fbpx
Wikipedia

Ca trù

May 03, 2024

Ca trù (Vietnamese: [kaː ʈû], 歌籌, "tally card songs"), also known as hát cô đầu or hát nói, is a Vietnamese genre of musical storytelling performed by a featuring female vocalist, with origins in northern Vietnam.[1] For much of its history, it was associated with a pansori-like form of entertainment, which combined entertaining wealthy people as well as performing religious songs for the royal court.[2][3]

A Ca trù performance

Ca trù is inscribed on the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage in need of Urgent Safeguarding in 2009.[2]

History edit

There are different myths and theories related to ca trù's conception. There is a theory points to a woman named Đào Thị, a talented musician who was beloved by the Lý Dynasty imperial court. This theory also claims that ever since the time of Đào Thị, in admiration of her, women who held a profession as singers (such as ca trù singers) were referred to as Đào nương ("nương" here refers roughly to "maiden" or "lady"). The latter is true although this term is no longer widely used in modern Vietnam.[4]

What is known for sure is that ca trù started off like many of Vietnam's arts as being a form of entertainment for the royal court. Officially ca tru count the age of their profession since The Later Le dynasty (Vietnamese: Nhà Hậu Lê, 1428–1789), at that time musicians called Vietnamese: hát khuôn performed only on religious court ceremonies.[5] It was only later on that it branched out into being performed at small inns. Indeed, it was mainly scholars and other members of the elite who enjoyed the genere.

In the 15th century ca tru spread through Northern Vietnam. The artists might be called to celebrate a son's birth, or to celebrate the signing of a contract. Ca tru were outside of the caste system, so they could entertain the most noble clients.[6]

 
 
 
Three drawings of Cô đầu performing ca trù in the early 20th century.

In the 20th century, ca trù nearly died out. When the Communists came to power after the 1945 August Revolution, Ca Trù was systematically suppressed, becoming associated with prostitution and the degradation of women.[7] Consequently, before 1976 there existed only two ca tru: Vietnamese: Nguyễn Xuân Khoát[5] and Quách Thị Hồ [vi].[8] Later they both started to revive the tradition of ca tru. In actuality, men were allowed many wives in the past and having extramarital affairs was nothing shocking. Thus, it was commonly known that many famous ca trù singers did indeed have affairs with important men, but it was just something to be accepted as a part of society back then, and not a part of the profession itself.

As of 2009, extensive efforts are being made to invigorate the genre, including many festivals and events where several types of ca trù (among other related arts) are performed. Vietnam has also completed documents to have ca trù recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage.

By 2011 there were 140 ca tru from 23 clubs.[9]

Instruments edit

Ca trù, like many ancient and highly developed arts, has many forms. However, the most widely known and widely performed type of ca trù involves only three performers: the female vocalist, lute player and a spectator (who also takes part in the performance). Sometimes dance is also performed at the same time.[10]

The female singer provides the vocals whilst playing her phách (small wooden sticks beaten on a small bamboo bar to serve as percussion).

She is accompanied by a man who plays the đàn đáy, a long-necked, 3-string lute used almost exclusively for the ca trù genre.[11]

Last is the spectator (often a scholar or connoisseur of the art) who strikes a trống chầu (praise drum) in praise (or disapproval) of the singer's performance, usually with every passage of the song. The way in which he strikes the drum shows whether he likes or dislikes the performance,[2] but he always does it according to the beat provided by the vocalists' phách percussion.

The number of ca tru melodies is 56, they are called Vietnamese: thể cách.[10]

New observers to the art often comment on how strikingly odd the vocal technique sounds, but it is the vocals themselves that are essential in defining ca trù.

Ca trù inns edit

Ca trù literally translates as "tally card songs." This refers to the bamboo cards men bought when they visited ca trù inns, where this music was most often performed in the past. Men would give the bamboo cards they purchased to the woman of choice after her performance, and she would collect money based upon how many cards she was given.

Scholar-bureaucrats and other members of the elite most enjoyed this genre. They often visited these inns to be entertained by the talented young women, who did not only sing, but with their knowledge of poetry and the arts could strike up a witty conversation along with serving food and drink.

Besides these inns, ca trù was also commonly performed in communal houses or private homes.[7]

In modern Vietnamese media edit

Along with efforts made to preserve the genre, ca trù has been appearing in much of recent Vietnamese pop culture, including movies such as the award-winning film Mê thảo: thời vang bóng, "Trò đời", "Trăng tỏ thềm lan", "Thương nhớ ở ai". The memory of anyone or in songs "Một nét ca trù ngày xuân", "Mái đình làng biển" by musician Nguyễn Cường, "Trên đỉnh Phù Vân", "Không thể và có thể", "Chảy đi sông ơi! ", "Một thoáng Tây Hồ" by Phó Đức Phương, "Chiều phủ Tây Hồ" by Phú Quang, "Chị tôi" by Trọng Đài and poem by Đoàn Thị Tảo, "Hà Nội linh thiêng hào hoa" by Lê Mây, "Đất nước lời ru" by Phan Huỳnh Điểu", "Nắng có còn xuân" by Đức Trí", Giọt sương bay lên" by Nguyễn Vĩnh Tiến, "Đá trông chồng" by Lê Minh Sơn, "Vịnh xuân đất Tổ" by Quang Vinh,... In 1997 year, for the first time "Trên đỉnh Phù Vân" was made public by singer Mỹ Linh. Contemporary folk sound, with the up and down sounds never easy for a soft musician, so choosing this song to sing was a very brave decision of the Mỹ Linh in the early days of her career. The way to deal with the color of ca trù is probably intended to bring out the magic in every song.

Bích Câu Đạo Quán Club, founded in low has 90 members, 30 or 40 of whom gather on a given Saturday evenings. The oldest artist is 88 years old. According to the director, 48 -year-old Nguyễn Vân Mai, who trains younger singers and introduces them to classical songs: "It is very difficult to find young singers who wish to learn this art form. It is also difficult to find good teachers who can convey both the enthusiasm and the technical knowledge.

Tribute edit

On February 23, 2020, Google celebrated the Ca Trù's Founder Commemoration Day with a Google Doodle.[12]

Galleries edit

  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  

Bibliography edit

  • Norton, Barley. "Singing the Past: Vietnamese Ca Tru, Memory, and Mode." Asian Music, vol. 36, no. 2 (Summer/Fall 2005).

Films edit

  • Mê Thảo, Thời Vang Bóng. Directed by Việt Linh.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Norton, Barley. Ca Trù: A Vietnamese Chamber Music Genre. International Association for Research in Vietnamese Music.
  2. ^ a b c "Ca trù singing", UNESCO.org. March 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Anisensel, Aliénor (2009). "Chanter le Ca trù au village de L! Khê (Nord du Viêt-Nam) : une fête rituelle au temple communal et à la maison des patrons de métier du Ca trù" [Singing ca trù at Lo Khê Village (Northern Vietnam). A ritual Festival at the Communal Temple and at the House of the Patrons of ca trù]. Péninsule (in French). 40 (59): 143–169, 232, 234, 236. INIST 22941944.
  4. ^ "", HanoiMoi.com. (in Vietnamese)
  5. ^ a b "Ca tru", CaTruThangLong.com. August 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Возвращение музыкального кружка 2011-08-29 at the Wayback Machine. (in Russian)
  7. ^ a b "The Exotic Sounds of Ca Tru", ThingsAsian.com.
  8. ^ "Quach Thi Ho — The woman faithful to Ca tru", CaTruThangLong.com. August 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ "National fest honours art of ca tru singing", VietnamNews.VNAgency.com.vn.
  10. ^ a b . Ca tru Thang Long Club. 2008. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011.
  11. ^ Terry E. Miller, Sean Williams (2008). The Garland handbook of Southeast Asian music, p.262. ISBN 9780415960755. "This lute is the only stringed instrument used to accompany ca trù singing."
  12. ^ "Ca Trù's Founder Commemoration Day 2020". Google. 23 February 2020.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ca trù.

]

Video edit

  • from Roehampton University site
  • The beauty of Ca tru, YouTube.com.

May 03, 2024
trù, vietnamese, kaː, ʈû, 歌籌, tally, card, songs, also, known, hát, đầu, hát, nói, vietnamese, genre, musical, storytelling, performed, featuring, female, vocalist, with, origins, northern, vietnam, much, history, associated, with, pansori, like, form, enterta. Ca tru Vietnamese kaː ʈu 歌籌 tally card songs also known as hat co đầu or hat noi is a Vietnamese genre of musical storytelling performed by a featuring female vocalist with origins in northern Vietnam 1 For much of its history it was associated with a pansori like form of entertainment which combined entertaining wealthy people as well as performing religious songs for the royal court 2 3 A Ca tru performance Ca tru is inscribed on the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage in need of Urgent Safeguarding in 2009 2 Contents 1 History 2 Instruments 3 Ca tru inns 4 In modern Vietnamese media 5 Tribute 6 Galleries 7 Bibliography 8 Films 9 See also 10 Notes 11 External links 11 1 VideoHistory editThere are different myths and theories related to ca tru s conception There is a theory points to a woman named Đao Thị a talented musician who was beloved by the Ly Dynasty imperial court This theory also claims that ever since the time of Đao Thị in admiration of her women who held a profession as singers such as ca tru singers were referred to as Đao nương nương here refers roughly to maiden or lady The latter is true although this term is no longer widely used in modern Vietnam 4 What is known for sure is that ca tru started off like many of Vietnam s arts as being a form of entertainment for the royal court Officially ca tru count the age of their profession since The Later Le dynasty Vietnamese Nha Hậu Le 1428 1789 at that time musicians called Vietnamese hat khuon performed only on religious court ceremonies 5 It was only later on that it branched out into being performed at small inns Indeed it was mainly scholars and other members of the elite who enjoyed the genere In the 15th century ca tru spread through Northern Vietnam The artists might be called to celebrate a son s birth or to celebrate the signing of a contract Ca tru were outside of the caste system so they could entertain the most noble clients 6 nbsp nbsp nbsp Three drawings of Co đầu performing ca tru in the early 20th century In the 20th century ca tru nearly died out When the Communists came to power after the 1945 August Revolution Ca Tru was systematically suppressed becoming associated with prostitution and the degradation of women 7 Consequently before 1976 there existed only two ca tru Vietnamese Nguyễn Xuan Khoat 5 and Quach Thị Hồ vi 8 Later they both started to revive the tradition of ca tru In actuality men were allowed many wives in the past and having extramarital affairs was nothing shocking Thus it was commonly known that many famous ca tru singers did indeed have affairs with important men but it was just something to be accepted as a part of society back then and not a part of the profession itself As of 2009 extensive efforts are being made to invigorate the genre including many festivals and events where several types of ca tru among other related arts are performed Vietnam has also completed documents to have ca tru recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage By 2011 there were 140 ca tru from 23 clubs 9 Instruments editCa tru like many ancient and highly developed arts has many forms However the most widely known and widely performed type of ca tru involves only three performers the female vocalist lute player and a spectator who also takes part in the performance Sometimes dance is also performed at the same time 10 The female singer provides the vocals whilst playing her phach small wooden sticks beaten on a small bamboo bar to serve as percussion She is accompanied by a man who plays the đan đay a long necked 3 string lute used almost exclusively for the ca tru genre 11 Last is the spectator often a scholar or connoisseur of the art who strikes a trống chầu praise drum in praise or disapproval of the singer s performance usually with every passage of the song The way in which he strikes the drum shows whether he likes or dislikes the performance 2 but he always does it according to the beat provided by the vocalists phach percussion The number of ca tru melodies is 56 they are called Vietnamese thể cach 10 New observers to the art often comment on how strikingly odd the vocal technique sounds but it is the vocals themselves that are essential in defining ca tru Ca tru inns editCa tru literally translates as tally card songs This refers to the bamboo cards men bought when they visited ca tru inns where this music was most often performed in the past Men would give the bamboo cards they purchased to the woman of choice after her performance and she would collect money based upon how many cards she was given Scholar bureaucrats and other members of the elite most enjoyed this genre They often visited these inns to be entertained by the talented young women who did not only sing but with their knowledge of poetry and the arts could strike up a witty conversation along with serving food and drink Besides these inns ca tru was also commonly performed in communal houses or private homes 7 In modern Vietnamese media editAlong with efforts made to preserve the genre ca tru has been appearing in much of recent Vietnamese pop culture including movies such as the award winning film Me thảo thời vang bong Tro đời Trăng tỏ thềm lan Thương nhớ ở ai The memory of anyone or in songs Một net ca tru ngay xuan Mai đinh lang biển by musician Nguyễn Cường Tren đỉnh Phu Van Khong thể va co thể Chảy đi song ơi Một thoang Tay Hồ by Pho Đức Phương Chiều phủ Tay Hồ by Phu Quang Chị toi by Trọng Đai and poem by Đoan Thị Tảo Ha Nội linh thieng hao hoa by Le May Đất nước lời ru by Phan Huỳnh Điểu Nắng co con xuan by Đức Tri Giọt sương bay len by Nguyễn Vĩnh Tiến Đa trong chồng by Le Minh Sơn Vịnh xuan đất Tổ by Quang Vinh In 1997 year for the first time Tren đỉnh Phu Van was made public by singer Mỹ Linh Contemporary folk sound with the up and down sounds never easy for a soft musician so choosing this song to sing was a very brave decision of the Mỹ Linh in the early days of her career The way to deal with the color of ca tru is probably intended to bring out the magic in every song Bich Cau Đạo Quan Club founded in low has 90 members 30 or 40 of whom gather on a given Saturday evenings The oldest artist is 88 years old According to the director 48 year old Nguyễn Van Mai who trains younger singers and introduces them to classical songs It is very difficult to find young singers who wish to learn this art form It is also difficult to find good teachers who can convey both the enthusiasm and the technical knowledge Tribute editOn February 23 2020 Google celebrated the Ca Tru s Founder Commemoration Day with a Google Doodle 12 Galleries edit nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Bibliography editNorton Barley Singing the Past Vietnamese Ca Tru Memory and Mode Asian Music vol 36 no 2 Summer Fall 2005 Films editMe Thảo Thời Vang Bong Directed by Việt Linh See also editTawaif a similar profession during colonial India Pansori Culture of Vietnam History of Vietnam Music of Vietnam Traditional Vietnamese dance Vietnamese theatreNotes edit Norton Barley Ca Tru A Vietnamese Chamber Music Genre International Association for Research in Vietnamese Music a b c Ca tru singing UNESCO org Archived March 23 2012 at the Wayback Machine Anisensel Alienor 2009 Chanter le Ca tru au village de L Khe Nord du Viet Nam une fete rituelle au temple communal et a la maison des patrons de metier du Ca tru Singing ca tru at Lo Khe Village Northern Vietnam A ritual Festival at the Communal Temple and at the House of the Patrons of ca tru Peninsule in French 40 59 143 169 232 234 236 INIST 22941944 Bao HA NOI MOI dien tu HanoiMoi com in Vietnamese a b Ca tru CaTruThangLong com Archived August 20 2011 at the Wayback Machine Vozvrashenie muzykalnogo kruzhka Archived 2011 08 29 at the Wayback Machine in Russian a b The Exotic Sounds of Ca Tru ThingsAsian com Quach Thi Ho The woman faithful to Ca tru CaTruThangLong com Archived August 10 2011 at the Wayback Machine National fest honours art of ca tru singing VietnamNews VNAgency com vn a b Ca tru Vietnamese cultural heritage Ca tru Thang Long Club 2008 Archived from the original on August 20 2011 Terry E Miller Sean Williams 2008 The Garland handbook of Southeast Asian music p 262 ISBN 9780415960755 This lute is the only stringed instrument used to accompany ca tru singing Ca Tru s Founder Commemoration Day 2020 Google 23 February 2020 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ca tru Ca tru Thang Long club Ca tru page from Roehampton University site Ca tru tradition Article about Barley Norton and ca tru in Vietnamese Ca Tru Singing https www francemusique fr emissions carnet de voyage parcours musical au viet nam 15386 1 Video edit Ca tru video examples from Roehampton University site The beauty of Ca tru YouTube com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ca tru amp oldid 1220399723, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.