, and sensing he was out of favour, the ambassador refused to meet with him.[44]

Death edit

 
1567 drawing of Kirk o' Field after the murder of Darnley, drawn for William Cecil shortly after the murder.

Darnley was murdered eight months after James's birth. On the night of 9/10 February 1567, his body and that of his valet were discovered in the orchard of Kirk o' Field, in Edinburgh, where they had been staying.[45] During the weeks leading up to his death, Darnley was recovering from a bout of smallpox (or, it has been speculated, syphilis). He was described as having deformed pocks upon his face and body. He stayed with his family in Glasgow, until Mary brought him to recuperate at Old Provost's lodging at Kirk o' Field, a two-storey house within the church quadrangle, a short walk from Holyrood, with the intention of incorporating him into the court again.[46] Darnley stayed at Kirk o' Field while Mary attended the wedding of Bastian Pagez, one of her closest servants, at Holyrood.[47]

Around 2:00 a.m. on the night of 9/10 February 1567, while Mary was away, two explosions rocked the foundation of Kirk o' Field. These explosions were later attributed to two barrels of gunpowder that had been placed in the small room under Darnley's sleeping quarters. Darnley's body and the body of his valet William Taylor were found outside, surrounded by a cloak, a dagger, a chair, and a coat. Darnley was dressed only in his nightshirt, suggesting he had fled in some haste from his bedchamber. Darnley was apparently smothered.[48] There were no visible marks of strangulation or violence on the body.[49] A post-mortem revealed internal injuries, thought to have been caused by the explosion. John Knox claimed that the surgeons who examined the body were lying, and that Darnley had been strangled, but all the sources agree there were no marks on the body and there was no reason for the surgeons to lie as Darnley was murdered either way.[50]

Aftermath edit

Suspicion quickly fell on James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, and his supporters, notably Archibald Douglas, Parson of Douglas, whose shoes were found at the scene, and on Mary herself. Bothwell had long been suspected of having designs on the throne, and his close relationship with the queen gave rise to rumours they were sexually intimate. This was viewed as a motive for Bothwell to have Darnley murdered, with help from some of the nobility and seemingly with royal approval. Mary had been looking at options for removing Darnley, and had discussed ideas at Craigmillar Castle in November 1566, though her ideas were for divorce. The problem was the risk of making her son illegitimate.[51]

Soon after Darnley's death, Bothwell and Mary left Edinburgh together. There are two points of view about the circumstances: in the first, Bothwell kidnapped the queen, took her to Dunbar Castle, and raped her. In the second, Mary was a willing participant in the kidnapping, and the story of rape was a fabrication, so her honour and reputation were not ruined by her marriage to a man widely suspected of murder. Mary later miscarried twins by Bothwell while a prisoner at Lochleven Castle.[52]

A soldier under the pay of Bothwell, Captain William Blackadder of the Clan Blackadder, was one of the first non-participants to happen upon the scene, and for that reason was treated as a suspect. He was convicted and executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered before each of his limbs was nailed to the gates of a different Scottish town.[53][54][better source needed]

Bothwell was put on trial in Edinburgh and found not guilty. Suspicions that Mary colluded with conspirators in her husband's death or that she took no action to prevent his death led to the loss of her supporters and the loss of the Scottish crown. Bothwell escaped to Shetland and Norway. Mary was captured by her enemies at the battle of Carberry Hill. In 1568 Mary's involvement in the murder was discussed in England in conferences at York and Westminster which ended with no definitive findings. The Casket letters were produced as evidence against her, alleged to have been written by Mary, they seemed to indicate her support for the killing.[55] The letters were purportedly found by James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, in Edinburgh in a silver box engraved with an "F" (for Francis II), along with others documents, including the Mary-Bothwell marriage certificate.[56] Before Morton's execution in 1581, he admitted having knowledge of the murder plot, and that Bothwell and Archibald Douglas were "chief actors" in Darnley's murder.[57]

Mary was kept in captivity until she was implicated in the Babington plot against Elizabeth, after which she was convicted of treason and executed.[58]

Burial and missing remains edit

Darnley was buried in the Royal Vault at Holyrood Abbey in 1567 alongside the bodies of several royals: King David II, King James II, Arthur, Duke of Rothesay, Madeleine of Valois, James, Duke of Rothesay, Arthur, Duke of Albany and King James V. In 1668, the vault was opened by mobs, and sometime later (between 1776 and 1778), the vault was raided and the skull of Lord Darnley was stolen.[59]

In 1928, a paper was published by Karl Pearson,[60] detailing his vast research into the skull of Lord Darnley. In his paper, Pearson discussed the possibility of Darnley's skull residing in the Royal College of Surgeons’ museum. In 2016, at the request of the University of Edinburgh, research was undertaken to identify whether a skull in the university's collection could be Darnley's stolen remains. The Royal College of Surgeons' skull and the Edinburgh one were examined and compared to portraits of Darnley by Emma Price at the University of Dundee. The conclusion was that the Edinburgh skull could not be Darnley's, but the Royal College of Surgeons' one (which had been destroyed in the Blitz) was a good match. A historical facial reconstruction was then produced.[45][61]

Sexuality edit

Darnley's sexuality has been subject to debate.[62] While at the Court of Elizabeth I, he was described as "a great cock chick", and Thomas Randolph (Elizabeth I's ambassador to Scotland) in a later despatch wrote that Darnley and Rizzio "would lie sometimes in one bed together".[63] A sexual relationship between Darnley and Rizzio was depicted in both the 1971 film Mary, Queen of Scots and the 2018 film, Mary Queen of Scots.

Honours edit

Ancestry edit

Poetry and the Bannatyne Manuscript edit

Darnley was the author of 'Darnley's Ballet', 'Gife langour makis men licht', and potentially 'Quhair luve is kendlit confortless' [attribution uncertain] printed in the Bannatyne Manuscript (1570 ca.).[65][66]

References edit

  1. ^ PG 2279, www.nationalgalleries.org
  2. ^ a b Weir, Alison (2015). The Lost Tudor Princess: The Life of Lady Margaret Douglas. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 131. ISBN 978-0345521392.
  3. ^ a b c Elaine Finnie Greig, 'Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [Lord Darnley] (1545/6–1567)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 4 March 2012
  4. ^ a b c d Mary Queen of Scots, by Antonia Fraser, 13th reprint, London: 1989; ISBN 0-297-17773-7
  5. ^ Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, 1545–1567. PG 2471, www.nationalgalleries.org
  6. ^ Elaine Finnie Greig, 'Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [Lord Darnley] (1545/6–1567)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008
  7. ^ Daniel, William S., History of The Abbey and Palace of Holyrood (Edinburgh: Duncan Anderson, 1852), p. 62.
  8. ^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 18 part 2 (London, 1902), no. 539: Bannatyne Miscellany, Edinburgh vol. 1, (1827), 1–6
  9. ^ Morgan Ring, So High A Blood (Bloomsbury, 2017), pp. 160–161: Joseph Stevenson, Calendar State Papers Foreign Elizabeth, 5 (London, 1867), p. 13 no. 12: Calendar State Papers Domestic 1547–1580 (London, 1856), pp. 201, 203.
  10. ^ Henry Ellis, Original Letters illustrative of British History, 2nd series vol. 2 (London, 1827) pp. 249–251.
  11. ^ a b Macauley, (2004), p. 267
  12. ^ Macauley, (2004), p. 268
  13. ^ Macauley, (2004), pp. 268–269
  14. ^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Elizabeth, vol. 1
  15. ^ The Lennox Crisis, 1558–1563; Sarah Macauley, Christ's College, Cambridge. Northern History, 41:2 (Sept. 2004), p. 276.
  16. ^ HMC Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury, vol. 1 (London, 1883), pp. 74, 118, 121, 147; vol. 2 (1888), p. 509: CSP Domestic, Elizabeth: 1547–1580 (London, 1856), p. 90.
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  19. ^ Macauley, (2004), p. 287
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  22. ^ . National Trust collections. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  23. ^ Charles Wemyss, Noble House of Scotland (Prestel Verlag, 2014), p. 80: Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 125–126.
  24. ^ Melville, James (1973). Gordon Donaldson (ed.). Memoirs of his own life. New York: AMS Press. ISBN 0404527183.
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  28. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 175, 194.
  29. ^ Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 175–177, 178.
  30. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 184.
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  32. ^ a b Davison, Meredith Henry Armstrong, The Casket Letters 1965.
  33. ^ Cynthia Fry, 'Henry, King of Scots: An Analysis of Royal Authority and Diplomatic Influence', Northern Studies, 43 (2012), pp. 50–70
  34. ^ A Narrative of the Minority of Mary Queen of Scots by James Maitland (Ipswich, 1842): W. Park, 'Letter of Thomas Randolph to the Earl of Leicester, 14 February 1566', Scottish Historical Review, 34:118 Part 2 (October 1955), pp. 135-139.
  35. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 259–61 no. 351, 6 March 1566, or so Randolph and Bedford were advised before the murder.
  36. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), 270–1 no. 364 & no. 369.
  37. ^ . Forestry Commission Scotland – Heritage Trees of Scotland website. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
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  45. ^ a b Knapton, Sarah (August 2016). "Face of Lord Darnley revealed – Mary Queen of Scots' 'lusty and well proportioned' husband". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
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  50. ^ Weir 2008, p. 255
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  60. ^ Pearson K (1928) The skull and portraits of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and their bearing on the tragedy of Mary, Queen of Scots. Biometrika 20: 1–104
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  62. ^ "Mary, Queen of Scots: the real history behind the film". HistoryExtra. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  63. ^ Carroll, Leslie (5 January 2010). Notorious Royal Marriages: A Juicy Journey Through Nine Centuries of Dynasty, Destiny,and Desire. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-15977-4.
  64. ^ Anderson, Duncan (1849). History of the Abbey and Palace of Holyrood. Edinburgh, Scotland: Keeper of the Chapel Royal. p. 58. Retrieved 15 December 2011. about the beginning of February 1565-6, the Seigneur de Rambouillet, with a deputation from the King of France, arrived at the Palace, to present Darnley with the order of St. Michael, known as the Scallop or Cockle-shell Order, so called from the escallop shells of which the collar was composed. The investiture was performed after the celebration of mass in the Chapel-Royal Alt URL
  65. ^ "Scottish Poets". scotspoets.cath.vt.edu. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
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Bibliography edit

  • Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots by Caroline Bingham
  • Macauley, Sarah, 'Lennox Crisis', in Northern History vol.41.2 (2004) subscription or ATHENS login required.
  • Greig, Elaine Finnie (2004). "Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [Lord Darnley] (1545/6–1567)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26473. Retrieved 3 March 2012. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  • Weir, Alison (2008) [2003]. Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley. London: Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-952707-7.
  • Wormald, Jenny (1988). Mary, Queen of Scots. London: George Philip. ISBN 978-0-540-01131-5.
Scottish royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Francis II of France
King consort of Scots
1565–1567
Vacant
Title next held by
James Hepburn, Duke of Orkney
Peerage of Scotland
New creation Duke of Albany
4th creation
Earl of Ross
3rd creation

1565–1567
Succeeded by

henry, stuart, lord, darnley, 1546, february, 1567, second, husband, mary, queen, scots, father, james, scotland, england, through, parents, claims, both, scottish, english, thrones, from, marriage, 1565, king, consort, scotland, less, than, year, after, birth. Henry Stuart Lord Darnley 1546 10 February 1567 was the second husband of Mary Queen of Scots and the father of James VI of Scotland and I of England Through his parents he had claims to both the Scottish and English thrones and from his marriage in 1565 he was king consort of Scotland 3 Less than a year after the birth of his son Darnley was murdered at Kirk o Field in 1567 Many contemporary narratives describing his life and death refer to him as simply Lord Darnley his title as heir apparent to the Earldom of Lennox 4 Henry StuartDuke of AlbanyEarl of RossLord DarnleyLord Darnley in his late teens by an unknown artist 1 National Galleries of Scotland King consort of ScotlandTenure29 July 1565 10 February 1567Born1546 1546 Temple Newsam Yorkshire EnglandDied10 February 1567 aged 20 2 Kirk o Field Edinburgh ScotlandBurial14 February 1567Holyrood AbbeySpouseMary Queen of Scots m 1565 wbr IssueJames VI and IHouseStuartFatherMatthew Stewart 4th Earl of LennoxMotherLady Margaret DouglasSignature Contents 1 Origins 2 Early life 3 Succession crisis 4 Marriage to Mary Queen of Scots 5 Estrangement 6 Birth of son 7 Death 8 Aftermath 9 Burial and missing remains 10 Sexuality 11 Honours 12 Ancestry 13 Poetry and the Bannatyne Manuscript 14 References 15 BibliographyOrigins editHe was the second but eldest surviving son of Matthew Stewart 4th Earl of Lennox by his wife Lady Margaret Douglas which supported his claim to the English succession Darnley s maternal grandparents were Archibald Douglas 6th Earl of Angus and Queen Margaret Tudor daughter of King Henry VII of England and widow of King James IV of Scotland Early life edit nbsp Lord Darnley aged about nine by Hans Eworth 5 Scottish National Portrait Gallery Edinburgh Henry Stuart Lord Darnley was born at Temple Newsam Leeds in the West Riding of Yorkshire England in 1546 It was initially believed that Henry was born on 5 December 1545 but more recent research suggests he was born in 1546 as his mother had given birth in late February 1545 and in a letter from March 1566 his age was given as nineteen 2 As a great great great grandson of James II of Scotland and great grandson of Henry VII of England Darnley had potential claims to both the Scottish and English thrones In 1545 his father Matthew Stewart 4th Earl of Lennox was found guilty of treason in Scotland for siding with the English in the War of the Rough Wooing in opposing Mary of Guise and Regent Arran The family s Scottish estates were forfeited 6 and his father went into exile in England for 22 years returning to Scotland in 1564 The Countess of Lennox Margaret Douglas his mother had left Scotland in 1528 7 The Scottish scholar John Elder was among his tutors Elder advocated Anglo Scottish union through the marriage of Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Edward His advice to Henry VIII in 1543 was termed the Advice of a Redshank 8 Another schoolmaster to the young heir was Arthur Lallart who would later be interrogated in London for having gone to Scotland in 1562 9 Henry was said to be strong athletic skilled in horsemanship and weaponry and passionate about hunting and hawking His youthful character is captured somewhat in a letter of March 1554 to Mary I of England from Temple Newsam where he writes about making a map the Utopia Nova and his wish that every haire in my heade for to be a wourthy souldiour 10 Succession crisis editThere was a political dilemma in England arising from the dynastic ambition of the Lennoxes Matthew Stewart 4th Earl of Lennox was third in line to the Scottish throne and his wife Margaret Douglas Countess of Lennox was a niece of Henry VIII making her a potential successor to the English throne if Elizabeth should die 11 As Roman Catholics they posed a threat to English Protestants 11 Although Elizabeth was bright witty and well educated for her position as a female she had to prove herself As she was a Protestant many Roman Catholics would have liked to see the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots take the throne They regarded Elizabeth as illegitimate her parents marriage not having been recognised by the Catholic Church Darnley as a male descended from Henry VII was also a contender for the English throne All of these interrelationships made for complex intrigues spying strategising and manoeuvering for power at the various courts When Henry II of France died in July 1559 Lennox s brother John 5th Sieur d Aubigny was elevated in the French court as kinsman of the new French queen Mary already Queen of Scots Aubigny arranged for Darnley to be dispatched to the French court to congratulate Mary and Francis II of France on Francis s accession and seek restoration for Lennox Mary did not restore Lennox to his Scottish earldom but she did give 1 000 crowns to Darnley and invited him to her coronation 12 Lennox s plan was to appeal directly to the Queen of Scots via her ambassador over the heads of Elizabeth and the Guise The mission of Lennox s agent one Nesbit appears to have been a desperate one not only was Lennox willing to hand over Darnley and his brother Charles as hostages for his restoration but he supplied pedigrees of Darnley indicating his right to the inheritance of England and Scotland and the houses of Hamilton and Douglas 13 Aubigny was also later accused of supporting Mary s title to the throne of England and hinting that even his nephew had a stronger claim than Elizabeth Lennox set Nesbit to watch Mary Darnley and Darnley s tutor John Elder In 1559 Nicholas Throckmorton the English ambassador in Paris warned Elizabeth that Elder was as dangerous for the matters of England as any he knew 14 Lord Paget in March 1560 wrote of the well founded fear that Catholics would raise Darnley to the throne on Elizabeth s death 15 Francis Yaxley was a Catholic spy discovered in 1562 whose activities led to the arrest of the Lennox family He had been a Clerk of the Signet and from 1549 was employed by William Cecil travelling in France 16 Yaxley was employed by the Countess of Lennox He placed Mabel Fortescue and other ladies as servants in the Lennox household at Settrington in November 1560 17 His interrogation at the Tower of London in February 1562 revealed that he had obtained intelligence about the English Court from the Spanish ambassador and the ambassador had entrusted him and Hugh Allen with messages and tokens for the Lennoxes and Darnley Yaxley admitted that his missions were intended to arrange the marriage of the Queen of Scots with Darnley that Darnley s religion guaranteed him greater success in his suit than the Earl of Arran and that the countess had many friends in the north 18 Although the Lennox threat never died out Elizabeth did not convict the family of treason in 1562 after their arrest nor did she encourage efforts to annul the countess s claim to her throne Perhaps Elizabeth feared that these investigations could also be directed at herself or her inaction was intended to ensure the survival of the monarchy by not reducing the number of potential heirs The Lennox family were released in February 1563 and within a few months Darnley and his mother were conspicuous by their presence at Court and the favour they received there although Elizabeth would not accommodate the earl at Court 19 Sarah Macauley notes three outcomes of the court s decision in the Lennox trial Their elevation at Court was as it turned out in 1563 a useful complication in the succession issue First it presented a public statement that the preferences of Parliament the claim of Catherine Grey in the succession crisis could not dictate her own policy Secondly favouring the Lennoxes could serve as some kind of appeasement of the English Roman Catholics who like the Spanish ambassador might foresee Elizabeth naming Darnley as her successor Such speculation would also distract them from favouring the more alarming claim of the Queen of Scots Thirdly and most significantly the elevation of the Lennoxes presented an obstacle between the Queen of Scots and the English throne Thus was Darnley s uniquely British inheritance put to use at last The subsequent release of Darnley into Scotland and the restoration of his father at the Scottish Court were part of this policy the political disaster of the Darnley marriage as yet unforeseen 20 In September 1564 the Scottish Parliament restored Matthew Stewart s rights and titles as Earl of Lennox and listened to a lengthy speech from the Queen s secretary William Maitland who offered I t may be affirmid Scotland in na manis age that presentlie levis wes in gritter tranquillitie 21 Marriage to Mary Queen of Scots edit nbsp Darnley and Mary Queen of Scots painting circa 1565 now at Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire 22 nbsp James VI and I right depicted aged 17 beside his mother Mary left 1583 In reality they were separated when he was still a baby On 3 February 1565 Darnley left London and by 12 February he was in Edinburgh On 17 February he presented himself to Mary at Wemyss Castle in Fife 23 James Melville of Halhill reported that Her Majesty took well with him and said that he was the lustiest and best proportioned long man that she had seen 24 After a brief visit to his father at Dunkeld Darnley returned with Mary and the court to Holyrood on 24 February The next day he heard John Knox preach and he danced a galliard with Mary at night 25 From then on he was constantly in Mary s company 3 Darnley was his wife s half first cousin through two different marriages of their grandmother Margaret Tudor putting both Mary and Darnley high in the line of succession for the English throne Darnley was also a descendant of a daughter of James II of Scotland and so also in line for the throne of Scotland As a preliminary to the marriage Darnley was made a knight Lord of Ardmanoch and Earl of Ross at Stirling Castle on 15 May 1565 26 An entourage of 15 men were made knights including one of Mary s half brothers Robert Stewart of Strathdon Robert Drummond of Carnock James Stewart of Doune Castle and William Murray of Tullibardine 27 In England a concerned Privy council debated the perils of the intended marriage on 4 June One of their resolutions was to relax the displeasure shown to Lady Catherine Grey another rival to Mary Stuart for the English throne 28 Mary sent John Hay Commendator of Balmerino to speak to Elizabeth Elizabeth demanded Darnley s return and gave John Hay plainly to understand her small satisfaction 29 On 22 July Darnley was made Duke of Albany in Holyrood Abbey and the banns of marriage were called in the parish of Canongate A proclamation was made at the Cross of Edinburgh on 28 July 1565 that government would be in the joint names of the king and queen of Scots thus making Darnley king and giving him equality with and precedence over Mary This was confirmed in the circulation of a silver ryal in the names of Henry and Mary 30 31 On 29 July 1565 the marriage took place by Roman Catholic rites in Mary s private chapel at Holyrood but Darnley whose religious beliefs were unfixed he was raised as a Catholic but was later influenced by Protestantism 32 refused to accompany Mary to the nuptial Mass after the wedding itself 3 Estrangement editSoon after Mary married Darnley she became aware of his vain arrogant and unreliable qualities which threatened the wellbeing of the state Darnley was unpopular with the other nobles and had a violent streak aggravated by his drinking 4 Mary refused to grant Darnley the Crown Matrimonial which would have made him the successor to the throne if she died childless 32 By August 1565 less than a month after the marriage William Cecil heard that Darnley s insolence had driven Lennox from the Scottish court On 28 August 1565 a pair of diplomatic letters were sent from the Scottish court to the King of Denmark one signed by Mary the other by Darnley This seems to have been an effort to confirm his royal status 33 Mary soon became pregnant As a token of friendship Charles IX of France sent an ambassador Nicolas d Angennes seigneur de Rambouillet to invest Darnley in the Order of Saint Michael in February 1566 Mary Darnley and her private secretary David Rizzio took part in a costly masque with seven other dancers in rich attire to welcome Rambouillet and celebrate Darnley s investiture His costume for the ceremony in the chapel of Holyroodhouse of satin guarded with black velvet and satin sewn with aglets of gold was given to a French herald as a perquisite 34 David Rizzio was stabbed 56 times on 9 March 1566 by Darnley and his confederates Protestant Scottish nobles in the presence of the queen who was six months pregnant According to English diplomats Thomas Randolph and the Earl of Bedford the murder of Rizzio who was rumoured to be the father of Mary s unborn child was part of Darnley s bid to force Mary to cede the Crown Matrimonial Darnley also made a bargain with his allies to advance his claim to the Crown Matrimonial in the Parliament of Scotland in return for restoring their lands and titles 35 When the Spanish Ambassador in Paris heard this news the headlines were that Darnley had murdered his wife admitted the exiled heretics and seized the kingdom However on 20 March Darnley posted a declaration denying all knowledge of or complicity in the Rizzio murder Mary no longer trusted her husband and he was disgraced by the kingdom On 27 March the Earl of Morton and Lord Ruthven who were both present at Rizzio s murder and had fled to England wrote to Cecil claiming that Darnley had initiated the murder plot and recruited them because of his heich quarrel and deadly hatred of Rizzio 36 Birth of son edit nbsp Mary is said to have nursed the smallpox stricken Darnley under this sycamore tree at home at Darnley now a suburb of Glasgow 37 Mary and Darnley s son James the future King James VI of Scotland and I of England was born on 19 June 1566 at Edinburgh Castle 38 39 Following the birth of James the succession was more secure but Darnley and Mary s marriage continued to struggle despite a hunting trip together to Cramalt Tower in the Ettrick Forest in August 1566 40 Darnley alienated many who would otherwise have been his supporters through his erratic behavior His insistence that he be awarded the Crown Matrimonial was still a source of marital frustration 41 Their son was baptised Charles James on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at Stirling Castle 40 His godparents were Charles IX of France 42 Elizabeth I of England 43 and Emmanuel Philibert Duke of Savoy 42 Mary refused to let the Archbishop of St Andrews whom she referred to as a pocky priest spit in the child s mouth as was then the custom 4 In the entertainment devised by Frenchman Bastian Pagez men danced dressed as satyrs and sporting tails the English guests took offence thinking the satyrs done against them 4 The French ambassador described how Darnley was lodged in the castle but stayed in his rooms and sensing he was out of favour the ambassador refused to meet with him 44 Death editMain article Murder of Lord Darnley nbsp 1567 drawing of Kirk o Field after the murder of Darnley drawn for William Cecil shortly after the murder Darnley was murdered eight months after James s birth On the night of 9 10 February 1567 his body and that of his valet were discovered in the orchard of Kirk o Field in Edinburgh where they had been staying 45 During the weeks leading up to his death Darnley was recovering from a bout of smallpox or it has been speculated syphilis He was described as having deformed pocks upon his face and body He stayed with his family in Glasgow until Mary brought him to recuperate at Old Provost s lodging at Kirk o Field a two storey house within the church quadrangle a short walk from Holyrood with the intention of incorporating him into the court again 46 Darnley stayed at Kirk o Field while Mary attended the wedding of Bastian Pagez one of her closest servants at Holyrood 47 Around 2 00 a m on the night of 9 10 February 1567 while Mary was away two explosions rocked the foundation of Kirk o Field These explosions were later attributed to two barrels of gunpowder that had been placed in the small room under Darnley s sleeping quarters Darnley s body and the body of his valet William Taylor were found outside surrounded by a cloak a dagger a chair and a coat Darnley was dressed only in his nightshirt suggesting he had fled in some haste from his bedchamber Darnley was apparently smothered 48 There were no visible marks of strangulation or violence on the body 49 A post mortem revealed internal injuries thought to have been caused by the explosion John Knox claimed that the surgeons who examined the body were lying and that Darnley had been strangled but all the sources agree there were no marks on the body and there was no reason for the surgeons to lie as Darnley was murdered either way 50 Aftermath editSuspicion quickly fell on James Hepburn 4th Earl of Bothwell and his supporters notably Archibald Douglas Parson of Douglas whose shoes were found at the scene and on Mary herself Bothwell had long been suspected of having designs on the throne and his close relationship with the queen gave rise to rumours they were sexually intimate This was viewed as a motive for Bothwell to have Darnley murdered with help from some of the nobility and seemingly with royal approval Mary had been looking at options for removing Darnley and had discussed ideas at Craigmillar Castle in November 1566 though her ideas were for divorce The problem was the risk of making her son illegitimate 51 Soon after Darnley s death Bothwell and Mary left Edinburgh together There are two points of view about the circumstances in the first Bothwell kidnapped the queen took her to Dunbar Castle and raped her In the second Mary was a willing participant in the kidnapping and the story of rape was a fabrication so her honour and reputation were not ruined by her marriage to a man widely suspected of murder Mary later miscarried twins by Bothwell while a prisoner at Lochleven Castle 52 A soldier under the pay of Bothwell Captain William Blackadder of the Clan Blackadder was one of the first non participants to happen upon the scene and for that reason was treated as a suspect He was convicted and executed by being hanged drawn and quartered before each of his limbs was nailed to the gates of a different Scottish town 53 54 better source needed Bothwell was put on trial in Edinburgh and found not guilty Suspicions that Mary colluded with conspirators in her husband s death or that she took no action to prevent his death led to the loss of her supporters and the loss of the Scottish crown Bothwell escaped to Shetland and Norway Mary was captured by her enemies at the battle of Carberry Hill In 1568 Mary s involvement in the murder was discussed in England in conferences at York and Westminster which ended with no definitive findings The Casket letters were produced as evidence against her alleged to have been written by Mary they seemed to indicate her support for the killing 55 The letters were purportedly found by James Douglas 4th Earl of Morton in Edinburgh in a silver box engraved with an F for Francis II along with others documents including the Mary Bothwell marriage certificate 56 Before Morton s execution in 1581 he admitted having knowledge of the murder plot and that Bothwell and Archibald Douglas were chief actors in Darnley s murder 57 Mary was kept in captivity until she was implicated in the Babington plot against Elizabeth after which she was convicted of treason and executed 58 Burial and missing remains editDarnley was buried in the Royal Vault at Holyrood Abbey in 1567 alongside the bodies of several royals King David II King James II Arthur Duke of Rothesay Madeleine of Valois James Duke of Rothesay Arthur Duke of Albany and King James V In 1668 the vault was opened by mobs and sometime later between 1776 and 1778 the vault was raided and the skull of Lord Darnley was stolen 59 In 1928 a paper was published by Karl Pearson 60 detailing his vast research into the skull of Lord Darnley In his paper Pearson discussed the possibility of Darnley s skull residing in the Royal College of Surgeons museum In 2016 at the request of the University of Edinburgh research was undertaken to identify whether a skull in the university s collection could be Darnley s stolen remains The Royal College of Surgeons skull and the Edinburgh one were examined and compared to portraits of Darnley by Emma Price at the University of Dundee The conclusion was that the Edinburgh skull could not be Darnley s but the Royal College of Surgeons one which had been destroyed in the Blitz was a good match A historical facial reconstruction was then produced 45 61 Sexuality editDarnley s sexuality has been subject to debate 62 While at the Court of Elizabeth I he was described as a great cock chick and Thomas Randolph Elizabeth I s ambassador to Scotland in a later despatch wrote that Darnley and Rizzio would lie sometimes in one bed together 63 A sexual relationship between Darnley and Rizzio was depicted in both the 1971 film Mary Queen of Scots and the 2018 film Mary Queen of Scots Honours editFebruary 1565 Order of Saint Michael awarded by King Charles IX of France 64 Ancestry editAncestors of Henry Stuart Lord DarnleyMatthew Stewart 2nd Earl of LennoxJohn Stewart 3rd Earl of LennoxElizabeth HamiltonMatthew Stewart 4th Earl of LennoxJohn Stewart 1st Earl of AthollElizabeth StewartEleanor SinclairHenry Stewart Lord DarnleyGeorge Douglas Master of AngusArchibald Douglas 6th Earl of AngusElizabeth DrummondMargaret DouglasHenry VII of EnglandMargaret TudorElizabeth of YorkPoetry and the Bannatyne Manuscript editDarnley was the author of Darnley s Ballet Gife langour makis men licht and potentially Quhair luve is kendlit confortless attribution uncertain printed in the Bannatyne Manuscript 1570 ca 65 66 References edit PG 2279 www nationalgalleries org a b Weir Alison 2015 The Lost Tudor Princess The Life of Lady Margaret Douglas New York Ballantine Books p 131 ISBN 978 0345521392 a b c Elaine Finnie Greig Stewart Henry duke of Albany Lord Darnley 1545 6 1567 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press 2004 online edn Jan 2008 accessed 4 March 2012 a b c d Mary Queen of Scots by Antonia Fraser 13th reprint London 1989 ISBN 0 297 17773 7 Henry Stuart Lord Darnley 1545 1567 PG 2471 www nationalgalleries org Elaine Finnie Greig Stewart Henry duke of Albany Lord Darnley 1545 6 1567 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press 2004 online edn Jan 2008 Daniel William S History of The Abbey and Palace of Holyrood Edinburgh Duncan Anderson 1852 p 62 Letters amp Papers Henry VIII vol 18 part 2 London 1902 no 539 Bannatyne Miscellany Edinburgh vol 1 1827 1 6 Morgan Ring So High A Blood Bloomsbury 2017 pp 160 161 Joseph Stevenson Calendar State Papers Foreign Elizabeth 5 London 1867 p 13 no 12 Calendar State Papers Domestic 1547 1580 London 1856 pp 201 203 Henry Ellis Original Letters illustrative of British History 2nd series vol 2 London 1827 pp 249 251 a b Macauley 2004 p 267 Macauley 2004 p 268 Macauley 2004 pp 268 269 Calendar State Papers Foreign Elizabeth vol 1 The Lennox Crisis 1558 1563 Sarah Macauley Christ s College Cambridge Northern History 41 2 Sept 2004 p 276 HMC Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury vol 1 London 1883 pp 74 118 121 147 vol 2 1888 p 509 CSP Domestic Elizabeth 1547 1580 London 1856 p 90 CSP Domestic Elizabeth 1547 1580 London 1856 pp 164 171 177 Macauley 2004 p 284 CSP Domestic 1547 1580 London 1856 p 195 Macauley 2004 p 287 Macauley Sarah The Lennox Crisis 1558 1563 in Northern History 41 2 2004 pp 267 287 Cameron Annie I ed Warrender Papers vol 1 Edinburgh 1931 p 43 Maitland s oration in parliament Henry Stuart Lord Darnley 1545 1567 and Mary Queen of Scots 1542 1587 National Trust Inventory Number 1129218 National Trust collections Archived from the original on 4 February 2014 Retrieved 2 February 2014 Charles Wemyss Noble House of Scotland Prestel Verlag 2014 p 80 Joseph Bain Calendar State Papers Scotland vol 2 Edinburgh 1900 pp 125 126 Melville James 1973 Gordon Donaldson ed Memoirs of his own life New York AMS Press ISBN 0404527183 Joseph Bain Calendar State Papers Scotland vol 2 Edinburgh 1900 p 128 The Scots Peerage vol I p 155 Goodare Julian Queen Mary s Catholic Interlude in Mary Stewart Queen in Three Kingdoms Innes Review vol 37 1987 p 158 Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol 2 Edinburgh 1900 p 161 no 181 Calendar State Papers Scotland vol 2 Edinburgh 1900 pp 175 194 Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol 2 Edinburgh 1900 pp 175 177 178 Calendar State Papers Scotland vol 2 Edinburgh 1900 p 184 Daniel William S Edinburgh 1852 History of The Abbey and Palace of Holyrood p 67 a b Davison Meredith Henry Armstrong The Casket Letters 1965 Cynthia Fry Henry King of Scots An Analysis of Royal Authority and Diplomatic Influence Northern Studies 43 2012 pp 50 70 A Narrative of the Minority of Mary Queen of Scots by James Maitland Ipswich 1842 W Park Letter of Thomas Randolph to the Earl of Leicester 14 February 1566 Scottish Historical Review 34 118 Part 2 October 1955 pp 135 139 Calendar State Papers Scotland vol 2 Edinburgh 1900 pp 259 61 no 351 6 March 1566 or so Randolph and Bedford were advised before the murder Calendar State Papers Scotland vol 2 Edinburgh 1900 270 1 no 364 amp no 369 The Darnley Sycamore Forestry Commission Scotland Heritage Trees of Scotland website Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 Retrieved 10 February 2009 Jenny Wormald Mary Queen of Scots London 2001 p 163 BBC History James I and VI Retrieved 20 September 2018 a b Stewart Alan 2011 The Cradle King A Life of James VI amp I Random House ISBN 978 1448104574 Walton K 2006 Catholic Queen Protestant Patriarchy Mary Queen of Scots and the Politics of Gender and Religion Springer ISBN 978 0230285958 a b Weir Alison 2007 Mary Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley Random House Publishing Group ISBN 978 0307431479 Murdoch Steve 2006 Network North Scottish Kin Commercial And Covert Associations in Northern Europe 1603 1746 Brill ISBN 9004146644 Agnes Strickland Letters of Mary Queen of Scots vol 3 London 1843 pp 16 17 a b Knapton Sarah August 2016 Face of Lord Darnley revealed Mary Queen of Scots lusty and well proportioned husband The Telegraph Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 6 September 2017 Mary Mary quite Contrary Off Our Backs 19 February 1971 11 ProQuest Research Library Web 15 Mar 2012 Weir 2008 p 296 Wormald 1988 p 161 Weir 2008 p 296 Wormald 1988 p 161 Weir 2008 p 252 Greig 2004 Weir 2008 p 255 Jenny Wormald Mary Queen of Scots London 2001 pp 163 164 Antonia Fraser Mary Queen of Scots Panther 1970 p 409 Lord Herries 1837 Historical memoirs of the reign of Mary Queen of Scots and a portion of the reign of King James the Sixth p 84 Robert Pitcairn Ancient Criminal Trials Edinburgh 1833 pp 489 490 Jenny Wormald Mary Queen of Scots London 2001 p 174 MacRobert A E 2002 Mary Queen of Scots and the casket letters International Library of Historical Studies Vol 25 I B Tauris ISBN 978 1 86064 829 8 George Hewitt Scotland under Morton Edinburgh 1982 pp 198 202 Catholic Encyclopedia Mary Queen of Scots Newadvent org 1 October 1910 Retrieved 9 September 2012 Wilson Daniel 1890 Queen Mary and the legend of the black turnpike PDF The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland XXIV 415 435 via Archaeology Data Service Pearson K 1928 The skull and portraits of Henry Stewart Lord Darnley and their bearing on the tragedy of Mary Queen of Scots Biometrika 20 1 104 Price Emma 2016 Lord Darnley Forming Faces Mary Queen of Scots the real history behind the film HistoryExtra Retrieved 19 October 2023 Carroll Leslie 5 January 2010 Notorious Royal Marriages A Juicy Journey Through Nine Centuries of Dynasty Destiny and Desire Penguin ISBN 978 1 101 15977 4 Anderson Duncan 1849 History of the Abbey and Palace of Holyrood Edinburgh Scotland Keeper of the Chapel Royal p 58 Retrieved 15 December 2011 about the beginning of February 1565 6 the Seigneur de Rambouillet with a deputation from the King of France arrived at the Palace to present Darnley with the order of St Michael known as the Scallop or Cockle shell Order so called from the escallop shells of which the collar was composed The investiture was performed after the celebration of mass in the Chapel Royal Alt URL Scottish Poets scotspoets cath vt edu Retrieved 2 December 2020 1 Scottish Text Society publications gt New series gt Bannatyne manuscript gt Volume 4 1930 Publications by Scottish clubs National Library of Scotland digital nls uk Retrieved 2 December 2020 Bibliography edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Stuart Lord Darnley Darnley A Life of Henry Stuart Lord Darnley Consort of Mary Queen of Scots by Caroline Bingham Macauley Sarah Lennox Crisis in Northern History vol 41 2 2004 subscription or ATHENS login required Greig Elaine Finnie 2004 Stewart Henry duke of Albany Lord Darnley 1545 6 1567 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Vol 1 Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 26473 Retrieved 3 March 2012 subscription or UK public library membership required Weir Alison 2008 2003 Mary Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley London Random House ISBN 978 0 09 952707 7 Wormald Jenny 1988 Mary Queen of Scots London George Philip ISBN 978 0 540 01131 5 Scottish royalty VacantTitle last held byFrancis II of France King consort of Scots1565 1567 VacantTitle next held byJames Hepburn Duke of Orkney Peerage of Scotland New creation Duke of Albany4th creation Earl of Ross3rd creation1565 1567 Succeeded byJames Stuart Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Henry Stuart Lord Darnley amp oldid 1220276382, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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