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Order of Saint Michael

January 26, 2023

This article is about the French dynastic order of knighthood. For other uses, see Order of Saint Michael (disambiguation).

The Order of Saint Michael (French: Ordre de Saint-Michel) is a French dynastic order of chivalry, founded by King Louis XI of France on 1 August 1469,[2][6] in competitive response to the Order of the Golden Fleece founded by Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy, Louis' chief competitor for the allegiance of the great houses of France, the dukes of Orléans, Berry, and Brittany.[1] As a chivalric order, its goal was to confirm the loyalty of its knights to the king. Originally, there were a limited number of knights, at first thirty-one, then increased to thirty-six including the king. An office of Provost was established in 1476. The Order of St Michael was the highest Order in France until it was superseded by the Order of the Holy Spirit.[3]

Order of Saint Michael
Ordre de Saint-Michel
Badge of the Order
Awarded by the King of France
TypeDynastic order[1]
Established1 August 1469[2]
Royal houseHouse of France[3]
Religious affiliationRoman Catholicism
RibbonBlack
MottoLatin: Immensi tremor oceani
StatusAbolished by decree of Louis XVI on 20 June 1790[4]
Reestablished by Louis XVIII on 16 November 1816[3]
Abolished in 1830 after the July Revolution[5]
Recognised as a dynastic order of chivalry by the ICOC
FounderLouis XI of France
Precedence
Next (higher)Order of the Holy Spirit
Next (lower)Order of Saint Louis

Ribbon of the Order

Although officially abolished by the government authorities of the July Revolution in 1830 following the French Revolution, its activities carried on. It is still recognised by the International Commission on Orders of Chivalry.[7]

History

 
King Louis XI sitting on his throne. In the room, a painting of St. Michael killing a serpent. Title page of the Order's statutes, drawn by Jean Fouquet in the 15th century. Bibliothèque Nationale, fr. 19819
 
Plaque marking the former site of the Chapel of Saint-Michel du Palais, home of the Order from 1496 to 1555

The first knights were among the most powerful nobles in France, close relatives of the king and a few from other royal houses in Europe. Originally, the number of members (called companions) was limited to thirty-five.[1] In 1565, during the Wars of Religion, when loyalties were strained and essential, Charles IX increased the membership to fifty, but there may have been as many as seven hundred knights under Henry III in 1574.[3]

The Order of St. Michael dedicated to the Archangel Michael conveyed to every member a gold badge of the image of the saint standing on a rock (Mont Saint-Michel) in combat with the serpent.[3] The motto of the order was "immensi tremor oceani" (meaning "The tremor of the immense ocean"), derived from the idea of Saint Michael looking out over the Atlantic from Mont Saint-Michel.[8] It was suspended from the elaborate Collar of the Order of Saint Michael made of scallop shells (the badge of pilgrims, especially those to Santiago de Compostela) linked with double knots. The statutes state that the badge could be hung on a simple chain, and later it was suspended from a black ribbon

When the Order of St Michael was founded, the famous illuminator Jean Fouquet was commissioned to paint the title miniature of the Statutes, showing the king presiding over the knights (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fr. 19819).[9] The original plan was for the knights to meet yearly on 29 September at Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy.[10] Such an isolated location was impractical causing Charles VIII to transfer this meeting place to the chapel of Saint-Michel-du-Palais,[1] part of Paris' medieval royal residence the Palais de la Cité which the kings no longer used, to the control of the order in 1496.[3] By letters patent dated 15 August 1555, the seat of the Order was transferred to the royal Château de Vincennes outside Paris.[1]

The Order of St. Michael was abolished by Louis XVI on 20 June 1790.[4] It was revived by Louis XVIII on 16 November 1816[3] but the king took little interest in the order and no new knights were added after 1816. The Order was again abolished by the French authorities in 1830.[11] The Order's last member died in 1850,[3] although ten nominations of knights were conferred in 1929, 1930, and in the 1970s and 1980s.

The French government considers the Order to be the origin of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres:

Saint-Michel Order (1460–1830) can be considered as the precursor of the Order of the Arts and Lettres. Originally destined to the aristocracy, from 17th to 18th centuries it became an order of civil merit, which distinguished many artists, architects, collectors, and people of lettres[12][13][14]

Notable recipients

No formal list of members of the order exists.[1] The names of members can be gleaned from reference to their receipt of the order, from secondary sources, or from periodic lists compiled showing companions from particular families or regions.[1][15]

Initial cohort

The first fifteen knights, men of "good sense, valiance, wisdom and other great and laudable virtues" (bon sens, vaillance, prud'hommie et autres grandes et louables vertus) were appointed by Louis XI and tasked to select, jointly with the king himself, the next ones to complete the first group of thirty-six:[16]

Later appointees

Gallery

  •  

    Charles VIII of France, son of Louis XI, wearing the collar of the Order of Saint Michael

  •  

    Louis XII of France wearing the collar of the Order

  •  

    King Francis I presiding the Order's knights. Painting from a copy of the statutes from about 1530.

  •  

    Collar of the Order as used on the Royal Arms of France

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Boulton, D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre (1986). The knights of the crown : the monarchical orders of knighthood in later medieval Europe, 1325-1520 (Paperback ed.). Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 427–47. ISBN 978-0-85115-417-6.
  2. ^ a b Meader, John R (1904). Beach, Frederick Converse; Rines, George Edwin (eds.). "Orders (Royal) and Decorations of Honor". Encyclopedia Americana. The Americana company. 11. the Order of Saint Michael, founded 1 August 1469 by King Louis XI
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Gout, Paul (1910). Le Mont-Saint Michel (in French). Paris: A. Colin. pp. 553–60.
  4. ^ a b Pinoteau, Benoit de Fauconpret ; préface d'Hervé (2007). Les chevaliers de Saint-Michel, 1665–1790 : le premier ordre de mérite civil (1ère éd. ed.). Paris: P. du Puy. ISBN 978-2-908003-35-2.
  5. ^ Duckers, Peter (2008). European orders and decorations to 1945. Botley, Oxford, UK: Shire Publications. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-7478-0670-7.
  6. ^ Vachaudez, Christophe; Walgrave, Jan (2008). Diana Scarisbrick (ed.). Royal jewels : from Charlemagne to the Romanovs. New York: Vendôme Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-86565-193-7. Louis XI founded the Order of Saint Michael in 1469. Initially, there were thirty-six knights, but their numbers increased to such a point that the order began to lose its prestige. Louis XIV reformed the order on 12 January 1665, reducing the number of knights to one hundred
  7. ^ Icoregister
  8. ^ Adams, Henry (2010). Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres. [S.l.]: Read a Classic. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-61104-147-7.
  9. ^ Duchhard, Heinz; Richard A. Jackson; David J. Sturdy, eds. (1992). European monarchy : its evolution and practice from Roman antiquity to modern times. Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 86–90. ISBN 978-3-515-06233-6.
  10. ^ Contamine, Philippe (1978). L'ordre de Saint-Michel au temps de Louis XI et Charles VIII. Paris: La Société nationale des antiquaires de France. pp. 217–20.
  11. ^ Martens, Karl von and Ferdinand de Wegman (1851). Le guide diplomatique: Précis des droits et des fonctions des agents diplomatiques et consulaires; suivi d'un traité des actes et offices divers qui sont du ressort de la diplomatie, accompagné de pièce et documents proposés comme exemples, Volume 1. Leipzig, Germany: F.A. Brockhaus. p. 154.
  12. ^ Culture-Acte2 28 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Archives de France,
  14. ^ Mémodoc
  15. ^ a b D'Hozier, Jean-François-Louis and Paul de Chabot (1895). Carné, Gaston Louis Michel Marie (ed.). "Les Chevaliers de Saint-Michel de La Province du Poitou depuis La Fondation de L'Ordre en 1469 Jusqu'a L'Ordannance de 1669". Revue historique de l'Ouest. 11: 372–78. On le trouve nommé, en 1549, dans un compte du trésorier de l Ordre de Saint Michel, où il est dit qu il fut délivré à messire André de Montalembert sgr d Essé, chev de l Ordre, le grand collier de l'Ordre de Saint Michel du feu comte de Languillare, dont le Roy avait fait don au dit sgr d'Essé, en le faisant et créant chevalier de son Ordre, ainsi qu'il apparaissait par son récépissé du 27 septembre de cette année
  16. ^ Comte Henri de Chabannes (1894). Histoire de la Maison de Chabannes. Vol. II. Dijon. p. 143.
  17. ^ Bradford, Sarah (1976). Cesare Borgia: His Life and Times. Great Britain: Phoenix Press. p. 101. ISBN 1-84212-452-8.
  18. ^ Cartwright, Julia (1905). Isabella d'Este: Marchioness of Mantua 1474-1539 a Study of the Renaissance – Vol. 1. New York: E.P. Dutton. p. 295.
  19. ^ Graves, Michael A.R. (2008). Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk (1473–1554). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
  20. ^ Cameron, Jamie (1998). James V: The Personal Rule, 1528–1542. The Stewart Dynasty in Scotland. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. p. 121. ISBN 1-86232-015-2.
  21. ^ Beer, B.L. (1973): Northumberland: The Political Career of John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland The Kent State University Press p. 114 ISBN 0-87338-140-8
  22. ^ Anderson, Duncan (1849). History of the Abbey and Palace of Holyrood. Edinburgh, Scotland: Keeper of the Chapel Royal. p. 58. Retrieved 15 December 2011. about the beginning of February 1565–6, the Seigneur de Rembouillet, with a deputation from the King of France, arrived at the Palace, to present Darnley with the order of St. Michael, known as the Scallop or Cockle-shell Order, so called from the scallop shells of which the collar was composed. The investiture was performed after the celebration of mass in the Chapel-Royal Alt URL
  23. ^ a b Hearn, Karen (1995). Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530–1630. Rizzoli. p. 96. ISBN 0-8478-1940-X.
  24. ^ Hellinga, Gerben Graddesz. (2007). Geschiedenis van Nederland: De Canon van ons Vaderlands Verleden. Zutphen: Walburg Pers. p. 83. ISBN 978-9057306006.
  25. ^ Frazer, Robert Watson. (1896). British India, p. 42.
  26. ^ Van der Cruysse, Dirk: Louis XIV et le Siam, Fayard, Paris 1991, p. 405. Cangelaris, P.D.: History and Genealogy of the Cangelari Family of Cephalonia (16th-20th Centuries), Corfu 2011, p. 91. (in Greek) ISBN 978-960-85532-2-4 Cangelaris, Panayotis D.: The French coat of arms of prime counsellor Costantin Gerachi (Constance Phaulkon), Athens 2013, pp. 36–38. (reprint in Greek)

External links

  •   Media related to Order of Saint Michael at Wikimedia Commons

January 26, 2023
order, saint, michael, this, article, about, french, dynastic, order, knighthood, other, uses, disambiguation, french, ordre, saint, michel, french, dynastic, order, chivalry, founded, king, louis, france, august, 1469, competitive, response, order, golden, fl. This article is about the French dynastic order of knighthood For other uses see Order of Saint Michael disambiguation The Order of Saint Michael French Ordre de Saint Michel is a French dynastic order of chivalry founded by King Louis XI of France on 1 August 1469 2 6 in competitive response to the Order of the Golden Fleece founded by Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy Louis chief competitor for the allegiance of the great houses of France the dukes of Orleans Berry and Brittany 1 As a chivalric order its goal was to confirm the loyalty of its knights to the king Originally there were a limited number of knights at first thirty one then increased to thirty six including the king An office of Provost was established in 1476 The Order of St Michael was the highest Order in France until it was superseded by the Order of the Holy Spirit 3 Order of Saint MichaelOrdre de Saint MichelBadge of the OrderAwarded by the King of FranceTypeDynastic order 1 Established1 August 1469 2 Royal houseHouse of France 3 Religious affiliationRoman CatholicismRibbonBlackMottoLatin Immensi tremor oceaniStatusAbolished by decree of Louis XVI on 20 June 1790 4 Reestablished by Louis XVIII on 16 November 1816 3 Abolished in 1830 after the July Revolution 5 Recognised as a dynastic order of chivalry by the ICOCFounderLouis XI of FrancePrecedenceNext higher Order of the Holy SpiritNext lower Order of Saint LouisRibbon of the OrderAlthough officially abolished by the government authorities of the July Revolution in 1830 following the French Revolution its activities carried on It is still recognised by the International Commission on Orders of Chivalry 7 Contents 1 History 2 Notable recipients 2 1 Initial cohort 2 2 Later appointees 3 Gallery 4 Notes 5 External linksHistory Edit King Louis XI sitting on his throne In the room a painting of St Michael killing a serpent Title page of the Order s statutes drawn by Jean Fouquet in the 15th century Bibliotheque Nationale fr 19819 Plaque marking the former site of the Chapel of Saint Michel du Palais home of the Order from 1496 to 1555 The first knights were among the most powerful nobles in France close relatives of the king and a few from other royal houses in Europe Originally the number of members called companions was limited to thirty five 1 In 1565 during the Wars of Religion when loyalties were strained and essential Charles IX increased the membership to fifty but there may have been as many as seven hundred knights under Henry III in 1574 3 The Order of St Michael dedicated to the Archangel Michael conveyed to every member a gold badge of the image of the saint standing on a rock Mont Saint Michel in combat with the serpent 3 The motto of the order was immensi tremor oceani meaning The tremor of the immense ocean derived from the idea of Saint Michael looking out over the Atlantic from Mont Saint Michel 8 It was suspended from the elaborate Collar of the Order of Saint Michael made of scallop shells the badge of pilgrims especially those to Santiago de Compostela linked with double knots The statutes state that the badge could be hung on a simple chain and later it was suspended from a black ribbonWhen the Order of St Michael was founded the famous illuminator Jean Fouquet was commissioned to paint the title miniature of the Statutes showing the king presiding over the knights Paris Bibliotheque Nationale fr 19819 9 The original plan was for the knights to meet yearly on 29 September at Mont Saint Michel in Normandy 10 Such an isolated location was impractical causing Charles VIII to transfer this meeting place to the chapel of Saint Michel du Palais 1 part of Paris medieval royal residence the Palais de la Cite which the kings no longer used to the control of the order in 1496 3 By letters patent dated 15 August 1555 the seat of the Order was transferred to the royal Chateau de Vincennes outside Paris 1 The Order of St Michael was abolished by Louis XVI on 20 June 1790 4 It was revived by Louis XVIII on 16 November 1816 3 but the king took little interest in the order and no new knights were added after 1816 The Order was again abolished by the French authorities in 1830 11 The Order s last member died in 1850 3 although ten nominations of knights were conferred in 1929 1930 and in the 1970s and 1980s The French government considers the Order to be the origin of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Saint Michel Order 1460 1830 can be considered as the precursor of the Order of the Arts and Lettres Originally destined to the aristocracy from 17th to 18th centuries it became an order of civil merit which distinguished many artists architects collectors and people of lettres 12 13 14 Notable recipients EditNo formal list of members of the order exists 1 The names of members can be gleaned from reference to their receipt of the order from secondary sources or from periodic lists compiled showing companions from particular families or regions 1 15 Initial cohort Edit The first fifteen knights men of good sense valiance wisdom and other great and laudable virtues bon sens vaillance prud hommie et autres grandes et louables vertus were appointed by Louis XI and tasked to select jointly with the king himself the next ones to complete the first group of thirty six 16 Charles Duke of Guyenne John II Duke of Bourbon Louis of Luxembourg Constable of Saint Pol Andre de Laval Marshal of France Jean V de Bueil Count of Sancerre Louis de Beaumont lord of La Foret and Le Plessis Jean d Estouteville lord of Torcy Louis de Laval lord of Chatillon Louis de Bourbon Roussillon fr Count of Roussillon Admiral of France Antoine de Chabannes Count of Dammartin Grand Master of the Hotel of France Jean d Armagnac Count of Comminges Marshal of France Georges II de La Tremoille fr lord of Craon Gilbert de Chabannes lord of Curton Seneschal of Guyenne Louis Bastet de Crussol fr Seneschal of Poitou Tanneguy du Chatel Governor of Roussillon and CerdagneLater appointees Edit Samson de Saint Germain Baron of Asnebec Baron of Ranes Lord of Rouvrou la Fresnaye and Saint Georges in 1469 by Louis XI citation needed Cesare Borgia in 1499 by Louis XII 17 Francesco II Gonzaga Marquess of Mantua in 1507 by Louis XII 18 Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk in 1532 by Francis I 19 James V of Scotland in 1534 by Francis I 20 Archibald Douglas 6th Earl of Angus in 1545 by Francis I James Hamilton Duke of Chatellerault in 1548 by Henry II George Gordon 4th Earl of Huntly in 1548 by Henry II Archibald Campbell 5th Earl of Argyll in 1548 by Henry II Paul de Thermes in 1549 for the capture of Haddington and Broughty Castle Andre de Montalembert in 1549 for the capture of Inchkeith 15 Edward VI of England 1551 by Henry II 21 Henry Stewart Lord Darnley under the name King Henry of Scotland 1565 by Charles IX 22 Robert Dudley 1st Earl of Leicester 1566 by Charles IX 23 Thomas Howard 4th Duke of Norfolk 1566 by Charles IX 23 Michiel de Ruyter in 1666 by Louis XIV 24 Francois Caron in 1672 by Louis XIV 25 Constance Phaulkon in 1687 by Louis XIV 26 Gallery Edit Charles VIII of France son of Louis XI wearing the collar of the Order of Saint Michael Louis XII of France wearing the collar of the Order King Francis I presiding the Order s knights Painting from a copy of the statutes from about 1530 Collar of the Order as used on the Royal Arms of FranceNotes Edit a b c d e f g Boulton D Arcy Jonathan Dacre 1986 The knights of the crown the monarchical orders of knighthood in later medieval Europe 1325 1520 Paperback ed Woodbridge Suffolk Boydell Press pp 427 47 ISBN 978 0 85115 417 6 a b Meader John R 1904 Beach Frederick Converse Rines George Edwin eds Orders Royal and Decorations of Honor Encyclopedia Americana The Americana company 11 the Order of Saint Michael founded 1 August 1469 by King Louis XI a b c d e f g h Gout Paul 1910 Le Mont Saint Michel in French Paris A Colin pp 553 60 a b Pinoteau Benoit de Fauconpret preface d Herve 2007 Les chevaliers de Saint Michel 1665 1790 le premier ordre de merite civil 1ere ed ed Paris P du Puy ISBN 978 2 908003 35 2 Duckers Peter 2008 European orders and decorations to 1945 Botley Oxford UK Shire Publications pp 31 32 ISBN 978 0 7478 0670 7 Vachaudez Christophe Walgrave Jan 2008 Diana Scarisbrick ed Royal jewels from Charlemagne to the Romanovs New York Vendome Press p 146 ISBN 978 0 86565 193 7 Louis XI founded the Order of Saint Michael in 1469 Initially there were thirty six knights but their numbers increased to such a point that the order began to lose its prestige Louis XIV reformed the order on 12 January 1665 reducing the number of knights to one hundred Icoregister Adams Henry 2010 Mont Saint Michel and Chartres S l Read a Classic p 9 ISBN 978 1 61104 147 7 Duchhard Heinz Richard A Jackson David J Sturdy eds 1992 European monarchy its evolution and practice from Roman antiquity to modern times Stuttgart Steiner pp 86 90 ISBN 978 3 515 06233 6 Contamine Philippe 1978 L ordre de Saint Michel au temps de Louis XI et Charles VIII Paris La Societe nationale des antiquaires de France pp 217 20 Martens Karl von and Ferdinand de Wegman 1851 Le guide diplomatique Precis des droits et des fonctions des agents diplomatiques et consulaires suivi d un traite des actes et offices divers qui sont du ressort de la diplomatie accompagne de piece et documents proposes comme exemples Volume 1 Leipzig Germany F A Brockhaus p 154 Culture Acte2 Archived 28 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Archives de France Memodoc a b D Hozier Jean Francois Louis and Paul de Chabot 1895 Carne Gaston Louis Michel Marie ed Les Chevaliers de Saint Michel de La Province du Poitou depuis La Fondation de L Ordre en 1469 Jusqu a L Ordannance de 1669 Revue historique de l Ouest 11 372 78 On le trouve nomme en 1549 dans un compte du tresorier de l Ordre de Saint Michel ou il est dit qu il fut delivre a messire Andre de Montalembert sgr d Esse chev de l Ordre le grand collier de l Ordre de Saint Michel du feu comte de Languillare dont le Roy avait fait don au dit sgr d Esse en le faisant et creant chevalier de son Ordre ainsi qu il apparaissait par son recepisse du 27 septembre de cette annee Comte Henri de Chabannes 1894 Histoire de la Maison de Chabannes Vol II Dijon p 143 Bradford Sarah 1976 Cesare Borgia His Life and Times Great Britain Phoenix Press p 101 ISBN 1 84212 452 8 Cartwright Julia 1905 Isabella d Este Marchioness of Mantua 1474 1539 a Study of the Renaissance Vol 1 New York E P Dutton p 295 Graves Michael A R 2008 Thomas Howard third Duke of Norfolk 1473 1554 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Cameron Jamie 1998 James V The Personal Rule 1528 1542 The Stewart Dynasty in Scotland East Linton Tuckwell Press p 121 ISBN 1 86232 015 2 Beer B L 1973 Northumberland The Political Career of John Dudley Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland The Kent State University Press p 114 ISBN 0 87338 140 8 Anderson Duncan 1849 History of the Abbey and Palace of Holyrood Edinburgh Scotland Keeper of the Chapel Royal p 58 Retrieved 15 December 2011 about the beginning of February 1565 6 the Seigneur de Rembouillet with a deputation from the King of France arrived at the Palace to present Darnley with the order of St Michael known as the Scallop or Cockle shell Order so called from the scallop shells of which the collar was composed The investiture was performed after the celebration of mass in the Chapel Royal Alt URL a b Hearn Karen 1995 Dynasties Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530 1630 Rizzoli p 96 ISBN 0 8478 1940 X Hellinga Gerben Graddesz 2007 Geschiedenis van Nederland De Canon van ons Vaderlands Verleden Zutphen Walburg Pers p 83 ISBN 978 9057306006 Frazer Robert Watson 1896 British India p 42 Van der Cruysse Dirk Louis XIV et le Siam Fayard Paris 1991 p 405 Cangelaris P D History and Genealogy of the Cangelari Family of Cephalonia 16th 20th Centuries Corfu 2011 p 91 in Greek ISBN 978 960 85532 2 4 Cangelaris Panayotis D The French coat of arms of prime counsellor Costantin Gerachi Constance Phaulkon Athens 2013 pp 36 38 reprint in Greek External links Edit Media related to Order of Saint Michael at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Order of Saint Michael amp oldid 1119832396, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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